1. Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

2. Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory The theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. The key elements to this theory are referred to as following- 1. Valence (V) 2. Instrumentality (I) 3. Expectancy (E)

4. Valence may vary from -1 to +1.

5. Valence is negative if the individual prefers not attaining an outcome compared with attaining it.

6. Valence is zero if the individual is indifferent to the outcome.

7. Valence is positive if the individual has the strong preference to the outcome.

9. The value of Instrumentality varies from 0 to 1. If an employee sees that promotions are based on performance, instrumentality will be rated high.

11. The value of Expectancy varies between 0 to 1.

12. If an employee sees no chance that effort will lead to the desired performance, the expectancy is zero.

14. Managerial Implications of Expectancy theory According to Expectancy theory- Motivation= Valence x Instrumentality x Expectancy

15. Influence of components in Expectancy theory of motivation