Corrosion Is A Major Consideration For The Construction...

Corrosion Is A Major Consideration For The Construction...
CORROSION OF EMBEDDED STEEL IN ALKALI–ACTIVATED SLAG CONCRETE
SiYu Yang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University College London
University of London
September 2015
Abstract
Sustainablitiy is a major consideration for the construction industry...
目录
Abstract 2
1.Introduction 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Objectives 5
2. Literature Review 7
2.1 Slag 7
2.2 Slag Activation 7
2.3 AAS Engineering Properties 8
2.4 Passive Film 9
2.5 Corrosion Mechanisms 9
2.6 Test Methods 12
3. Test Materials and Techniques 14
3.1 Test Materials 14
3.2 Pastes Mix Proportions and Physical Properties 16
3.4 Technique Used 18
3.5 Research Programme 19
4.Simulated Solution 22
4.1 Test Apparatus 22
4.2 Passivation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, more than 160 governments met in Tokyo in 1997 to draft the Tokyo Portal to advocate
reduction of GHG emission and set emission reduction targets.

As an important construction material, the Portland cement has been widely used in construction
industry around the world. The Portland cement clinker is made from calcinations of limestone and
siliceous materials where de–carbonation occurs. The reaction:
C_a 〖CO〗_3⟶C_a O+〖CO〗_2
The production of Portland cement is high–energy consumption and produce large amount emission
of CO2. Previous research indicates that 0.98kg of CO2 will be created by production of 1kg of
Portland cement, including 0.53g from decarbonisation, 0.33g from burning process plus 0.12g from
generation of electricity power required. Therefore, for every ton of cement produced, an
approximately equal amount of carbon dioxide is relapsed in to atmosphere [2阿三]. The world
cement industry contributes 7% of total CO2 emission [3]. This leads to the research of seeking
more environmental friendly cements. One of these alternative materials is alkali–activated slag
(AAS) cement. Comparing with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the AAS has is own advantages.
Firstly, it uses ground granulated blast–furnace slag (GGBS) as the binder material of concrete,
which is a by–product from industry production. Secondly, AAS cement has low energy cost and
low GHGs emissions. Finally, AAS concrete has excellent engineering
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Pros And Cons Of Portland Pozzolana Cement
4. What is PPC Cement?
What is Pozzolana?
Pozzolana is a compounds possessing cement properties formed by silica materials with very little
cement properties, reacted with calcium hydroxide at ambient temperature. Pozzolana materials are
natural fly ash, volcanic ash; produced by combustion of calcined clay and coal. Any of these
materials can be used in preparing Portland Pozzolana Cement.
How is Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) manufactured?
PPC is produced in two ways:
1. Grinding pozzolana materials and portland cement clinker together with addition of gypsum or
calicum sulphate.
2. Blending fine Pozzolana materials and Portland cement.
When Portland cement clinker is blended with the pozzolanic materials and the result is PPC.
Along with producing less ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In short but very long buildings, there are many damaging effects during earthquake shaking. And,
in large plan area buildings like warehouses, the horizontal seismic forces can be much more to be
carried by columns and walls.
Horizontal Layout of Buildings
In short, the simple geometry buildings have performed better during the earthquakes. Buildings
with re–entrant corners, such as those U, V, H and + shaped in plan, have been able to sustain
significant damage. Many times, the bad effects of earthquakes can be avoided by making the
buildings in two parts. Like, an L–shaped plan can be divided into two rectangular plan shapes using
a partition point at the junction. At times, the plan of buildings is simple, but the columns/walls are
not equally distributed. Such buildings tend to twist during earthquake or shaking.
Vertical Layout of Buildings
The earthquake forces developed at a building differs for different floor levels. This force is
supposed to be brought down along the shortest height to the ground or it may path results in poor
performance of the

Pros Of Travancore Cements
PROMOTERS OF TCL
Travancore cements limited started under M/s Essel pvt.Ltd.And in the year 1975 Kerala
government took over the factory. The company started under the supervision of Mr. S
Rudlinger.And the equity share holdings are 51.33% by Kerala Government,25% by Pyramid group
of companies ,and the balance share held by general public.
DISCOUNTS GIVEN BY TCL
If above 250 kg purchasing is their company gives 10% cash discount of. 4% for the purchase. I n
every month company gives 2% quantity discount for 500kg and 1% for 200kg.Freight allowance is
3% and the annual discount given by the company is 3%.
INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
Transport and communication–TCL provides transport facilities to the workers and bus providing to
employees and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Product quality also very good.
These are the strength of Travancore cements limited strengths.
WEAKNESS
Their weaknesses are: TCL using very low budget for advertising. Because of that product publicity
also a failure .And surplus labours also a major problem. Presently 400 employees are working in
TCL.snd scarcity of raw materials also a major problem. Raw material means lime shell. And there
is no continuous productise .machinery damages also a major problem. Lack of mechanical
engineers also a drawback. And there is also an influence from political parties. Company not
providing any credit facilities . These are the main drawbacks of TCL.
OPPERTUNITIES
Company have to introduce some promotional programmes, if they introduce that then they can
compete in national market. And another thing is that company have to liberalise the demand of
cement and paint. Then only that can increase the sale. And advertisement also a main thing
company have to use media advertisement and all, then public can easily recognise the product.
THREATS
Travancore cements limited facing some threats also, such as,
Lack of advertisement
There is lack of promotional

Explain How To Go With Vertical Or Horizontal Placement...
How to Install a Backerboard in a Shower
A concrete backerboard is required for all tile or natural stone showers. It serves as a shower wall
substrate that will help protect the wood of the wall studs from moisture. It I snot waterproof but iis
installed with a moisture barrier. A benefit of using cement backerboards is they remain
dimensionally stable even when wet so they do not swell up, which will lessen the occurrence of tile
cracking and other bathroom problems.
You have to make sure your concrete backerboard is properly installed to have a solid and durable
substrate for your tile installation. Take your time when installing the sheets and ensure that you
make it as moisture–resistant as possible.
1. Decide if you will go with vertical or horizontal placement when installing your backerboard in
the shower. It really won't affect the outcome, but it is important to make the process easier. For
wide shower areas, it is better to place the boards on their longest edge. But if it will make the
installation more difficult, then run the sheets with vertically instead. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cover the wall studs in plastic sheeting. This will serve as a moisture barrier for the wall studs
behind the backerboard. Use a utility knife to cut the plastic sheeting down to size, staple the
sheeting into place, then layer them with a waterfall method (each upper piece drains down onto the
next lower sheet, directing the water down towards the shower pan). Make sure that the shower pan
flange is covered by the lowest edge of the sheeting.
3. Lay out your boards for the best fit on the walls. Measure and mark your pieces, then make
straight cuts using a utility knife and T–square that is held against the sheets.
4. Use a keyhole saw to cut around for pipe stub–outs (such as faucets and shower

Mechanical Behavior Of Geopolymers After Exposing
The Mechanical Behavior of Geopolymers after exposing to High Temperatures
Name
University
Supervisor
Due Date:
Executive Summary This paper reviews the mechanical behavior of geopolymers after exposing to
high temperatures. The review begins with a brief overview of geopolymers and examines the extant
literature on the mechanical behavior of geopolymers after exposing to high temperatures by
artificial intelligent techniques. The final and compressive strength of geopolymers is also
discussed. Finally, this review examines studies on genetic programming as a technique of modeling
the performance of materials and in particular, geopolymers. This paper focuses on the general and
specific aspects of genetic programming on geopolymers, and summarizes its importance. Further,
this review features genetic programming as applicable to geopolymers as a method of predicting
the effect of temperature on their mechanical behavior. From the review, it emerges that
geopolymers that resist the action of loads that tend to reduce their sizes, exhibit high compressive
strength.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ii
Chapter One: Introduction to Geopolymers v
Chapter Two: Review of Literature vi
 Summary vi
 Mechanical Behavior of Geopolymers after exposing to High Temperatures by Artificial
Intelligent Techniques vi
 Final Strength of Geopolymers after exposure to High Temperatures ix
 Compressive Strength xi
 Genetic Programming (General) xv
 Genetic

Rammed Earth
Rammed earth is a building technique which has been used for hundreds of years. The technique
involves earth (similar to cob) which is compacted, in–situ, between forms which are created by
shuttering (Figure 12 & 13). This creates a monolithic wall which is strong and durable with a
variety of colours, depending on the earth within the site. Two or more soil components must be
used to create the correct size appropriate wall (Windstorm & Schmidt, 2013:402). The walls are
mainly 300 – 600mm thick and can be free–standing and, unlike cob, load bearing (Hall & Djerbib,
2004:281). The final product does not need any further finishing such as plastering and can be left to
expose the different layers of earth. Post–industrial materials such as brick, tile and concrete can be
recycled by adding it to the mixture, this will enhance the colour and the strength of the walls, the
materials can also add to the fire safety of the walls. This method of recycling alongside the use of
rammed earth can have an even greater and more positive effect on the environment (Hall &
Djerbib, 2004:367). Rammed earth also has the highest density and compression strength of all earth
construction techniques and therefore a more efficient material when it comes to structural qualities
in construction. To increase the structural qualities of rammed earth, small amounts of concrete (5 –
10%) is added to the mixture (Mačková & Spišáková, 2015:133). Due to the high compressive
strength the chances of erosion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of Rammed earth construction
– Garangula Art Gallery, Harden, NSW.
The building is made up of crafted, recycled and locally sourced materials. This created an
opportunity for artwork to be created within the architecture and interior. Rammed earth walls were
mostly used to construct the building, alongside recycled wood, and concrete. The rammed earth
walls were constructed using the earth from within the site and the wood was also locally sourced
(Rinaldi,

Thermal Resistance Of Interlocking Block Wall With Infill
THERMAL RESISTANCE OF INTERLOCKING BLOCK WALL WITH INFILL MUHAMMAD
ASYRAF BIN ZULKIFLI Project Report submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of B.Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth
Resources UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2015 SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION "I
hereby declare that I have checked this project 'Thermal Resistance of Interlocking Block Wall with
Infill' and in my opinion, this topic of project is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award
of the degree of bachelor of B.Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering." Signature :
................................................................... Name of Supervisor : PROF. DATIN DR. NASLY BINTI
MOHAMED ALI Position : SUPERVISOR Date : 17 JUNE 2015 STUDENT'S DECLARATION I
hereby declare that the work in this project is my own except for the quotations and summaries
which have been duly acknowledge. The project has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted for award of other degree. Signature : ............................................. Name :
MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ZULKIFLI ID Number : AA11072 Date : 16 JUNE 2015 Special
thanks... To my beloved mother,Harison bt Wahab who have given me her encouragement and
support, family and fellow friends And To all my lectures AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillah, first
and foremost Alhamdulillah, thanks Allah for giving me an opportunity to do and

A Communication Change Plan For Holcim New Zealand Essay
1. Introduction
This is a communication change plan for Holcim New Zealand. It identifies major internal
stakeholders affected by upcoming organisational changes. A range of strategies of effective
organisational communication are outlined to meet the communication and business objectives of
the organisation.
1.1. Organisation
Holcim New Zealand Limited is a leading supplier of cement, aggregates and ready mixed concrete
in New Zealand. Its involvement in the New Zealand building industry dates back to 1888. It is part
of the regional Holcim Australia/New Zealand business and the global LafargeHolcim Group, the
world 's leading supplier of cement, aggregates and construction–related services represented in 90
countries on all continents. The Group has 115,000 employees around the world and combined net
sales of 33 billion in 2014 (Holcim,2015).
1.2. Background
Holcim New Zealand are moving from their current base at Onehunga Port Auckland and will
construct a new 28 metre dome–shaped cement silo on the Port lands in Downtown Auckland. A
new terminal in Timaru PrimePort is also going to replace the Westport cement plant.
The decision to move the Auckland branch from the Manukau Harbour is because the harbour is too
shallow to accommodate larger ships to import cement from late 2016. The Timaru terminal will be
able to provide more effective access to the major market of Christchurch. The closure of the
Westport plant will mean a loss of approximately 100 employment

The Menace Of Industrial Pollution
CHEAPTER–1 INTRODUCTION GENERAL– Industrial pollution has become a menace in past
many years on the environment, economy, and social aspects. Our construction industries are the
major source of pollution accountable for around 4% of particulate emission. The enormous demand
of construction industries has highlighted the requirement for sustainable development and
intelligent utilization of resources, pointing towards two commonly used materials i.e. cement and
nanomaterial there by substantially used and abused. "Sustainable development meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" –The
World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nation,1987, where it points out the
necessity of resources for future generation and presenting a responsibility to us to be aware and
careful about their consumption. We are utilizing resources faster than the rate they are regenerated
and frequently dependent on fossil fuels. If we see for sustainable societies, their assumption of
development is thoroughly dependent on reducing and eventually eradicating our contribution to the
methodical accumulation of materials from the earth's crust, to the systematic accumulation of
substances given by the society, the ongoing physical degradation of nature, to that systematically
undermine people capability to meet their basic needs, Nanomaterials can be defined as those
physical substances with at

Unit 11 Bridge Building Project
Bridge Building Project
By Maryum Sheikh Hi, my name is Maryum and the bridges that I researched about are the Golden
Gate Bridge, the Batman Bridge, the Auckland Harbor Bridge, the Bixby Creek Bridge, and the
Quebec Bridge.
First, I would like to tell you about the Golden Gate Bridge. I'm pretty sure many of you may know
about this bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge and was built in San Francisco,
California in 1937. The Golden Gate Bridge spans or crosses the Golden Gate strait which is a mile
wide and 3 miles long. The weight of the roadway is hung from 2 cables that pass through two main
towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. There are
80,000 miles of wire in the main cables. These cables help support the bridge because of the big
distance. The bridge also has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets. So my opinion about the bridge
is that it is a very well made bridge and it also has a very good design.
The second bridge I will be talking about is the Batman Bridge. The Batman Bridge is a cable–stay
bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Quebec Bridge is a cantilever bridge with the structure of a riveted steel truss. The Quebec
Bridge was built in Quebec City in Canada in 1917. The Quebec Bridge spans or crosses the Saint
Lawrence River. The Quebec Bridge failed twice and the cost was of 88 lives. The bridge was
successfully made in 1917 after the 2 attempts. The Quebec Bridge is 987 m long, 29 m wide, and
104 m high. The cantilever arms are 177 m long and support a 195 m central structure, for a total
span of 549 m the Quebec Bridge is still the longest cantilever bridge span in the world. It was the
all–categories longest span in the world until the Ambassador Bridge was completed in 1929. It is
the easternmost complete crossing of the Saint Lawrence River. My opinion about the Quebec
Bridge is that it is very well made bridge and is pretty

In the most general sense of the word, a concrete is a...
In the most general sense of the word, a concrete is a substance that solidifies to act as glue. Romans
were the first to use "modern cement "for purposes of masonry made of crushed stone with vivid
lime as binder. They named this substance "caementicium opus "which was later referred to as
cement, cimentim , cäment and cement.
Cement is mainly used in construction. It is a gray powdery substance burnt lime and clay, mixed
with water and sand to make mortar (a paste used to bind the building blocks together and fill the
spaces between them) or with water, sand and gravel to make concrete (one strong durable
construction material).
The cement industry is of paramount importance in the development and highly dynamic world
today. To initiate, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, in 1956, the government, with the help of the Industrial Development Corporation of
Pakistan (PIDC), laid the foundation for two cement units Daudkel and Hyderabad and then more
plants were established in the private sector.
These measures lead to dramatic improvement in productivity of cement, and created opportunities
to other entrepreneurs and investors to work in this sector. This step helped in bridging the gap
between demand and supply in the market. Five cement factories were established during initial
thirty years after independence with a total capacity of 3.2 million tons despite the fact that Pakistan
is rich in deposits of limestone, clay and gypsum, which is the basic raw material for the. The
situation not only stabilized but improved enough for the country to export cement for the first time
in 1966. At that time, the government allowed 4% of local production to be exported. This is vital,
because the government did not want to create any shortage locally. Exports amounted to about 30%
of local production in 1970.
NATIONALIZATION IN BHUTTO REGIME
Bhutto's era saw the situation takes a complete turn and export Pakistan saw the situation deteriorate
to a level that Pakistan was forced to import cement to late 1970s. The same situation prevailed in
the status quo until 1994–1995 and the growth of the industry once two digits

Clay Behavior And Its Effects On The United States
Throughout the past few decades, clay behavior has drawn significant attention from geotechnical
engineers due to its contribution in structural damages [1]. The sensitivity of clay to climate changes
and its corresponding collapse and swelling due to water content changes is the main reason for the
resultant damages. Since 1950s, various ways have been introduced for reducing destructive effect
of expansive clays. (These methods are usually based on trial–error, from using mechanical
stabilization like compaction [2] or prewatering (mostly in 1970s) to altering the physicochemical
properties of the soil like addition of chemical agents or process of ion changing [3, 4].
In the following decades lime and cement injections were the most widely used methods for
stabilization of clay. However, hydration starts while water and cement are mixed But when water
reaches cement, hydration happens and hydrated calcium silicates (CSH), aluminates (CHA) and
lime (Ca(OH)2) would be generated which would and cause a rise in pore water pH. In 1971, [5]
found the reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalines and afterward the usability of other
chemicals other than lime and cement was investigated. Also, for reducing the stabilization costs,
replacing cement with low cost waste materials has been studied. Moreover, the effect of portland
cement manufacturing on amount of greenhouse released in the atmosphere and consequently,
global warming has been another reason for finding a

Compressive Strength, Strength And Bond Strength Of...
This research work focus on Compressive strength, flexural strength and Bond strength of
Conventional Concrete (CC) and Class C fly ash blended concrete incorporation with Natural
Admixture. Broiler hen egg was used as Natural admixture (NAD) to study the effect of NAD on
strength properties. The Class C fly ash was replaced to cement at various levels and NAD was
replaced to liquid and identified the optimum replacement level of Class C fly ash and optimum
dosage of NAD by maintaining the constant liquid contant 0.55 to achived M20 grade concrete. The
compressive strength, flexural strength and bond strength of concrete for both CC and FA concrete.
The studies reval that the optimum replacement of Class C fly ash is 25% and optimum dosage of
NAD is 0.25% based on strength results.
Keywords: Natural admixture; Class C fly ash; compressive strength; Flexural strength and bond
strength.
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of constructional activities lead to increse in cement usage. The major
problem in usage of cement in bulk quanity, that leads to leberation of green house gas (CO2). The
CO2 causes to global warming and continues mining and extraction of lime strone leads to
unnecessary problems to environment. Therefore researches are concentrates on sustainable
materials. In this senariou chemical and mineral admixtures were introduced.
Before invenstion of cheminal and mineral admixtures our ancients were use some more natural
products like surkhi, burnt coconut

Cement Industries, Raw Materials, Production Rate And...
CEMENT MANUFACTURING IN SOUTH INDIA
By : Rakesh Kumar Sharma (12CV79)
Nikhil Kumar (12CV62)
Mohit Kumar Meena (12CV53)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KARNATAKA
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
NOVEMBER 2014
E–Mail: rakesh.mails2@gmail.com
CEMENT MANUFACTURING IN SOUTH INDIA: INDUSTRIES, RAW MATERIALS,
PRODUCTION RATE & TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT
The Critical Review paper about CEMENT INDUSTRIES IN SOUTH INDIA talks about the
various cement industries established in southern part of India, their feasibility of site, their raw
materials , production rate and the technology used by them. The paper talks about the importance
of cement industries in south India, The main resources needed for the production, shortage of the
resources if any, and then it incorporates critics based on the finding at the end along with a short
mail interview with ACC South Chief Executive, Mr. Anuj Khajanchi. The study on the paper is
done by RAKESH KUMAR SHARMA, NIKHIL KUMAR, and MOHIT KUMAR MEENA. All the
resources and data are collected from Internet.
INTRODUCTION
Cement is the binding material that holds the concrete together, and is therefore a basic need for
every construction involving concrete or biding of basic blocks like bricks. Also concrete is the
second most consumed material after water, with nearly 3 tonnes used annually for each person in
world.
The manufacturing process of cement consists of mixing, drying and grinding of limestone, clay and
silica into composite mass. The

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Expansive Additives
Hydration and expansion mechanisms of expansive additives
Abstract
Concrete is the most frequency used material in construction industry. However, during its service
life, concrete experiences volume changes especially the shrinkage which can lead to cracking and
failure of the material. To overcome the cracking problem, expansive additives are widely used to
reduce the shrinkage of concrete. In this review, the general background and definition of expansive
additives, types of expansive additives, synthesis process, hydration schemes and some feasible
expansion mechanisms of the expansive additives are described.
1. Introduction
In the hydration reaction of Portland cement, the absolute volume of hydration products formed is
less than the total volume of the reacted cement and water. This volume reduction is called the
chemical shrinkage. After setting of the cement paste, microstructure of the paste is developed as a
result that the paste is not able to change its bulk volume freely; therefore, only a fraction of total
chemical shrinkage results in a decrease of its external volume which is known as autogenous
shrinkage. While, the rest of total shrinkage presents as an increase of the internal porosity [1].
Another kind of bulk shrinkage of cement is called drying shrinkage. Drying ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The colloidal ettringite crystals are formed by a through–solution mechanism in the presence of
saturated calcium hydroxide. The presence of calcium hydroxide decreases the reaction rate of
aluminates, thus it causes the formation of colloidal sized ettringite crystals. Because, the colloidal
ettringite crystals have a high specific surface area and they be able to adsorb water which surround
the crystals, and eventually cause interparticle repulsion (swelling). This repulsion incurs an
expansion of the

Cement, Neopolymer and Similar Compositions
2. Conventional cement
The function of cement is for isolating production zone and to provide support for the casing
[11].Portland cement is made up of calcium oxide (CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO) and water (H2O)
which the composition of calcium carbonate is around 75–80 wt% and 20–25 wt% of clay [7],[14]..
Compressive strength of Portland cement is developed through hydration. Hydration is chemical
reaction between water and cement compound. The rheology and early strength of cement is
developed from reaction of aluminate compound at the beginning of hydration. Rate of hydration
can be control by adding gypsum. It is for preventing the premature hardening of cement. Gypsum
will react with aluminate and hydroxyl ion to form ettrigate. Ettrigate will prevent hydration process
by forming needle shaped crystal on the aluminate and creating induction period [11].
Some addictive can be added to the cement to enhance the properties of cement. There are
accelerator, retarder, extender, weighting agent, dispersant, fluid loss control agent and loss
circulation agent [11].
Accelerator Use to speed up the early stages of hydration. Applicable in shallow well.
Retarder Inhibit hydration and slow the setting time of cement. Applicable in deep well.
Extender Reduce slurry density, thus reduce the hydrostatic pressure during cementing operation.
Extender use to prevent break down and loss of circulation of weak formation.
Weighting agent Increase cement density by adding high

Concrete Research Paper
Concrete is fluid and malleable when it is first laid out; over time it becomes sturdier and capable of
bearing tons of weight. We, as in humans, are exactly like concrete; we begin as pliable souls and
bodies that must harden as time goes on. It shows how humans have always been capable of,
possibly subconsciously, creating building materials that reflect the human spirit; everything built by
man or woman has always reflected something within him or her. Concrete reflects us in this
manner: concrete is the ultimate representation of how humans grow and develop. Concrete is the
ultimate building block of society; there are a plethora of ways that it has been used. Romans were
some of the first, in recorded history, to use it; they used it to build their aqueducts and even the
Colosseum. If anything, the Romans were some of the first to make huge developments in concrete,
and they were some of the first to actually use concrete on a large scale. America has also used
concrete on a large scale, using concrete to build the Hoover Dam and the Grand Coulee Dam.
Those examples show how concrete is an incredibly strong and durable building material that has
remained standing after all these years and will continue to be the primary ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Concrete has been used to build roads in America; although this is an expensive alternative to
asphalt, it holds more advantages than normal asphalt. Concrete is more durable than normal asphalt
and is capable of giving drivers better gas mileage. Concrete roads have also been proven to be more
skid–resistant with the addition to grooves to the concrete. It can also help drivers save more gas
money since it's been proven to be fuel efficient. With the advances of modern science, scientists
and concrete manufacturers have created some ways of creating concrete in a cheaper way so it can
be used more often in creating

Devil's Landslide Research Paper
Devil's Slide
After their marriage in 1922, Bert and Grace Dickson lived in Devil's Slide. Bert was called as
Bishop of the Slide Ward in 1926, a calling he held for 26 years. It was the Slide Ward because you
simply couldn't have the word Devil in the name of a ward. Not long after the Dicksons moved from
Devil's Slide to Morgan, the ward was dissolved.
Bert worked as a plumber at the Union Portland Cement Company and Grace kept house,
immaculately. It has been said a fly would skid to death if it tried to land in Grace's house.
A little bit of background on the town that figures so prominently in Dickson history: In 1824, an
Englishman by the name of Aspdin, a stone mason of Leeds, burned limestone and clay together,
then ground both into a powder, which when mixed with sand and water became exceedingly hard.
The stone thus formed resembled the stone from the Isle of Portland, England. The product,
therefore, acquired the name of Portland Cement. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Workers initially began calling the new community Portland, in honor of the Union Portland Cement
Company. However, railroad people objected to that name and insisted on a Devils Slide moniker
instead. They won out and by 1907 the local post office was also called Devils Slide (There was
originally no apostrophe on the town's name).
Several prominent area men recognized the value of limestone in the production of Portland
Cement. They formed a corporation named The Union Portland Cement Company for the purpose of
quarrying the limestone. A short list of the founders included: Reed Smoot, M.S. Browning, Joseph
Scowcroft, and James Pingree, with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter–Day Saints subscribing
$10,000 worth of stock.
A Company town soon sprang–up a couple hundred yards down stream from the plant site. The
town was named Devil's Slide after an interesting nearby rock

The Effect Of Concrete On Earth Apart From Water
Introduction
Concrete is the most commonly used material on earth apart from water. The main reasons for such
a wide use are the performance benefits that include durability, robustness, thermal mass, acoustic
performance and flood resilience. The amount of concrete used annually is equal to about 2.8 billion
tons in 2008. Thus, the concrete industry is one of the main contributors to the total CO2 emission
of the world. Cement, the principal component for production of concrete, manufacturing amounts
to approximately 7% of the total CO2 emission in 2007 globally. However, carbonation reaction that
occurs in concrete with age reabsorbs CO2 released during calcination. Therefore, the main focus of
reduction in emission during cement production is by reducing the energy use or the amount of
cement used in the manufacturing. Moreover, the advantage of concrete is that it is locally produced;
as well as all its primary components are universally available. Apart from that, concrete can last
longer than other construction material and has low maintenance and long service life. Thus,
conserves a lot of energy resulting in a very less CO2 emission if measured according to Full Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA). The main problem with manufacturing of concrete apart from cement
usage is the large quantities of gravel, sand and water are used that has considerable ecological
effects. The use of concrete will increase in coming years as large number of developing countries
began to

Industrial And Agricultural Wastes : A Heterogeneous Mix...
Concrete as is well known is a heterogeneous mix of cement, water and aggregates. The admixtures
may be added in concrete in order to enhance some of the properties desired specially. In its simplest
form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. Various materials are added such as fly ash, rice
husk, and admixture to obtain concrete of desired property. The character of the concrete is
determined by quality of the paste. The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in the
careful proportioning, mixing and compacting of the ingredients.
The waste materials locally available are efficiently deployed to improve the functioning of the
rural–based industries. Civil Engineers are always in search of waste materials that can be used as a
blending component in cements to improve its quality and to reduce the cost. Several investigations
have been carried out to utilize waste material in construction. Apart from getting rid of these
materials, their use in construction protects the environment from contamination. Industrial and
agricultural wastes are used for the production of low cost building materials. Agro–industrial
wastes such as tobacco waste, non–edible oil cake and hyacinth have been used successfully for
installing bio–gas plants. Agricultural residues such as bagasse, rice husk and rice straw are utilized
in the production of light weight clay bricks. Industrial wastes such as blast furnace slag, fertilizer
wastes, fly ash, silica fumes and incinerators

Epoxy Floor Coating Review
Epoxy Floor Coating Review
Epoxy is a kind of polymer material that starts like a liquid and it is transformed into a good
condition via a controlled chemical reaction. Due to this transformation in condition, epoxy floor
films are usually a robotically strong and chemically resistant kind of flooring. Epoxy floor films are
highly adhesive throughout the conversion from liquid to solid permitting them to produce a secure
bond with old and new concrete flooring surfaces. You will find a multitude of programs and ways
to use epoxy films including epoxy floor fresh paint in industrial and commercial configurations too
for films on industrial equipment or machinery. Epoxy floor films may also be used as vapor
obstacles over concrete foundations

Marshall Mix Design : A Hot Mix Asphalt
Benjamin Mitsmenn CEN 584 9/16/2014 HW 1 Question #1) Marshall Mix Design: The Marshall
Mix Design is a hot mix asphalt or HMA, design method used primarily for flexible pavements. The
origins of this method date back to 1939 when its creator, Bruce Marshall, was working for the
Mississippi Highway Department. This method has been altered and improved upon over the years
by the United States Army and is now a prevalent choice among roughly 38 states in the U.S. The
Marshall method is comprised of 6 steps which are outlined as follows. Step 1 – Aggregate
Selection: Similar to the process used in the HVEEM Design Method, the aggregate selection
process consists of three steps. The first step is to determine the aggregate's physical properties, the
second is to determine other aggregate descriptive physical properties and the third is to perform
blending calculations to achieve the mix design aggregate gradation. Step 2 – Asphalt Binder
Evaluation: Although not an exact procedure this procedures purpose is to select an asphalt binder
that will be appropriate dependent upon location. Due to the major differences in temperature and
weather patterns throughout the U.S. there is no set standard for this portion of the design. However,
the most commonly used procedure is the Superpave PG binder system. Step 3 – Sample
Preparation: This consists of typically 15 samples being created and tested, each with different
asphalt binder content. The samples are tested using the Marshall

Conservation in Malaysia
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Conservation of heritage building in Malaysia started in 1970s where the first building to be
preserved is the Central Market building In Kuala Lumpur (Harun,2011). In 1988 Malaysia have
become member of UNESCO`s Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and
Natural Heritage. Since then more and more building have been conserved and restored with the
references and guidance of international charters. National Museum, 1992, heritage building
inventory study estimated approximately 35,000 buildings before war should be conserved in 265
cities survey, (Zuraidi, 2011). Undoubtedly these building are important in determine the historical
past of the national but given the age of the building at present, this structure will not be standing for
too long unless proper maintenances work and identification of historical building may contributed
to decaying of building thus resulting to decrement in the number of historical building
Material play important role in heritage building conservation project. Original material is unique, it
defined the building character. More importantly, most durable component will need to be repair and
it need to be done using the authentic material and techniques. The selection of right material and
techniques is essential otherwise it will contribute to defect.
1.2 BACKGROUND STUDY
Georgetown, Penang has more than 12,000 old buildings and most of these historic building were
constructed with brick, stone and

Stuc House Research Paper
Stucco contractors n Minneapolis Stucco is one of the most durable and versatile materials available
for building exteriors. It is lasting, easy to maintain and projects an old–world charm that makes
everyone feel at home instantly. But stucco siding is not just decorative, its primary function is
actually to protect your home from the elements, year after year. This is why maintaining your
stucco facade is essential to maintaining the integrity of your home. An experienced stucco
contractor can advise you on any repairs needed and provide high–quality, professional service. If
you're looking for the best stucco contractors in Minneapolis, you've just found them! We are a full
service stucco contractor, fully licensed, bonded and insured. We have years of experience in
Minneapolis and can complete any stucco job, big or small. We offer maintenance, inspection and
repair services, and can advise you on how to best maintain the stucco front of your home or
business. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the area's old homes, even from the early nineteenth century, have stucco exteriors. That's
because stucco can withstand the elements – rain, wind, snow and extreme temperatures. It's easy to
maintain, and does not need to be repainted. Not many people know that stucco is also fire resistant.
It also is also highly impact resistant,and you'll never have to worry when the neighborhood kids
pick your front yard to practice baseball. Stucco comes in a range of colors and textures to achieve
the exact effect you're looking for. It is also highly resistant to mold and mildew, and is a sustainable
eco friendly material. We offer a complete range of stucco services for residential and commercial
buildings,

The Utilisation Of Supplementary Cementitious Materials...
ABSTRACT
The utilisation of supplementary cementitious materials results in several improvements in the
concrete composites and reduction in the overall economy and hence they are well accepted. Ground
granulated blast–furnace slag (GGBFS) is a by –product obtained from the steel industry which is
naturally cementitious and is commonly used as a replacement for cement material in concrete. In
this paper our study is mainly confined to a brief study of GGBFS, its production, composition and
applications. It further focusses on examination of changes occurring in the properties of OPC
concrete such as strength development, setting time, consistency, durability, sustainability,
permeability and appearance on partial replacement of cement with different percentages of
GGBFS. We conclude that in recent times, GGBFS concrete has served as a major alternative to
conventional concrete and has drawn the attention of the concrete industries due to its cement,
energy and cost savings, environmental and socio–economic merits.
INTRODUCTION
OPC based concrete continues to be one of the most dominant construction materials for use in any
type of civil engineering structures due to its easiness in construction, its satisfactory performance in
strength requirements, better durability in normal environment, when compared with other
construction materials like steel, timber etc. But at the same time it possesses some problems. First
one is environmental pollution and intensive energy

How And Tensile Strength Of A Concrete Mix Can Effect It...
Concrete Technology
How Adjustments to a Concrete Mix can Effect it's Properties
Module: NG1H118 – Construction Materials 1
Year 2: HNC Civil Engineering.
University of South Wales
Author: Michael Eaves
Student No: 14569621
Date of Issue: 03/12/15
Word Count:
Contents
Abstract 2
Introduction 3
Aims of the Experiment 4
Equipment and Materials 5
Methodology 6
Results 8
Discussion 10
Conclusion 12
Bibliography 13
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to test the workability and compressive strength of three different
batches of concrete, each containing different water to cement (W/C) ratios.
The experiment was conducted in two parts, where the workability was tested first by conducting a
slump test and a compaction test ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Portland Cement gained its name from its colour, as it matched the colour of Portland stone. (Anon.,
1999 – 2015).
The evolution of concrete has allowed us to create more workable concrete and as a result allows
better bonding due to the chemical reaction at a molecular level between the water and cement. This
reaction bonds the aggregate and acts much like a "bridging" compound which binds the aggregate
together.

Modern construction utilises properties of concrete and allows the creation of large structures. In
order to achieve this we must understand the expectations of concrete and how it works.
Aims of the Experiment
The aim of this experiment was to understand the properties of fresh and cured concrete, looking at
the relationship between workability and compressive strength.
The workability of 3 concrete mix samples, each with different water to cement ratios were tested by
means of an in–situ slump tests.
The purpose of the slump test is to initially give a quick solution to measure the workability of a
concrete mix and visually gain an approximation of how versatile the mix will be during its
application. This can also be used for checking for consistency between several batches / pours.
Each of the samples were allowed to cure at different periods (7, 14 and 28 days) and were subjected
to compressive testing up to the point of

Briefing Paper : Lucky Cement Limited
BRIEFING PAPER: LUCKY CEMENT LIMITED
INTRODUCTION
Lucky Cement Limited (LCL) started its operation in 1996 in Pezu plant, Pakistan and currently are
the largest producer and exporter of cement in Pakistan with the capability of producing around
25,000 tons per day of dry process cement (Lucky Cement Limited, 2011). Since, inception they
have been constantly been growing and now have two operational (Pezu and Karachi) plants in the
country. Maintaining the distinction of being customer–centric, LCL produces Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC), Sulphate Resistant Cement, Block Cement and Clinker for corporate clients and
individual customers. Although cement industry in Pakistan has shown growth of 2.5%, however
LCL grew by 9.2% in 2013–2014 (Lucky Cement Annual Report, 2014). This briefing paper is
focused on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which is cement offered by LCL. For the information
purposes, I have been associated with LCL for the last few years, most information which is shared
in this paper is the result of personal experience, discussion with management, understanding of
product and industry.
ANALYSIS OF MARKETING ENVIRONMENT
There are 24 players in cement industry of Pakistan and LCL leads the market with the highest
percentage of installed production capacity in Pakistan (APCMA, 2014).
The macro forces which would affect OPC would be analysed by PESTEL analysis (Kotler et al.
2012). Political situation of Pakistan is not healthy (Haroon, 2014). The cement industry

Case Analysis : Float Equipment
Float equipment are a fundamental aspect of cementing operations, which serves as a foundation for
casing equipment. They are commonly used in the lower section of the casing and help reduce the
stress applied to the derrick by allowing the casing to be floated into place. According to
Weatherford oil and gas service company, "they guide the casing to total depth, prevent
contaminated mud from entering the casing, provide a landing point for casing wiper plugs,
reinforce the lower end of the casing string, and ensure greater accuracy of cement slurry
displacement". Floating equipment is typically made up of 2 or 3 important tools, which include a
float collar and float shoe or guide shoe. This paper will focus on the mechanisms and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additional functions of cementing include but are not limited to preventing blowouts, sealing of
zones of lost circulation, and protecting the casing from corrosion.
Drilling in the United States of America dates as far back as 1859, when the Drake well was first
drilled in Pennsylvania. At the time one of the most common problems well operators encountered,
was their inability to produce oil independently of water. Since there was no casing/casing design,
this problem became more prevalent. The water usually came from the same formation bearing the
oil, but more commonly it came from an upper sand formation. The implementation of cementing
and proper casing design did not start until 1903, when the first cement slurry was used to "shut off
downhole water just above an oil sand in the Lompoc fields in California"(Doherty 1,1960) by
mixing and dumping 50 sacks of fine Portland cement by means of the bailer method. After a 28–
day waiting period, the cement was then drilled out. It was introduced by Frank .F Hill of Union
Company. In 1910, the dump bailer and tubing method was replaced by the two–plug cementing
method also known as the Perkins method, which was introduced in California by Almond .A
Perkins, and it quickly became the foundation for modern oil well cementing. The cement plugs,
were made out of

Construction Material World Wide With The Annual...
Today, Concrete is the most widely manufactured construction material world wide with the annual
consumption approaching 20000 million tons, used in almost every building we construct as
structural and non–structural product, including buildings, bridges, houses, institutions and
infrastructure. With better importance placed on sustainability in recent years, structural engineers
are faced with the test of gathering customary project standards in totaling to evolving measures that
support sustainable production. Performance–based specifications for concrete can substantially
help meet this new challenge.
The most common and Strict requirements are, minimum cement part or maximum water to cement
proportion, among many common design necessities that can upturn the ecological outline of
concrete.
It is hard to outline Ecological or green concrete. Lots of influences are there that can impact the
way concrete is mass–produced, designed, made, cast–off and salvaged that eventually affect the
environmental footprint of concrete and the infrastructures those are built with concrete. Concrete is
an essential element used as footing and superstructure, irrespective of one is designing any small or
large scale structures, these structures can have a significant impact on our environment during the
course of their lifespan.
Structural engineers can manipulate the performance and environmentally friendly impact of
constructions with effective design and stipulations regardless of

The Purpose and Make up of Concrete
Concrete is an artificial stone–like material used for various structural purposes. It is made by
mixing a binding material (as cement) and various aggregates (inert materials), such as sand, stone
chips, brick chips, brick chips, pebbles, gravel, shale, etc with water and allowing the mixture to
harden by hydration. There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions
of the main ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate
phases, the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or
chemical and thermal resistance properties, Portland cement is the most common type of cement in
general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. Importance of Concrete some
important of concrete are given below. Concrete is economical when ingredients are readily
available. Concrete is a non–combustible material which makes it fire–safe and able to withstand
high temperatures. It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects. Hence, concrete is often used
for storm shelters. Concrete could be requested in a variety of ways. It could be requested with a
considerable measure of "fly ash" in the mix. Fly ash is a substitute for cement.
In the present paper, the addition of fly ash and an expansive agent to the concrete of or a thin layer
of fly ash to the interface between steel tube and concrete to improve the compressive strength.
More over This paper

The Role Of Mixture Composition On Washout Resistance,...
1
Influence of Mixture Composition on Washout Resistance, Fresh Properties and Relative Strength of
Self Compacting Underwater Concrete
Abd Elrahman Megahed 1, Ihab Adam 2, Omar Farghal 3, Mohamed Omar Sayed4
1 Professor, Civil Eng. Dept., Assuit University
2 Professor, Construction Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Egypt
3 Assistant Professor, Civil Eng. Dept., Assuit University
4 Research Assistant,Construction Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Successful design of underwater concrete mixtures must fulfill two basic requirements: adequate
flowability to spread into the placing forms without consolidation, and viscosity in order to resist the
washing out. In this paper an investigation was carried out to determine the effect of the dosage of
antiwashout admixture (AWA), watercementitious materials ratio (w/cm),sand to total aggregate
ratio(s/a), and the supplementary cementitious materials on the washout resistance, fresh properties
and the relative compressive strength of self compacting underwater concrete (SCUWC). Therefore
five groups were prepared for this study.First group studied the effect of the supplementary
cementitious materials, second group dealt with the effect of the AWA ratios, third group is
concerning with the effect of w/cm ratio, fourth group take into account the effect of s/a ratio and
finally fifth group included the effect of cementitious materials. Test results indicate that the
concentrations of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ordinary Portland Cement
General
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is most widely used cementitious material and is the second most
consumed resource in the world as it forms the basic ingredient in concrete and Bricklayer Joseph
Aspdin of Leeds, England first prepared Portland cement early in the 19th century by sweltering
powdered limestone and clay in his kitchen stove [13]; this laid the foundation for an industry to
develop a binder called ordinary Portland cement. The major applications of concrete in the
construction field such as infrastructure, habitation and transportation have greatly influenced in
affecting the economic progress by improving the stability and quality of life to a very wide extent.
However, inherent disadvantages are that production of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) using raw
materials such as limestone and clay are depleting and quarrying of them is causing the source for
environmental degradation. OPC production involves a very high energy intensive and exothermic
process, as because it consumes 4Gj energy and produces about one ton of carbon dioxide, where it
significantly contributes to 5% of global carbon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The achieved coal is mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (nitrogen and sulphur being
minor elements) which are combustible in nature, and it also consists of impurities (10 to 40%)
existing in the form of clay, shale, quartz, feldspar and limestone. As the coal enters the furnace, the
combustible elements of the coal are scalded at the elevated temperatures, whereas the mineral
impurities of the coal chemically recombine to produce crystal clear parts of the molten ash. Later,
the molten ash enters the flue gas and by lowering the temperature rapidly the ash turns into
spherical, glassy particles. Furthermost these particles fly out along with the flue gas stream and
hence the names fly ash. Finally, electrostatic precipitator collects all the fly ash

A Survey on the Impact of Green Procurement in the Cement...
TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION i TABLE OF
CONTENT..........................................................................ii–iii CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION....................................................................1 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.1.1
The Kenyan Cement Industries 3 1.2 Statement of the Problem 4 1.3 Objectives of the Study 5 1.4
Significance of the Study 5 1.5 Justification for the Study 6 1.6 Scope of the study 6 CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.0 Introduction 7 2.1 The concept of green procurement 7 2.2
Appreciation of Green Procurement in the Cement Industry 7 2.3 Green Procurement Practises in
the Cement Industry 9 2.4 The Impact of Green Procurement on the Performance of the
Organization 10 2.5. Conceptual framework 11 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY 13 3.0 Introduction 13 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a number of obstacles for implementing green procurement programs and this include,
lack of readily available environmental friendly products, zero or expensive environmental
alternatives, inaccurate studies, lack of organizational support and inaccurate or unsupported
environmental claims by the manufacturers and suppliers. Others are legislation, organizational
policies, and directives, environmental management systems or multi – lateral agreements often
require organizations to implement a green procurement program (Worrell, Martin, Hendriks and
Meida, 2001). Labeling and certification requirements vary, so a green procurement officer may
think that he or she is doing the right thing by procuring a product which bears a "green" label and
later learn that the product is not more environmentally responsible than that of a competitor, even
though it is more expensive. Good procurement officers will investigate their sources with care,
taking the time to confirm that the claims made by a company are accurate and comparing data from
different sources to see which vendor is the best (Alsop and Post, 1995). Companies which engage
in green procurement processes may be eligible for environmental certification, formal recognition
from the government, and other perks. Projecting a sustainable image can also be a valuable
marketing tool which a company may use

Methodages And Disadvantages Of Concrete
Abstract– Concrete is a composite construction material composed of aggregate, cement and water.
There are many formulations that have varied properties. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or
crushed rocks such as lime stone or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cement
commonly Portland cement and other cementations materials such fly ash and slag cement, serve as
a binder for the aggregate. Various chemical admixtures are also added to achieve varied properties.
Water is then mixed with this dry composite which enables it to be shaped and then solidified and
hardened into rock–hard strength through a chemical process called hydration. The water reacts with
the cement which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the present study, concrete cubes have been cast by replacing cement (0% and 5%) with fly ash
and (0%, 5%, 10% and
15%) and lime sludge. The method adopted in this investigation is as per the IS code specifications.
Keywords– Concrete cubes; Flyash;Lime sludge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite construction material composed of aggregate, cement and water. There are
many formulations that have varied properties. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed
rocks such as lime stone or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cement commonly
Portland cement and other cementations materials such fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for
the aggregate. Various chemical admixtures are also added to achieve varied properties. Water is
then mixed with this dry composite which enables it to be shaped and then solidified and hardened
into rock–hard strength through a chemical process called hydration. The water reacts with the
cement which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a robust stone–like material.
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate...
An ideal orthograde or retrograde filling material should maintain a hermetic seal in the pathway of
communication between the root canal and its surrounding tissues (Parirokh et al., 2010). It should
be biocompatible, dimensionally stable, exhibit favourable host tissue response, insoluble in tissue
fluids, nontoxic, non–carcinogenic and radiopaque (Parirokh et al., 2010; Kratchman et al., 2004)
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is an endodontic material first presented as a root end filling
material in 1993 (Torabinejad et al., 1993). It is also used extensively as a reparative cement in root
perforations and pulpotomies due to its biological properties (Unal et al., 2010). MTA is composed
of silicate oxide, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reports continue to confirm that barium sulphate, usually added to intra–canal medicaments such as
calcium hydroxide, has no detrimental effects (Orucoglu et al., 2008). Niobium oxide is another
radiopacifying agent that is used to increase the radiopacity of methacrylate–based root canal sealers
(Leitune et al., 2012). One study found that its oxidised form exhibited good biocompatibility when
it was used to cover dental implants (Karlinsey et al., 2006).
Malaysian white Portland cement (MAWPC) is a locally produced WPC characterised by its
whiteness, uniform composition and performance (Aalborgportland.com.my, 2016). Since it is a
locally produced material, it is much cheaper than MTA and is more easily available.
Recently, MAWPC has been a subject to research studies, and it was found to be a potential
substitute to WMTA. MTA and Portland cements are not genotoxins and are not able to induce
cellular death (Ribeiro et al., 2006). A recent research showed that MAWPC mixed with nano–
bismuth oxide was more favourable than MAWPC mixed with nano–zirconium oxide but the nano–
bismuth oxide showed discolouration potential (Wong et al., 2015). As such, the study of other
radiopacifying agents as potential additives to MAWPC is essential. To the best of knowledge, no
studies have been conducted to examine the cytotoxic effects of MAWPC mixed with barium
sulphate and niobium oxide radiopacifying

An Outline Of The Different Aspects Of Concrete
According to Tam (2002) concrete is a commonly used construction material in most parts of the
world.There are many different types, strengths, and compositions of concrete and all of them have
different characteristics that make them perform better for different applications. The following
report is an outline of the different aspects of concrete itself. It includes the special concretes and
their applications that are best suited for the construction of a shopping mall, the types of extenders
that may be used together with the different admixtures.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
To differentiate between the special concrete types.
To determine the applications of different concrete types.
To compare the admixtures that can be added in a concrete mix for the construction of a shopping
mall.
To characterize the different extenders that may be used in the concrete mix.
To discuss the different aspects of concrete.
3.0 CONCRETE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water in controlled
proportions and of a suitable quality." (Chudley R and Greeno R: 2006).
3.2 Concrete Constituents
3.2.1 Cement
Cement in a concrete mix acts as a glue that binds together the other constituents of concrete. It is
therefore important that the addition of cement in concrete be in appropriate proportions, meaning
that it should comply with the necessary standards (SANS, SABS) so that the correct type of cement
is added to suit the application of the concrete mix and also to ensure that enough is added. Cement
when mixed with water, reacts chemically with the water to form a rigid mass that binds the
aggregate particles together to make concrete.
Types of cements
I. Ordinary Portland cement: this is by far the most used type of cement and is used for all usual
concrete work.
II. Rapid–Hardening cement: this type of cement is used when the development of high strength of
concrete at early stages is

The North Gower Coast
The site is located on the North Gower Coast, on the edge of National Trust Land, occupying an
elevated position. There were three buildings on the site, the old school house, the main house which
is demolished and replaced in the design, and a barn. The highly sensitive rural location prompted
the architects to arrange the volumes over three stepped wings, set into the slope of the hill instead
of on the hill, in order to minimize the visual impact. Applying this fragmented layout, the dwelling
successfully managed to reduce its volume to the minimum that it can only be seen in its entirely
only from the air. From ground level only fragments are visible at any one time.
Exposed on the northern, eastern and southern sides, backed against and cut into rising land to the
west, the main façades of the three wings is facing due east, catching dramatic 270°panoramic
views. The wings are also made to follow the contours of the hill to make a more seamless
conjunction with the landscape.
2.2 Materials
The clients required to have a sustainable, low maintenance and lifelong home, so the architects
employed reinforced in–situ concrete as the main material for the dwelling, which is also used
generally in the local farm building. Another predominant material used is Corten/weathered steel,
of which the reddish–orange brown colour tones perfectly with the bracken that covers some of the
nearby fields. The weathering process happens through time makes the steel a 'living' material

The Famous Pozzolana Cement Of Ancient Rome Came From The...
The renowned Pozzolana cement of ancient Rome came from the mining of Volcanic Ash, which
was abundant in aluminosilicate minerals. (Lea, 2015)
This specific cement, or indeed any aluminosilicate that react with lime in water to form cement is
still referred to as Pozzolana or Pozzolan.
In 1756 in Devon, John Smeaton developed a hydraulic lime which would go on to be succeeded by
Portland cement (Milana, 2011). Further progress took place throughout the 1800s, but the actual
concept of Portland Cement can be dated back to England in 1824. A man named Joseph Aspdin
formulated a material produced from a combination of clay and limestone (Illingworth, 2012).
Portland Cement took its title from its similarity in appearance to Portland Stone which was very
commonly used in construction in England at the time.
It may be possible that one cannot deem the material produced by Aspdin as a real Portland cement
as it perhaps did not reach the temperature to be considered pure. Alternatively, the true exemplar
could be the material made in 1850 by Isaac Johnson (Mason, 2015). The manufacture and
production of cement was occurring across the world by the 20th century.
2.3.3 Manufacture – If got time changing
PC is undoubtedly the most commonly used cement, with most other variations originating from it.
There are two phases in the formation process of PC: these being the production and grinding of
clinker (Khoon, 1997). For the first process, preparation of the initial compounds is

Exages And Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of...
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Self–Compacting Concrete
Some advantages of SCC over normal concrete are:
High performance and more calculable quality
Compact and even surface texture
Reduces noise pollution at construction sites
Reduction on site manpower for all operations
Improved durability and high strength
Shorter construction periods
Faster construction since no mechanical vibrators are used
Safer and cleaner working environment
More scope to build different structural and architectural shapes
Some disadvantages of Self–Compacting Concrete are:
SCC is more prone to settlement cracking
It results in rapid drying and requires increased curing to avoid increased plastic shrinkage cracking
Increased formwork ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On combustion of coal, the combustible matter burns and incombustible material such as rock debris
results in coal ash. The rock debris varies from one source to another therefore causes variation in
the properties of coal ash as well. Coal ash that has been extracted from the boiler flue gases is
called fly ash and the coarser part that is collected at bottom of the furnace is called coal bottom ash.
The construction industry has enormous potential for coal bottom ash as construction material. Coal
bottom ash is a well–graded material and its particle size distribution is similar to that of the river
sand. Bottom ash is composed of silica, alumina and iron with smaller amount of calcium,
magnesium, sulfates, and other compounds. Its particles intend to have interlocking characteristics.
Coal bottom ash is light in weight and more brittle as compared to natural river sand. Coal bottom
ash with low specific gravity has a porous surface texture and readily degrades under loading or
compaction. Coal bottom ash derived from high sulfur coal and low rank coal is not very porous in
texture and is quite dense. The properties of coal bottom ash depend upon the degree of
pulverization of coal, firing temperature in the furnace and type of furnace. The use of water
reducing admixtures, improves the abrasion resistance of bottom ash concrete significantly in
comparison to that of bottom ash

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