Essay On Reflexivity

Essay on Reflexivity
Reflexivity
When an ethnographer examines a group of people, she is influenced by her position and
understanding of her own culture. Before an ethnographer even begins her research, her opinion is
effecting the process of selecting a topic. For instance, Anthropology's most commonly known
researcher Bronslow Malinowsky wrote the Argonauts of the Western Pacific. He did not choose to
study a culture similar to his own because of the interest he had in the 'exotic'. His preferences told
him to pick a more remote group of people, the Trobriand Islanders. There has been a history of
choosing the opposite of the Anthropologists own culture. Reflexivity is the use of one's experiences
to examine a culture. It is my argument that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Resaldo realizes that by including personal events he may come out sounding less professional.
However, I feel it is more professional [especially to this discipline] to be honest about how one
concludes regarding an aspect of culture. His acknowledgment of the natural emotions that surround
rituals gives the reader a more comprehensive and complete account of events. To leave out such
emotions from ethnographies is to " . . . remove potentially key variables from their explanations
(p.12)." I feel it is worth the use of personal events to base explanations on –even when the risk
looked down upon is prevalent. Ruth Behar supports this idea in The Vulnerable Observer:
Anthropology that Breaks Your Heart.
Behar addresses the critics of reflexive anthropology who think that because personal experience
cannot always be believed or seen as factual (Behar: p.169). Scott Michaelson and David Johnson
are her two targets in the speech she has included in her writings. She argues that though
Michaelson and Johnson impose their critique of Resaldo's vulnerability and discussing his feelings
regarding his wife's death, they never make themselves vulnerable (p.169). The vulnerable state that
Resaldo put himself in by telling the way in which his wife died and how it effected him does not
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Research Methods For The University Recycling Program
Research Methods We began by creating an interview guide that consisted of four questions. The
interview questions for faculty were different from the ones asked to students. We included
questions regarding participants personal knowledge about recycling, their recycling habits and what
their thoughts about the University recycling programs. In addition, we asked participants to identify
ways they could reduce their paper usage, and if they could suggest something that the University
could do to improve.
We reached saturation after interviewing eight random students; interviews were held at the Taylor
Family Digital Library. Faculty members were chosen randomly and we interviewed two before
reaching saturation. Both faculty members were professors and the interview took place after their
lecture. The questions that we asked relate to our research question, which is what faculty and
students, are doing to help the University of Calgary reduce paper and how can it improve.
Preliminary Results
In general terms, we found that all participants recycle paper. Most recycle on a regular basis.
However, one of the participants mentioned that he only recycles when it is convenient and easy for
him, this means when recycling facilities (i.e. recycling bins) are nearby. In contrast, another
participant stated that she would carry the paper with her until she found the proper bin to throw it
in.
All the participants claimed that recycling paper is important to them, and they would

Autoethnographic Writing
Main Post #2
According to Hughes, Pennington, & Makris (2012), a criterion for conducting fair and robust
evaluations of autoethnographic writing is its adherence to a logic of inquiry that allows the reader
to trace the path charted, beginning with the initial statement of the problem issue to its conclusions
and applications of data. Conducting impartial research requires ensuring that a comprehensible
illustration of procedures employed is presented for evaluation. It also requires a blueprint for
research design and development, analytic and construal of data collected, deductions, and
inferences that substantiate or refute theories.
Another criterion for conducting fair and robust evaluations of autoethnographic writing requires
transparency of the report submission. Hughes, Pennington, and Makris (2012) assert that
researchers must be clear in the rationale driving the investigation as well as the actions taken
beginning with the initial concern or interest. According to Adams et al. (2013), the researcher must
present clear and coherent explanations regarding methods and systems employed throughout the
research process. Transparency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As an autoethnographic writer, substantive contribution to an understanding of social life contributes
to a fair and objective evaluative process. Its narratives should induce rational and intellectual
thought that provokes additional inquiry and review in its readers. According to Jensen–Hart &
Williams (2017), engaging in reflexivity allows for a greater sense of awareness of how each of us is
similar, yet distinctly different. By continuing to critically analyze the self in social and cultural
contexts we develop the habit of reflexivity through critical reflection while strengthening
professional skills and

Self Reflexive
Movies and Meaning – Summary
Chapter 8 – Modes of Screen Reality
Pages 289–325
Key Outcomes Explain the basic modes of screen reality. Describe the principles of narrative,
character behavior, and audiovisual design that operate in each mode of screen reality. Differentiate
ordinary fictional realism, historical realism, documentary realism, and fictional documentary
realism. Distinguish two modes of cinematic self–reflexivity. Explain why multiple modes of screen
reality are possible in cinema.
Key Terms screen reality realism expressionism fantasy cinematic self–reflexivity ordinary fictional
realism
historical realism documentary realism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expressionism
Overview: Expressionism is an extremely stylized mode of screen reality in which filmmakers use
visual distortion to suggest emotional, social, or psychological disturbances or abnormalities. The
distortions may be subtle, but often emphasize strange or bizarrely poetic artistic designs. The
camera work (lighting, angles, lenses, etc.) often enhances the de–centering of the screen world.
Classic German Expressionism: Expressionism in its purest form is found in 1920's German cinema,
in which case it was overtly opposed to realism, emphasizing elaborate distortions in the mise–en–
scene.
Contemporary Expressionism: Most easily found in the films of Alfred Hitchcock (Psycho, e.g.).
Hitchcock employs low angled shots, close–ups and other camera tricks in order to accent the
viewers' perception of the subject and the overarching themes. Other contemporary expressionists
may include Spike Lee (Crooklyn) and Tim Burton (any film of his).
Fantasy and the Fantastic
Overview: Though many filmmakers my employ expressionistic techniques in what we would
consider an essentially realistic film, in films which employ a fantasy or fantastic mode, settings and
subjects, characters, and narrative time are often displaced from the viewer's own realm into other
realms, sometimes futuristic ones, whose normal laws of time and space may not apply. Characters
might have superpowers,

A Paper On Tattoo Culture
Maddie Edwards
Humorous Discourse
Foundations Paper
Tattoo Culture When defining a term it first has to be understood, which is why American studies
can be incredibly difficult to define. Although using different ways of studying popular culture, in
this case tattoo culture, a better understanding of American studies can be formed. Specifically by
using the ideas of researching context to understand the time and surrounding area, self– reflexivity
to understand how oneself is affected by this, and studying how the material and visual cultures of
everyday lives. Tattoos are one of these forms of popular culture, and the culture surrounding tattoos
exemplifies many of the characteristics of American Studies. When studying tattoo culture context is
significantly important, because a majority of the time this art form means something to the
individual. As Nash Smith discusses literary analysis only gives us part of the information that is
necessary in understanding where ideas stem from and how they became relevant. He also talks
about how "the informations gathered from these sources needs to be interpreted in the light of a
thorough knowledge of class structure, of the stratification of taste according to levels of
sophistication, and of the different audiences in which different magazines and publishing houses
addressed themselves."1 While tattoos are not regulated by publishing houses and different
magazines it is still helpful to interrupt them based on the environment.

The Interview With A Interview Essay
Although, all the participants had not experienced being in an interview before, they agree to have
the interviews recorded. For them, it was the first time spoke openly to a person outside of their
family and friends' cycle about their experience. Women showed their interest on my research and
felt that their participation might be helpful in informing cancer health care services. My aim from
the recorded interviews is to understand how women response and interact with my questions that
enabled the collection of rich data.
Elliott (2005) stressed on the importance of telling the interviewees from the beginning about the
timing as to make them aware of how much information to share. The Interview duration was last
between one and two hours including pausing because some women were emotionally affected. The
interviews' private setting at the hospital helped the recordings to be clear with minimal noise and
distractions. A number of participants were comfortable talking with me about their personal
experiences and private issues and found it very useful to express their emotions. However, some
women commented being uncomfortable discussing issues related to financial and social issues.
Some women tend to give socially pleasing answers; this type of responses noted mostly when they
describe their position as cancer survivors. Therefore, further questions and asking for examples
were used to elicit deeper understanding.
Women's reactions (verbal and non–verbal) during

Essay on Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology
Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology
The role of reflexivity in Anthropology has changed a great deal over time. The effects of doing
ethnography on the ethnographer was not considered an important mode of inquiry in the past.
While inevitably, going to far distant lands and living with a culture so different from your own will
at least cause the ethnographer to reflect on personal issues but most likely will cause profound
changes in the way he or she will view the world. But in the past these changes were not important.
What was necessary for the ethnographer to do in the past was to document a culture break it down
structurally and quantify the observations made. The reflexive nature of his or her experiences were
of little ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Malinowski, 11) This basically means that it is the role of the ethnographer to rationalize and put in
writing the ways of existence of another culture. What he gains from the experience of living with
the trobriand islanders is of no concern the people he was writing for. It is my belief that perhaps the
reason that the anthropologists of the past have placed so much importance on structuralizing and
bringing into written fruition the laws that the "natives" live by but are not aware of, is to give others
the idea that their research and inquiry are purely scientific and by no means reflexive. The reason
that they do this is probably to get backing by institutions in order so they may have their travels
paid for and so they may be recognized as a scholar by a scholarly reading audience.
As time has gone on more and more Anthropologists have talked about how their ethnographic
research has effected their thinking. At first they integrated the reflexive nature of their research in a
sort of roundabout way. For instance the notion that different cultures and peoples really don't
structure their realities all that differently. (Levi–Strauss) While this may not seem to be reflexive
and it definitely is not blatantly expressed in the text, it is more philosophical and more geared
towards stimulating thoughts about the nature of life as we know it. While Levi–Strauss may not
have stated this outright (he still had to appear

Ethnography Essay
Ethnography
Works Cited Missing
Reflexivity is a qualitative method of research that takes an ethnography one step further, displaying
the personal thoughts and reflections of the anthropologist on his informants. Ethnographies
generally take an outside or foreign perspective of a culture, like reading a text, and reflexivity
introduces a new component of inside description. Here, the anthropologist may describe personal
interactions and experiences with natives and use this inside information to make additional
conclusions about the people being studied. The ethnographer may also reflect on his ethnic
connections with his informants, or his acceptance into the society, explaining that it provides
valuable, inside knowledge of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kondo writes, " As a Japanese–American young woman doing fieldwork in Japan, the Other was not
totally Other for me" (75). This ethnic connection played a primary role in her acceptance by a
Japanese family and eventually by Japanese society. She describes that, "later in the summer, the
wife confided to me that she would never have allowed a 'true American' to live with them." Living
with the Japanese family taught Kondo the proper etiquette of a Japanese female and the longer she
stayed in Japan the more she transformed. She gained an insider perspective because she gained
cultural acceptance, although she was still viewed by many as an other. Kondo began to develop
relationships and soon after natives began to ask her to teach them English, and to attend several
social gatherings. As more people asked her favors she became irritated, but after a conversation
with her landlady she realized that the, "Japanese don't treat themselves as important, they spend
time doing things for the sake of maintaining good social relationships, regardless of their inner
feelings" (81). This realization had a strong impact on Kondo. Her reflections displayed so much
about the Japanese culture in addition to her ethnography. It led her to shift her research from
kinship and economics, " to an even more basic cultural assumption: the nature of the person, and
his/her

Interpretive Ethnography
As a follow–up to our pragmatic stance, we wanted to analyze our observations from the phenomena
which are occurring in context (Streubert and Carpenter, 1999) by relying on abduction, a reasoning
approach that is suita–ble when we begin with an insufficient set of observations and proceeds to the
most plausible explanation. As a scientific research method, abduction is about using prior
knowledge and field evidence to make conjectures and to stress them against observations and
experimentation but also to rely on the researcher's 'instinct' . To apprehend time in action and in its
full complexity, this strategy of inquiries which assumes that the researcher is implicated in the
phenomenon being studied, encourage us to focus on the detailed examination of individual lived
experience and the ways in which they make sense of that experience, and how they interpret
phenomena by looking at multiple perspectives with an insider's viewpoint. Studying these different
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The four junctures presented in this study are what we interpreted as defining their relationships to
time. We present the ethnographic findings in parallel to illustrate our typology.
Interpretive Ethnography in a Retail Team of an E–commerce Company
The typology below is formatted in a way that it permits to explore each juncture of temporal
reflexivity. The analysis is designed to highlight that these junctures are based on the fact that
organizational actors integrate and reconsolidate experiences. We give the meaning to junctures of
temporal reflexivity as the processes by which temporal reflexivity is enacted to bring and raise
awareness of time that, in turn, enables actors to reflect upon the medium and the outcome of time.
Mapping the temporal reflexivity: Identify the

Should Occupational Science be Guided by a Universal...
Should Occupational Science be Guided by a Universal Paradigm? There has been a call for the
consensus of knowledge within Occupational Science (OS) (Rudman et al., 2008). The authors
suggest that a universal set of principles will add a sense of coherency to the discipline and prevent
intellectual confinement and stagnation. This will provide credibility in the broader world of science
allowing OS to become a 'mature science'. Rudman et al. (2008) urge academics to reach a
consensus through theoretical reflexivity and discourse. Creating a set of principles will involve
examining the theories in place and identifying those which are believed to be universally
applicable. Theories can be seen as symbolic constructions (Kaplan, cited in Jaccard & Jacoby,
2011) and all theories consist of a relationship between concepts (Jaccard & Jacoby, 2011). A theory
is only useful when it acts as an appropriate guide and may not always be relevant (Jaccard &
Jacoby, 2011). Social constructionism identifies the relative nature of knowledge and the potential
for alternate perspectives (Gabe & Monaghan). Social constructionist arguments maintain that
perceived truths are influenced by hegemonic power (Lupton, 2000). Hegemony is the process by
which the ideals of a dominant group become seen as social norms. It involves minorities
subscribing to the values and beliefs held by those in power (Gramsci,cited in Hammell, 2011). A
consequence of hegemony is that information is presented as

Self Reflexivity In Oral History
Sugiman illustrated four ways that self–reflexivity was essential for an oral historian, those being
able to navigate opposing or contesting ideas, being open to critique, being aware of ones own
biases, and being conscious of self and personal choices and objectives (p. 301). In terms of being
open to critique, this is important for any type of work and it allows for growth as a researcher but
also as an individual. As mentioned in the previous question, shared authority is important, but also
means you are required to be open to critiques and have the ability to move forward. Conducting
oral history is more personal than say looking through diaries in archives as those individuals are
typically no longer alive are not able to critique how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example if you know that you are a person that does not like being lied to and you are in an
interview where it is clear they are doing just that, how are you going to navigate that situation.
Although it will really be a case by case situation but having a plan on whether to call them out, or
keep on going, or scrap the entire interview; how will you keep yourself and your own emotions out
of the interview? Being aware of your own goals you are bring to the table is important to keep in
check as well. Pushing ones own goals for the project subconsciously or not may result in an
unauthentic interview as the participant answers to what they think you want to hear. Therefore as
much as possible, the interview should be more of an open concept where you work together (shared
authority) to add to the history appropriately. Finally, one must be aware of how they represent
themselves and ensure that you are making the attempt to create that trust relationship, being
conscious of dress, vocabulary and body language. If there is a power difference, it must become
equalized while in the project together so that it is a comfortable environment where they feel safe
to share their

Reflective Practice
As pointed out before, RP is a trending topic nowadays but also confusing. The ambiguity and the
overlapping use of terms complicate the understanding (hebert, tsingos 2014). Boud 1985 p.8 points
out that it is not a single facet term but a generic/umbrella one that involves a range of ideas and
activities. In order to apply the concept correctly to dental education, I will present different
definitions of related terms such as reflection, critical reflection and reflexivity. Reflective Practice
There is some consensus about the 'RP' definition and it is generally understood as "the process of
learning through and from experience towards gaining new insights of self and/or practice" {Finlay,
2008 p.1}. It involves the examination of daily practical assumptions, the self–awareness of the
practitioner and the critical evaluation of the own action. RP breaks the assumption that reflection
happens ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This definition links feelings and cognition. It also presumes an intentional activity, or 'purpose
learning' (Moon, Amulya date) which is in line with many definitions of reflection (Dewey, Moon).
However, reflection could be only thinking about something, and not necessary in a deeply,
carefully or purposefully way. Therefore, there is an argument for having different levels of
reflection (see van manen, hebert, mezirow), All of these suggests that 'critical reflection' is the
highest or the most important level, and it is this that I consider next. Critical Reflection Mezirow
(1990) contemplated reflective practice and identified that there was more to reflection than simply
thinking about experiences, suggesting that critical reflection involves a critique on the assumptions
on which our beliefs and values have developed (hickson p.

Research Methodology Essay
"The study of man contains a greater variety of intellectual styles than any other area of cultural
endeavor. How different social scientists go about their work, and what they aim t accomplish by it,
often do not seem to have a common denominator ... Let us admit the case of our critics from the
humanities and from the experimental sciences: Social science as a whole is both intellectually and
morally confused. And what is called sociology is very much in the middle of this confusion."
Wright Mills
Images of Man
Abstract
The quest for knowledge has always been at the forefront of societies mind. What makes us tick as a
society or an individual, what circumstances have to come about to lead to different phenomena to
occur? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[pic]
The first level belongs to the observed human subjects, this consists of common sense and meanings
which are true for these subjects and how they see themselves, which give rise to the behavior that
they manifest in socially constructed settings. The second belongs to the observing organizational
researcher. This understanding according to Lee is the researchers reading and interpretation of the
first level, common sense understanding where the researcher may use concepts such as subjective
interpretation, the hermeneutical circle or thick description. The third level of understanding also
belongs to the researcher. This understanding is one that the researcher creates and tests in order to
explain the empirical reality that he is investigating. This explanation is called scientific theory is
made up of constructs that belong only to the observing researcher. This explanation consists of
formal positions that typically posit the existence of unobservable entities such as social structure,
issues that may attempt to account for the influence of certain factors of which the observed subjects
may not even be aware. The above diagram shoes the flow of ideas and understanding between the
three levels of understanding and the relevance of the two methods of research in question. This
illustrated the importance of varying the methods of research used, to create a legitimate piece of
research work it is vital to come at the

Sharing The True Stories : Improving Communication Between...
Reflective Report
Sharing the true stories: improving communication between Aboriginal patients and healthcare
workers
Alan Cass, Anne Lowell, Michael Christie, Paul L Snelling, Melinda Flack, Betty Marrnganyin and
Isaac Brown
Introduction
The method of qualitative research become key method in the human and social science and also in
the education and health science. The definition of qualitative research is a research using methods
such as participant observation or case studies which result in a narrative, descriptive account of a
setting or practice. Sociologists using these methods typically reject positivism and adopt a form of
interpretive sociology (Parkinson & Drislane,2011). It involves the research using data that do not
indicate ordinal values. Furthermore, qualitative research includes the different kinds of data
collection, techniques of analysis and diversity of theoretical frameworks (Guest; Namey &
Mitchell, 2013). According to Creswell(2013) ''the final written report or presentation includes the
voices of participants, the reflexivity of the researcher, a complex description and interpretation of
the problem, and its contribution to the literature or a call for change.
In this article, Cass and other researchers highlights the communication between Aboriginal patients
and non–aboriginal staff to identify issues that limits the effectiveness of interactions and to identify
the strategies for improvement of communication between the patients with end–stage

Non Corporations And Its Impact On Fostering Change
Abstract
Despite the fact that many organizations have embraced the new management strategies in
reflexivity, there are still countless issues in the same regard. It is also vital to remember that for an
entity to remain competitive in the market, it must formulate workable management strategies. In
this survey, it is demonstrated that it is the sole responsibility of the reflexive managers to make sure
that there is a flow of communication pattern in the company. The models include the research the
organization undertakes to understand the ethnography behind the rationale of self–reflexivity. The
structures of the society still control the management of public administration via a conclusive and
elaborate formulation of the reflexive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is vital for public administrators to become vigilant in embracing reflexivity when
dealing with employees, business partners, and the entire stakeholders. Management should make a
habit of understanding self–reflexivity so that it can help in realizing the realities and the critical
nature of the organizational processes. There are two levels of reflexivity including the self and the
critical decision of minds (Cunliffe and Jong, 2005).
Reflexivity in Organizations
In the philosophy of science, reflex and reflection have been used categorically to mean the same
kind of phenomenon. It is vital to differentiate the two processes so as to know the better one that
suits the functions and operations of an organization. Reflection is primarily the check –up of the
actual life issues in the mirror of knowledge and differentiating it from the vague assumptions.
Researchers look at h reflex mode as a means to diversify the workplace and obtain a high standard
of performance. The professionals involved try to use their skills to maintain the situational
improvement in the knowledge and class of actions in the administrations (Adriansen and Hunne,
2013). The leadership of any organization must embrace a further calculative and emotive approach
to addressing public governance. It only means that for an organization to govern their work
professionally, an assessment of the functions and legitimacy of

Ethnography Essay
Ethnography
Works Cited Missing
Anthropology is defined, in the most basic terms, as the study of other cultures. This field can
subsequently be divided into more specific sects, and contain more precise defining characteristics,
but this definition is essentially all that is needed. Anthropology is a science that attempts to look at
other cultures and draw conclusions to questions that are raised while studying. An anthropologist is
someone who accepts what is presented before them and is driven by an urge to understand each
presentation as thoroughly as possible. Once the concept of anthropology is accepted, one must
identify the means of reaching the goal of this field. In the sect of social anthropology, this vehicle is
known as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Malinowskis writings have been widely read and understood, they are not generally
accepted as correct. Malinwoski writes in a style of perpetuating the notion of Self and Other. His
attempts at understanding the culture he is studying may be of good intention, but he uses a
condescending, superior attitude in the process. He aims at being "in touch with the natives,"
(Malinoski, 8) but describes the people as "savages" and explains that ethnology "has introduced
law and order into what seemed chaotic and freakish. It has transformed for us the sensational, wild
and unaccountable world of savages into a number of well ordered communities, governed by law,
behaving and thinking according to consistent principles"(Malinowski, 9–10). He is essentially
contradicting himself, saying that he both strives to be in touch with the natives in order to give a
full understanding of their lives, while conducting his research with a superior attitude, which denies
any chances of being authentically in touch. It is this contradiction that has prompted many to use
new techniques, transgressing the "rules" established by Malinowski and his contemporaries.
Renato Rosaldo is one of the most highly acclaimed, contemporary anthropologists. He is also one
that has sought a new style of writing to give his ethnographic accounts. In his celebrated work,
Grief and a Headhunters Rage, Rosaldo uses the traditional "rules of anthropology" as the

Annie Hall Sociology
1– The movie revolves around an individual character named Benjamin Braddock, who is 21–year–
old, and he recently graduated from college. Ben is at a continuous anxiety and is very confused
because everybody has different expectations of him. He becomes a prey of the wife of his father's
business partner named Mrs. Robinson. She dose not have feelings to Ben, and she uses him for the
sexual purposes. Ben is not happy with his relationship because he needs more than sex in his
relationships. For some reason, Ben's father makes him to go out on a date with Elaine Robinson,
who is the daughter of Mrs. Robinson. When Elaine finds out that Ben has a deceitful relationship
with her mother, she asks him to stay away from her. Ben becomes smitten, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most prominent reasons behind the widespread acceptance of the Annie Hall movie is its
difference in the cultural movements that the movie represents. As the pop culture is getting famous
in the 1970, there are also some other cultural changes that are happening because of these factors.
Both of the characters are seeing therapists, doing drugs, wandering off in the city serious and have
concerns about their future. It is a cultural shock to the audience as it is presented for the first time
in any 1970 movie. Moreover, the movie also presents some cultural movements, as the disbelief
and paranoia of Alvy originates because of the unstable political government at that time. Therefore,
he also participates in a protest to make fun of the Eisenhower. Moreover, the movie also presents
some of the effects of the World War II. Furthermore, Alvy has difficulties in adjusting to the
superficial culture of Los Angeles. He is always attached to the culture of New York because it is his
home as well as the favorite place. On the other hand, the city of Los Angeles is empty from glamor,
and he never feels comfortable in Los Angeles. Therefore, when Annie moves from New York to
Los Angeles, Alvy sees it as the personality

Therapeutic Listening
EMA
The articles main focus is to research the processes involved in leaning to listen therapeutically.
Listening is a key tool when learning how to become a counsellor; Lee & Prior (2013) aimed to
study the accounts of students in their development of therapeutic listening. Seventeen students in
total agreed to participate in the interviews but only fourteen were able to participate, their ages
ranged between 25 and 60 years of age. From the 14candidates only ten interviews were transcribed,
and only six were analysed further. Six first year counselling students who had just finished a post
graduate certificate in counselling skills were interviewed and analysed. Due to the nature of study,
the researchers elected to use qualitative techniques ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Quantitative research is more widely used in psychology, as it is accurate and reliable. It is not
concerned with individuality and would not be suitable for this type of research project.
Some say that the IPA technique has become very popular amongst students as it focuses on
personal lived experience, which fits well with the quantitative method. Within the field of research,
there is constant debate on how to determine validity. Elliott, Fischer and Rennie (1999) suggested a
quality criterion for qualitative research.
Reflexivity is the act of constantly reflecting on oneself as the researcher and the relationship
between the interviewee. Reflexivity is important as it is set up to stop the manipulation of results.
The researchers has to be aware that their presence alone will affect the outcome of the analysis and
it is important that they are aware of this and do all that they can to minimise the effects they have
on the respondents. Reflexivity is inextricably linked with accuracy, especially within the
relationship between the researcher and the

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
I work as a respiratory therapist and treat patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD). Smoking is a leading cause associated with developing COPD. As a professional
working in the healthcare field, I have been fortunate and educated about the dangers and
consequences linked to cigarette smoking. I have treated and have experience with individuals who
have smoked and developed COPD. Also, as an educator, I have tried to help individuals quit
smoking to improve overall health. As an educator, I view smoking as an addiction to the drug
nicotine and managing cravings will help individuals quit smoking.
From a social context, I have been fortunate to have non–smoking family members my entire life.
Additionally, I have not been heavily exposed to second–hand smoke due to the bans and bylaws put
in place in my province (Ontario). However, many older generation smokers did not learn about the
dangers of smoking until much later. By then, these individuals were already addicted to smoking,
making quitting all the more difficult. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, I view smoking a waste of money. Within the cultural context, I see smoking as a personal and
social activity for individuals. Besides, smoking can be a coping mechanism as a result of other
issues. Interestingly, the aboriginal population in Canada is exempt from smoking in public or
private places for traditional Aboriginal cultural or spiritual purposes. The use of tobacco in the
Aboriginal community has been linked to medicinal and spirituality for many years. However,
without proper education, how can one know the differences between recreational use and
traditional

A Spiritual Perspective On Theological Inquiry Essay
A Spiritual Perspective on Theological Inquiry
Spiritual practice and theological inquiry are not mutually exclusive, rather they possess an intrinsic
connection. This relationship also exists between spirituality and self–reflexivity, promoting an
examined life which connects to a larger moral vision that extends beyond the self into the
community. Spirituality, theological inquiry, and self–reflexivity interact as a paradox of religious
identity rooted in one's being while also being critically open, fair–minded, and participatory in
dialogue. Karl Rahner's "The Hearer of the Message" delineates the inherent connectivity between
academic and spiritual life, religious tradition and community, theology and self–reflexivity.
Through the lense of Rahner, I will argue that the self–reflexive writing and pursuit of philosophical
theology in both religious and academic contexts is a spiritual practice.
Obstacles to an Academic and Spiritual Life
Rahner underscores the interlocking relationship of philosophy and theology, and this idea directly
pertains to the relationship between academic and spiritual contexts. Rather than being so opposed,
the love of wisdom is akin to the love of the Divine. Stemming from a collection of sources, I will
explore the relationship of spirituality to the present world, in religious and academic spheres.
Schneider's "Religion vs. Spirituality: A Contemporary Conundrum", Sheldrake's "Christian
Spirituality as a Way of Living Publicly" and "The

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Strong Program Essay
The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Strong Program
Introduction
The strong program is a particular kind of sociology science that was developed by Barry Barnes
and David Bloor to describe scientific theories where similar explanations are used to describe
opposite ideas (Mazzotti, 2012). The concept originated from Edinburgh school in the mid–1970s,
where it was used as a reaction against earlier theories, which were considered weak (Brown, 2014).
In most cases, failed theories are usually explained by mentioning the biases that were overlooked
by the researchers; therefore, sociology would be only relevant to successful theories that reveal a
fact about nature. A strong program accommodates theories that are either considered true or false
and treat them equally, thereby creating symmetry. Additionally, social factors are considered to be
the causal agent that determines whether the theory under scrutiny is true or false.
There has been a continuous debate among sociologist who support the strong program and those
who are opposed to the program. Researchers have questioned the application of the strong program
in scientific knowledge (Brown, 2014). According to Brown (2014), the program is not as strong as
it is purported by Barnes and Bloor because it cannot be applied in all scientific cases. Therefore,
looking at the arguments raised by the opposing groups can provide a ground for identifying the
weaknesses and the strengths associated with the strong program.
The

Theoretical Concerns Of Reflexivity And Subjectivity
Abstract
Who am I? The very first question I asked myself before I began my research. The first thoughts that
came to mind were – a female, an Indian, an academic. As an individual I'm aware that my identity
forms my opinions. My education, ethnicity and upbringing play a huge part in my research. One
could argue that research is largely based on facts and figures. But I believe there is far more to
research than just the numbers. I believe that research done from different (individuals) perspectives
can lead to multiple equally–viable answers. In my personal research I intend to use a Qualitative
method of analysis – a method that forms with the help of opinions and more importantly, one that
derives meaning. In the following essay I shall be discussing theoretical concerns of reflexivity and
subjectivity in qualitative research from a postmodernist approach.
"Can reflexivity be encouraged and enhanced by building it into our research methods and
processes, and by creating appropriate times, spaces, and contexts to be reflexive? At the same time,
is there a limit to how reflexive we can be, and how far we can know and understand what shapes
our research at the time of conducting it, given that these may only become apparent once we have
left the research behind and moved on in our personal and academic lives" (Mauthner & Douchet
2003).
Reflexivity is generally perceived as an extrinsic process in qualitative research where the
researcher continuously reflects on how their

Examples Of Early Observational Movements In Film
Primary and Chronicle of a Summer are two examples of early observational movements in
documentary films that started in the 1960's. Cinéma vérité was founded in France, while at the
same time, direct cinema was founded in the United States. Both have the same intention of "being
there" and placing the viewer in the location among the subjects. They each use at least one of the
Griersonian's themes, such as male narrator voice–over, re–enactment shots, and scripts. However,
there are a few differences in these movements with their choice and style in their approach. Cinéma
vérité is very self–reflexive, and includes a lot of interaction between the filmmaker and the subjects
on camera. Techniques were deliberately done to remind the ... Show more content on
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After the movie "ends" it continues to show a theater where Rouch and the people from the film are
watching it. Rouch asks them what they thought of the "final movie" and seeing themselves on the
screen. They took turns criticizing the film, allowing this scene to become the second layer of self–
reflexivity. Chronicle of a Summer did include a Griersonian theme of the use of constructing and
reenacting shots. One scene, a man has his breakfast brought in by his mother to eat in his bed. Later
in a different scene, he does karate after getting home from work. Both scenes were set up to show
what a person does on a normal day. Both of these scenes seemed awkward but helped made the
story more balance because of the on screen interaction in other

Critical Discourse Analysis Paper
Qualitative approach to Critical Discourse Analysis requires the acknowledgement of biases,
assumptions and personality that may interfere with the research. Critical Discourse Analysis does
not require the researcher to interpret the participant's experience. Critical Discourse Analysis
required the researcher to interpret data by having links or share pattern between the items under
research. Reflexivity is design to prevent the research from manipulating the data to agree with is
his or her preconceived notions. The four type of Reflexivity are Personal, interpersonal,
methodological and contextual (Creswell, & Creswell' 2007) Personal reflexivity is the
acknowledgment of the researcher feelings about the subject. Interpersonal reflexivity is the
relationship the researcher shared with the research. Methodological reflexivity is the ability to
accept the outcome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contextual reflexivity is viewing the data in the correct context in relation to culture and time
period. Black masculinity required personal, interpersonal methodological reflexivity regarding
connection to the material. Social condition for most black males are similar but can be interpreted
differently. I believe, Black masculinity is a characterization use to stagnate a cultural group from
establish social acceptant. The culture understanding of black men is dangerous and has created a
climate that justified the killing of several black men. Jamaal Moore, Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner
and Michael Brown are some of the case involving unarmed black being killed. These cases have a
personal effect because I can self–identify with these black men and realize I can be killed without
consequent. The interpersonal feelings are directly related to the racial biases in American culture.
The killing of citizen goes mainly unnoted when they are black males (Adams & Govender,

Article Review : ' Reflexivity ' As A Methodology By Its...
GI402 Summative Essay
Jayati Lal argues that 'reflexivity [cannot be] an end in itself ' and suggests that a 'reflexive and self–
critical methodological stance can become meaningful only when it engages in the politics of reality
and intervenes in it in some significant way' (1996: 207). Critically discuss.
With the growth in discussion of power relation between researcher and researched, it is noticed that
position of researcher is important to be involved in research process (Rich, 1986; Code, 1995;
McCorkel & Myers, 2003; Grenz, 2005). Reflexivity, then, is a epistemic methodology to evaluating
researchers' roles, researching method and outcomes. This article is aimed to discussing 'Reflexivity'
as a methodology by its existing influence and so–far problems. Arguing the meanings of reflexive
methodology for qualitative research, I will bring up different opinions of reflexivity compared to
Jayati Lal's statement.
第一部分：討論反身性＝反身性的方法論、重要性、可能問題(結合Jayati反對的部分)
反身性是「知識、如何處理知識」之間的差異 Reflexivity is the continual evaluation of relation
between 'knowledge' and 'the method of producing knowledge' (Calás and Smircich, 1992). Its
importance has been widely discussed due to the lack of awareness of researchers' role in knowledge
production.
知識生產方法的問題、量化研究的問題
The purpose of traditional research has always been finding out the 'truth' and 'objective' knowledge
of the world. It has then been critiqued that there are difference between objective reality/fact and

Essay on The Role of the Reflexive Ethnographer
The Role of the Reflexive Ethnographer
Works Cited Missing
The role of the reflexive ethnographer has been constantly defined and redefined since the beginning
of the study of anthropology. The use of reflexivity has and will always be questioned in
anthropology. Malinowski, who was a pioneer in the field of anthropology, discouraged the use of
reflexivity; he, instead, believed that anthropology was scientific and could produce "concrete
evidence" (Malinowski 17).
Reflexivity is way in which anthropologists try to get rid of this scientific and rigid anthropology; it
is a move towards an emotional and self–reflective anthropology. Reflexivity denies the
structuralism which Malinowski and Levi–Strauss attended to. In ... Show more content on
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Visweswaran believes that reflexive anthropology did not begin with "Paul Rabinow, Jean–Paul
Dumont and Vincent Crapanzano" (Visweswaran 22) but began with women who, because of
societal constraints, could not be anthropologists. These women's writings, she claims, have been
"dismissed as 'popularized accounts' or as 'confessional field literature'" (Visweswaran 21).
These ethnographies have been also called "inadequate science" (Visweswaran 21); this is in relation
to Malinowski's belief that anthropology is a structured and scientific method. It is ironic then that
men are "heralded as exemplars of this new genre" (Visweswaran 22) when women began
reflexivity before them. Visweswaran goes on to analyze these formerly unknown and ignored
female texts; she looks at these ethnographies to make her own ethnography. These ethnographies,
for Visweswaran, are ethnographies in the text themselves; they reveal the female author's "complex
negotiation of positionality within a single gender domain" (Visweswaran 27).
Visweswaran is thus reflexive about the female identity and hence about her own identity. She
believes that anthropologists should be reflexive with

Individual Experience And Reflexivity By Renato Rosaldo 's...
Individual experience and reflexivity ought to be utilized inside humanities as an instrument to
ponder the society that is consistently mulled over and not a refocusing of consideration on the self.
Works, for example, Dorinne Kondo 's "Disintegration and Reconstitution of Self," utilize the
thought of reflexivity as a mirror in which to view the society being considered in an alternate way.
This utilization of reflexivity considers the center to stay on the society being concentrated on. A
move far from this is the new limb of humanistic human studies spoke to in this article by Renato
Rosaldo 's "Sadness and a Headhunter 's Rage" and Ruth Behar 's "Humanities that Breaks Your
Heart" permits anthropologists to utilize reflexivity as an approach to investigate widespread human
emotions. For me, this is not the investigation of human sciences as much as reflexive toward
oneself brain science. The center movements from society to self. The anthropologists totally
comprehends the emotions of the individuals he/she is contemplating. I believe that it is fairly goal–
oriented to express that feeling is univeral, and I don 't feel that it is the employment of
anthropologists to do so. The reflexive voice is an essential part of ethnographic written work,
however the anthropologist must be mindful so as not to move center from focusing on society to
focusing on herself.
Dorinne Kondo makes a superb showing in her exposition "Disintegration and Reconstitution of
Self"in utilizing

Reflexivity: Crossing That Line
Reflexivity: Crossing That Line
Traditionally, ethnographic works had always been about objective studies of the "other." The
discipline attempts to use non–biased methods to research of our subjects to qualify anthropology
into the category of science. However, an increasing number of anthropologists begin to question
the existence of objectivity in fieldwork. More recently, some anthropologists advocate the
incorporation of the self, or the use of reflexivity, in the research to acknowledge our biases; at the
same time, enhance the quality of our ethnographies. Others further assert that reflexivity is the only
way to complete ethnographies. These propositions prompted concerns and provoked intense
criticisms among scholars ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[] He does, on the one hand, clarify the practices of his informants. He openly admits that he had
been making the wrong assumptions about the culture and affirms the words of informants.
However, the sentiments of the headhunters remain ambiguous because his experience is not
specific to the Ilongot culture. This universal sentiment about death fails to reflect the voice of his
informants.
While Rosaldo stands on the thin line, Behar crossed that line when she declares that "anthropology
that doesn't break your heart just isn't worth doing anymore." [] She wants to humanize her
informants by including an emotional component. Ironically, she does so by ignoring other aspects
of being a person. She neglects the daily struggles and the seemingly ordinary, yet necessary parts of
life and focuses on the "grande" ideas. The perhaps "boring" and routine operations of a culture are
in part what define the people. The significant events loose their grandeur when it is not contrasted
to the monotony of other incidents. Will a flower still be pretty if it is not contrasted to the average
leaves?
From this discussion of reflexivity and determination of appropriateness, many other questions arise.
Rosaldo's use of personal experience may reveal that there exist emotions that are cross–cultural
though

Ethical Issues In Mike Goffman's On The Run
The most alarming ethical issue I came to notice when I read Goffman's On the run is that the
sociologist got too close with the informants that she did what"black man" would do at that
particular circumstance. As she vividly describes in the book, she engaged in the manhunt looking
for the murderer who killed her 6th street friend Chuck:
We started out around 3:00 a.m., with Mike in the passenger seat, his hand on his Glock as he
directed me around the area. We peered into dark houses and looked at license plates and car models
as Mike spoke on the phone with others who had information about whereabouts.
One night, Mike thought he saw his target:
He tucked his gun in his jeans, got out of the car, and hid in the adjacent alleyway. I waited in the
car with the engine running, ready to speed off as soon as Mike ran back and got inside.(Goffman,
2014,260) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I got into the car because . . . I wanted Chuck's killer to die.(Goffman, 2014, 260)
Even though she justified herself by explaining that "looking back, I'm glad that I learned what it
feels like to want a man to die – not simply to understand the desire for vengeance in others, but to
feel it in my bones"(Goffman, 2014, 260–261), for my understanding, such behaviour that she
described demonstrates that she has crossed the ethical boundaries of fieldwork, and she violated the
ethical norm–do no harm.
Indeed, a researcher in the field, especially an ethnographer who is intended to describe social
relationships among a group of people, he or she inevitably has to build some sort of bondings with
the informants. So one would have to argue that the researcher, in order to obtain reflexivity, has to
engage and go

The Movie ' The Demand For Self Reflexivity '
The horror genre has tended to receive little critical success throughout its history. It is one of the
genres who relies on its audience to both decide how they're going to develop future texts and
mediums, as well as the subject that they will focus on. The fact that it has been around for a long
time makes the new developing genre of comedy/horror understandable, as a way to both reflect on
the generic tropes that have become second nature, as well as provide a new viewing experience.
The demand for self–reflexivity can be seen in various social media and fan outcries whereby
audiences constantly belittle or ridicule their most beloved genre. They focus on the classic elements
of the genre, and how widespread they become throughout each movie, therefore commenting on
how those films made to be scary have become more comical than anything else. Since the rise in
these activities, Hollywood creators have taken the same approach as a way of both paying homage
and mocking the genre, in addition to creating relatability to the viewers and their criticisms. Two
films that emulate this are the 2009 Hollywood hit Zombieland and the Swedish Cult Film Dead
Snow. Through an analysis of these two, and their commentary on horror film themes and
characteristics, the idea of fandom interaction and interpretation will be seen as having a strong
influence of the genre. Moreover, it will illustrate how the new shift from the pure generic
manifestation of the genre has assisted in, not only

Personal Statement : The Nursing Program
As nurses we all bring our own values and beliefs to the job whether or not we intend to, it happens.
I place large amounts of value on family and friends. These are the people you can call on for
support. I know that without the support of my mom helping me with my kids and my house work
there is no way I could be in the nursing program. Family is often a place when as children we learn
and develop our values and beliefs. Giving this deeper thought I can see how this is true for myself.
When working with B I would often think about what it would be like to be raised in an unstable
environment by a mother who struggles with mental health and addictions. B was often placed in
respite foster homes. I found myself thinking about what it would be like to sit down to meal with a
strange family how awkward would he have felt. Building on this making connections with people
is very important to me. Once I was able to build a connection with B I was able to work with him
in a more cohesive way. Making that convection helps to build trust, positive relationships are built
on trust. Being a good listener is a skill that I value as a nurse. Not only do I value being a good
listener but I also value being heard. I value you a person 's ability to do what they say they are
going to do. If you tell a patient that you will return to check in with them in 30 minutes than you
need to be sure that you keep your word. When working with clients it is import to me to build on

Anthropology
Anthropology
Anthropology what a vulnerable observer you are! You may well have to jump into the arms of the
scientists if you are going to try to keep your grass hut at the academy! –– Ruth Behar
Debates on the role the reflexive plague the field of cultural anthropology as postmodern critics join
the bandwagon attempting to claim authority in this dubiously recognized discipline. In the
borderline realm between the sciences and humanities, cultural anthropology has tried to find a
niche in which it can comfortably rest. For many, this has been in building a foundation of the
methodical. If anthropology can classify, categorize, and synthesize, it can assert its legitamacy to
the glares of academia. However, in the attempts to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The anthropologist is not a data classification machine. The anthropologist is a human being with
specific angles, interpretations, and background. Reality is perception. By reading ethnographies, we
are learning from other's perception. The range of approaches is specifically what gives this
discipline it's richness and depth. Johannes Fabian in Remembering the Present: Painting and
Popular History, comments,
Which and whose reality? Once the ethnographer has ceased to think that being in touch with reality
and truth is guaranteed by following the rules of scientific investigation, the outcome of contests and
confrontations cannot be a victory of one kind of knowledge over the other. (p304)
Fabian in this ethnography beautiful depicts his role to give the reader a sense of the dialogue and
exchange.
When two cultures interact, the exchange itself reveals insight. Fabian does not dismiss this in his
ethnography. Like a stone thrown to water, the anthropologist cannot attempt to study the
environment without the acknowledgement of the ripples he/she creates. An example of Fabian's
reflexivity is as follows,
Perhaps Tshibumba sensed my incredibility and imagined the explanations I might come up with.
That is why he made sure I understood what he wanted to accomplish with this painting –– to create
a kind of presence. (p300)
In this example, Fabian shows the reader how his presence may have an effect on the data. With the
use of the word "perhaps", he

Essay on The Pros and Cons of Ethnographic Reflexivity
The Advantages and Limits of Ethnographic Reflexivity
Awareness of writing choices generates an appreciation of the reflexivity of ethnographic research.
Reflexivity involves the recognition that an account of reality does not simply mirror reality but
rather creates or constitutes as real in the first place whatever it describes. Thus 'the notion of
reflexivity recognizes that texts do not simply and transparently report an independent order of
reality. Rather, the texts themselves are implicated in the work of reality–construction (Emerson et.
al., 1995:213).
According to Robert M. Emerson and colleagues, reflexivity is a method in which the ethnographer
is aware that his/her writing choices are shaped to acknowledge the ... Show more content on
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In her ethnography she writes how she had to reconstruct her "self" in order to fit in to Japanese
society. She looked Japanese but she did not act the way a native Japanese would act. Her
informants than taught her how to act like a native and in this process she began to understand
aspects of the Japanese culture. She mentions:
These factors perhaps gave me a certain kind of participatory understanding of certain aspects of
Japanese society. It also meant that, once I became an active participant in various groups (family,
factory, etc.) my knowledge was circumscribed. For example, therefore did not have free access to
certain people, and I could not ask certain questions that a foreigner less aware of indelicacy could
have posed with impunity (84).
In forming a self in Japanese society she notes that one is more accessible to gaining further
understanding about the culture being studied. Thus, she critiques the traditional ethnographic
methods because she finds that older text make objective assumptions that are not necessary the
reality of a culture. The assumptions than are seen as the true reality and full understanding of a
culture. On the contrary, reflexivity "implies that ethnographic knowledge is intrinsically incomplete
and relative" (84). Thus she suggest, that the best path to studying cultures is to acknowledge our
bias, assumptions and that of our informants to trace the "parameters, the

Ian Hodder
Another particular contribution of Ian Hodder to the development of archaeological thought can be
considered the development of 'reflexive archaeology' and reflexive methods in archaeological
excavation. The details of what constitutes reflexive excavation methodology are based on
overcoming the gap between theory and practice by incorporating extensive interpretation during
excavation (Hodder 1997, 693). Hodder's viewpoint lies largely on a synthesis of critical
engagement in interpretations and theories while committing to the use of cutting edge methods in
scientific analysis. Emphasis is put on the idea that archaeological assumptions need to be reflexive,
relational or contextual, interactive and multivocal, all of which are factors incorporated into ...
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Throughout his works that focus on reflexivity, Hodder proposes that in the past decades, there has
been a growing discrepancy between theory and practice in archaeology and that new ideas and
approaches are needed to bridge this gap (Hodder, Karlsson & Olsen 2008, 37). His approach to
excavation is therefore a result of trying to move the practical side of archaeology away from the
relatively positivist and objectivist stance that has been prominent in the past years, and steering it
towards the ideals proposed by the post–processual movement (Hodder, Karlsson & Olsen 2008,
37). He achieves this not only by critical evaluation of himself and his methods, as has been
suggested by Salzman in his critique of reflexivity, but also by recording the thought processes in
the form of videos, diaries and interviews on site (Salzman 2002, 808). There has been much
discussion whether such approaches have been fruitful and brought any significant addition to
archaeology as a discipline (Hassan 1997, 1021; Yoffee 2003, 862; Chadwick

Critical Reflection
Critical Analysis and Reflection: key pedagogical concepts Within teaching practice it is important
to be aware of the underlying influences that inform your personal pedagogy. This includes an
understanding of pedagogical theories, personal values, beliefs and past experiences that is brought
into the teaching environment. In order to achieve this, one must practice critical analysis of
everyday situations encountered within the classroom, to understand whether or not your teaching
practice is effective and why this is the case. In order to work towards an understanding of the
influences on my future practice, I will analyse a critical incident where a student was asked to fill
out a quiz to grade herself on particular personal and classroom ... Show more content on
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522) and reflection. Critical reflection can reveal the many details that impact on the creation of an
incident, as well as the response of both teacher and student. Critical incidents can be 'indicative of
underlying trends, motives and structures' (Tripp 1993, p. 25) within the classroom. Therefore,
critical reflection involves the consideration of the larger picture. This involves the social and
cultural influences and the past experiences that impact on the situation, 'not just the individual
actions of the teacher and the class' (McGill 2013, p. 522). Critical reflection also involves 'digging
deep to uncover both the strengths,' (McGill 2013, p. 522) and the shortcomings of a situation. This
will reveal the contextual factors 'that either foster or inhibit that teacher from acting' (Letts 2013, p.
474). Utilising critical reflexivity when practicing reflection will also reveal your own personal
assumptions that stem from personal experiences, beliefs and values, and an immersion in your own
culture (Hinchey 2010, p, 34). Awareness of your own assumptions will also lead to the realisation
that each student will respond differently due to their own values and assumptions. As Hinchey
(2004, p.24) states, students are 'likely to bring very different assumptions, expectations, and norms
into the classroom.' Furthermore, it is critical to avoid making assumptions based on personal
experience when working with students as this can hinder their progress and result in incorrect or
inappropriate strategies for their

Jean Luc Godard's Weekend as Didactic Self-Reflexive Cinema
James Goodman 5 March 2005 Auguiste Communication Essay Jean Luc Godard's Weekend as
Didactic Self–Reflexive Cinema According to Stephen Prince in Movies and Meaning: an
Introduction to Film, Screen Reality is a concept that pertains to the principles of time, space,
character behavior and audiovisual design that filmmakers systematically organize in a given film to
create an ordered world on–screen in which characters may act and in which a narrative may unfold.
(262) One mode of cinematic screen reality is self–reflexivity. While the other three modes of screen
reality seek to sway the audience into accepting the authenticity of the world and the story that are
on screen, the self–reflexive style deliberately attempts to tear down ... Show more content on
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Weekend represents the culture of political violence and social experimentation, artistic and sexual,
which was the latter half of the 1960s. This somewhat comic but depressing film of Godard's is a
satirical poem and construct of the contempt with which he obviously holds bourgeoisie society.
Much of the film expresses this through the use of symbolism and metaphor. In order to better
facilitate the process whereby the audience becomes aware of Godard's intentions and his message
he introduces us to a young Parisian married couple. Godard sets the clichéd couple, alienated and
bourgeois, on a journey for Corinne's parents' country house, hoping to find them either dead or
willing to sign the will. As they persist in their journey we are given various opportunities to
appreciate the absolute complacency and ignorance of the couple (meant to be emblematic of all
bourgeois). Godard tries to peel off the hypocrisy of bourgeois society through the weekend trip of
this Parisian middle class couple. Weekend is a clear continuation of the style, and even ideology,
which originated with Brecht's work in the theater. Jean Luc Godard weaves didactic self–reflexive
techniques throughout the film, in order to "break the illusion that the spectator is watching a real,
authentic world on screen rather than a movie." In doing so, Godard finds the ability to share his
discourse directly with the audience instead of employing characters to do the job for

Team Feedback Seeking Behavior ( Fsb )
Team Feedback–seeking Behavior Feedback–seeking behavior (FSB) refers to individuals' search
for evaluative information about their performance, internal processes and other behaviors for
attaining valued goals (Crommelinck & Anseel, 2013; De Stobbeleir, Ashford, & Buyens, 2011).
FSB is one of the proactive behaviors whereby individuals preemptively seek for feedback either by
directly asking or indirectly observing cues in the environment to infer from them (Ashford, De
Stobbeleir, & Nujella, 2016). Accordingly, team FSB can be defined as team members' collective
search for evaluative information about the behavior and performance of individual teammates and
the team as a whole (De Stobbeleir et al., 2011; Robison & Weldon, 1993). Intrateam feedback
involves team members providing information about other teammates' performance and/or asking
input or guidance about their own performance (Dickinson & McIntyre, 1997). Team FSB
constitutes goal–oriented behavior where team members aim to improve their chances of attaining
their valued objectives, such as skill development, improved performance, citizenship behavior, or
creativity (Ashford et al., 2016; Crommelinck & Anseel, 2013). Thus, contrary to the traditional
belief that depicts feedback seeking as a strategy to conform to the requirements of the environment
(Parker & Collins, 2010), here feedback seeking is used as an individual and/or a team resource that
can help individuals and teams to achieve a variety of outcomes

Comparing Qualitative Studies
Question: 2 Compare and contrast two articles from the additional list of the qualitative methods
section of the course. Comment on the strength and weaknesses of these studies. ''Article A'': 'Being
Native versus" Going Native: Conducting social work research as an Insider, Kalei Kanuha ''Article
B':' A Case Study of Liberation among Latino Immigrants Families Who Have Children with
Disabilities, Fabricio Balcazar et. al. Comparison Ethical Consideration; Informed consent is
significant during research and it's also incorporated as key Social work ethic with respect to the
right to self determination and participation. Both two articles, the authors did not explain about
ethical issue in relation to informed consent. In the Fabricio Balcazar article, suffice to say that the
participation of the parents in their skills training and advocacy made possible with the organization
with which the parents of children with disability are receiving. ... Show more content on
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It reflects in that the parents who participated in the study got terminated in the use of service.
Surprisingly, guided with the help of the researchers themselves, these parents were able to organize
their own groups gearing to address their concerns. In article A, to be an insider itself in most
scenarios violates the ethics of informed consent. Although the author made mention that her aim
was to capture the breadth and depth of understanding the vulnerable group of which the researcher
herself was part and parcel. In article A, there are instances of violation of ethical principle. The
researcher mentioned that some of the questions brought previous painful reactions and experiences
from respondents and the researcher. In my opinion these experiences may have reopened the
wounds and harm to vulnerable group the researcher himself or herself must also be accounted for.
Its advisable for researchers to avoid harming respondents during

My Study On A Small Sample Size Of Eight School Leaders
I recognize three considerations to my study: (1) sample size, (2) subjectivity, and (3)
trustworthiness of my research that need to be acknowledged. The first consideration of my study is
based on a small sample size of eight school leaders. I've come to recognize that my findings in this
narrative study can only be generalized by the lived experiences and told stories given by each of
the selected principals in the study. An important perspective in narrative studies is that a small
sample size allows only for researchers to provide the context and content of those participants in
the study. And by capturing the entire story as told by my selected participants, I will be in the right
position to present a more holistic grounding of their work as school leaders in pursuit of equity.
Indeed, additional studies that desire to engage this kind of research is sorely needed in order to
broaden and/or augment the findings of such a study. I believe the current value of this study is its
ability to capture the nuances of leadership practices, dispositions, and challenges that can better
inform school leadership for the just rights of others. A second consideration significant to this study
is my positionality. I recognize this research study is vulnerable to my own positionality and my
experiences in educational spaces. Alcoff (1988) argues positionality results from the influences of
our experiences in our changing historical context and how we choose to act/contribute upon

Essay On Reflexivity

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