Vroom's expectancy theory deals with motivation and management. It suggests that behavior is the conscious choice between alternatives with the purpose of maximizing positive feelings and minimizing negative feelings. The theory holds that an employee's performance and motivation is determined by factors like personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. Motivational force is calculated by multiplying an employee's expectancy (how likely a task can be achieved) and valence (how attractive the outcome is). Employees have different expectations of what they are capable of achieving. Management should discover what resources or training employees need to increase motivation.

2. VICTOR VROOM, in his book, Work
and Motivation (Vroom 1964), formulated a
mathematical model of expectancy theory.
Vroom’s expectancy theory deals with motivation
and management. Vroom’s theory suggests, that
behavior is the conscious choice between given
alternatives. The purpose of these choices is to
maximize positive feelings and minimize negative
feelings. In his discovery he found, that an
employee’s performance is determined by factors
such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience,
abilities.
( Motivational Force) F = (Expectancy) E x (Valence) V
The strength of the motivation to perform an act depends on
the sum of the products of valences for the outcomes
(including instrumentality) times the expectancies.

3. Expectancy (E) V X E = F ie F ie Force
Valence (V) ie ie employee’s valence multiplied which is the
Desired outcome assessment how by expectancy employee’s
likely it is that the motivation
task will be
achieved
Employee A The employee As past 0.8 x 0.2 = F F = 0.16
believes that the performance is
outcome is very poor, employee
attractive.= 0.8 assessed the
task as difficult to
achieve= 0.2
Employee B The employee As past 0.6 X 0.6 = F F = 0.36
believes that the performance is
outcome is reasonable,
relatively employee
attractive.=0.6 assessed the
task as
reasonably
achievable = 0.6

4. VALENCE
INSTRUMENTALITY
EXPECTENCY

5. Employees have different expectations and self-
confidence with regards to what they are capable of.
Management needs to discover what resources,
trainings, supervision to employees need.

6. The belief that one will receive a reward if
one’s expectation is met.
Factors:
Trust = amount of trust place in those
distributing the rewards.
Control = perception of control over
how, when, & why rewards are distributed.
Policies = dealing that formalized policies
associated to performance.

7. VALENCE
This means the emotional orientation which is formed in relation with
the end result (Reward).
The measure of how much the employee needs the extrinsic
(money, promotion, free-time) and the intrinsic rewards
(satisfaction, acceptance).
Management needs to discover what do employees need or value.