2. AUTHOR :- STEPHEN HAWKINGAUTHOR :- STEPHEN HAWKING
• BORN-8 January 1942BORN-8 January 1942
• PLACE OF BIRTH-Oxford , EnglandPLACE OF BIRTH-Oxford , England
• PARENTS-Isobel hawking & Frank hawkingPARENTS-Isobel hawking & Frank hawking
• Occupation-Theoretical physicOccupation-Theoretical physic
• Thesis-properties of expanding universeThesis-properties of expanding universe
• Famous theories-Hawking radiation &Famous theories-Hawking radiation &
Hawking-penrose theoremHawking-penrose theorem
• Alma mater-Oxford university(graduate)Alma mater-Oxford university(graduate)
cambridge university(PHDcambridge university(PHD))
3. THE BOOKTHE BOOK
• This book is a set of seven lectures onThis book is a set of seven lectures on
various components of universevarious components of universe
• This book was originally published in 1996This book was originally published in 1996
• A film has also been made on StephenA film has also been made on Stephen
hawking named after this bookhawking named after this book
• Except this Stephen hawking has writtenExcept this Stephen hawking has written
95 other books out of which “universe in95 other books out of which “universe in
nutshell", "a brief history of time” & ”theorynutshell", "a brief history of time” & ”theory
of everything” are most famousof everything” are most famous
4. Point of ViewPoint of View
• This book is written in a simple languageThis book is written in a simple language
no mathematical equation is used in itno mathematical equation is used in it
• Everything is explained using logic andEverything is explained using logic and
simple examples instead of mathematicalsimple examples instead of mathematical
assumptions and higher mathematicalassumptions and higher mathematical
equationequation
• Although it is assumed that the reader isAlthough it is assumed that the reader is
aware with classical physics and quantumaware with classical physics and quantum
mechanical phenomenons .mechanical phenomenons .
6. What is a Theory of Everything ???What is a Theory of Everything ???
• The unification ofThe unification of
General Relativity andGeneral Relativity and
Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
• Relationship betweenRelationship between
the four fundamentalthe four fundamental
forcesforces
• Explains properties ofExplains properties of
fundamental particlesfundamental particles
7. • It explains the ideas about beginning universeIt explains the ideas about beginning universe
that used to be and that are just nowthat used to be and that are just now
• It is in chronological order of occurrence of ideasIt is in chronological order of occurrence of ideas
that where in past to that are in presentthat where in past to that are in present
• It explains everything from earlier earth centricIt explains everything from earlier earth centric
views to heliocentric views of Galileo andviews to heliocentric views of Galileo and
Copernicus to freedmen theory of big bangCopernicus to freedmen theory of big bang
• It also states the proving of newton wrong as heIt also states the proving of newton wrong as he
believed in static universe and Einsteinbelieved in static universe and Einstein
introducing cosmological constant in his theoryintroducing cosmological constant in his theory
to keep universe staticto keep universe static
8. • It is all about black holesIt is all about black holes
• It explains the formation of black holes ,It explains the formation of black holes ,
neutron stars and white dwarfsneutron stars and white dwarfs
• Their conditions of existence given byTheir conditions of existence given by
an Indian sciencetist dr.chandrashakeran Indian sciencetist dr.chandrashaker
which are till now in considerationwhich are till now in consideration
• Black holes detection in a system calledBlack holes detection in a system called
Cygnus XICygnus XI
• It also states about event horizon andIt also states about event horizon and
effects of black hole on space timeeffects of black hole on space time
fabric as a singularityfabric as a singularity
9. • It explains a totally different things aboutIt explains a totally different things about
black holes that even black holes radiateblack holes that even black holes radiate
to not violate second law ofto not violate second law of
thermodynamicthermodynamic
• It was a theory proposed by StephenIt was a theory proposed by Stephen
hawking and his student dr.penrose thathawking and his student dr.penrose that
black hole also emit radiation equivalent toblack hole also emit radiation equivalent to
energy proportion of mass that is suckedenergy proportion of mass that is sucked
in itin it
• It also explains in detail about primordialIt also explains in detail about primordial
black holes(small black hole) and the ironyblack holes(small black hole) and the irony
that smaller black holes are easier tothat smaller black holes are easier to
detect than larger onesdetect than larger ones
10. • It is again about the origin of universeIt is again about the origin of universe
by inflationary theory which do not haveby inflationary theory which do not have
singularities in starting of universesingularities in starting of universe
where all classical physic laws failwhere all classical physic laws fail
(even GTOR)(even GTOR)
• It states about imaginary timeIt states about imaginary time
dimension that moves parallel to spacedimension that moves parallel to space
• In this lecture he also explains aboutIn this lecture he also explains about
quantum gravity and no boundaryquantum gravity and no boundary
condition of time which is finitecondition of time which is finite
11. • It explains about direction of timeIt explains about direction of time
• It explains it with three arrows of timeIt explains it with three arrows of time
• (a)thermodynamical arrow(a)thermodynamical arrow
• (b)psycological arrow(b)psycological arrow
(c)cosmological arrow(c)cosmological arrow
He also prints his misunderstandingHe also prints his misunderstanding
about cosmological andabout cosmological and
thermodynamical arrow of time havingthermodynamical arrow of time having
opposite direction if universe wasopposite direction if universe was
shrinkig insead of expandingshrinkig insead of expanding
12. • In this lecture he thinks of a unified theoryIn this lecture he thinks of a unified theory
of physics that could explain all otherof physics that could explain all other
theories (partial) with only one explainationtheories (partial) with only one explaination
• All forces and their reason of existance willAll forces and their reason of existance will
be covered in this theorybe covered in this theory
• String theory a theory which he thinks isString theory a theory which he thinks is
very close to this unified theory of physicsvery close to this unified theory of physics
is also explained in thisis also explained in this
• But string theory is not considered valid tillBut string theory is not considered valid till
now as for the existance of string theorynow as for the existance of string theory
there has to be either “26” or “10”there has to be either “26” or “10”
dimensions while we belive in only 4dimensions while we belive in only 4
dimensions 3 of space and one of timedimensions 3 of space and one of time
