REBCGA Essay

REBCGA Essay
Discuss the existence of flux pinning and explored variety of approaches to introduce flux pinning centers in RE–BA–Cu–O (REBCO, RE = rare earth)
based superconductors. By the introduction of rare earth tantalite phases to YBa2Cu3O7в€’О
ґ (YBCO), Pt nanorods and BHO nanoparticles to
improve pinning in YBCO films fabricated by Pulsed laser deposition (PLD), metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) and metal organic
deposition (MOD). The Jc variations by pinning in high magnetic fields and angular range between the applied magnetic field and c–axis are discussed.
High–temperature superconductors (HTS) are being developed for various electric and magnetic applications such as superconducting power cables,
motors, generators, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the artificial pinning centers (APCs) into the YBCO films. At present, a lot of attempts have been taken for the
improvement of JC, such as substrate surface decoration, impurity addition, and RE addition or substitution. A substantial amount of work in recent
years has been focused on the introduction of artificial pinning defects by a self–assembly process such as BaZrO3, BaSnO3, BaIrO3, BaHfO3 and
Ba2YNbO6[5] defects. Nanophase additions can also be classified as one, two, and three–dimensional artificial pinning centers (1D–APC, 2D–APC,
3D–APC). 1D – APC's display linear defects, and include BSO and BZO nanorods. 2D– APC's display planar defects, and include small angle grain
boundaries, anti–phase boundaries, and surfaces of large precipitates.3D–APC's result from nano–particles, such as Y2O3[4].
The key driving force for alignment of such BZO nanodots into columns oriented along the c axis is the minimization of the misfit strain arising from
the lattice mismatch of BZO with YBCO. In other words, a certain minimum level of misfit strain provides the necessary driving force for
self–assembly to occur. We have recently found that lattice mismatches in the range of 5–12 % generates adequate misfit strains required for the
self–assembly[6]. The experimental and simulation results showed that lattice mismatches below this range do not result in enough misfit strains and
hence no
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The Strength Of An Induced Magnetic Field
Magnet Drop
Introduction
Throughout this report the strength of an induced magnetic field will be explored, this will be achieved through dropping a rare earth magnet through
an aluminum tube and testing whether the velocity of the magnet will move at a constant rate and whether the velocity of the magnet will continue to
move at a constant rate once more and more weight is added to the magnet, and discovering why the magnet moves at a constant rate even when
weight is added or whether the magnet moves at a continuously accelerating rate as more and more weight is added. This will be done by looking at
various physics concepts these concepts include; Lenz's law, Faradays law of electromagnetism, Newton's first law of motion, induced ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lenz's law can be seen to state that when a the north or south pole of a magnet is approaching the nonconductive tube, the induced current flows in
such a way as to make the side of the tube that is nearest to the pole of the magnet to oppose the approaching magnet. Upon withdrawing the magnet
from the tube, the induced current can be seen to reverse itself, and the near side of the coil switches poles to produce an attracting force on the
receding bar magnet. This effect can be seen in the diagram below: From analyzing the above diagram it can be seen that the above statements can be
perceived in a far clearer manor as the effect of the induced emf can be understood far more easily.
Furthermore Lenz's law also states that an induced current will only be formed if a magnetic object is passed through the nonconductive tube or coil,
which then creates a magnetic field that is equal and opposite to the direction of the magnetic field as stated above. However if the magnetic object is
increased in velocity then the magnetic field strength will also be increased, which can be seen to not only support Lenz's law but also faradays law of
electromagnetism

Magnetic Levitation and Propulsion through Synchronous...
Magnetic Levitation and Propulsion through Synchronous Linear Motors
MagLev technology is entirely different from any form of transportation in operation today, but the basic principles that lie at the foundation are not
beyond the understanding of the beginning electricity and magnetism student. It is in the application of these principles to design and optimize an
actual train that things get hairy. The basic idea has been researched since the mid–sixties, but it is only now that economically feasible prototypes are
being built and governments are seriously looking towards magnets to propel us into the next century. Leading the race is Germany. Their design, the
Transrapid 07, is ready for commercial production. It utilizes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The field set up by a given moving charge is found to be perpendicular to its velocity, and to decay with distance from the charge:
First, we will examine how magnetic fields are created, then we will calculate their magnitude and direction.
Permanent magnets
Some materials can be said to be natural magnets. These magnets don't appear to have any moving charge, so how can they set up magnetic fields?
The answer is found at the atomic scale:
Electrons circling an atom set up small magnetic fields. In most materials, these fields are aligned in a fairly random manner, so that all of these small
fields cancel each other. In a magnet, however, these fields line up to create a net magnetic dipole, so that the object sets up amagnetic field in the
surrounding space.
Current
A current is a moving charge. Moving charges set up magnetic fields. Thus, a current seems the logical way to create a magnetic field. There are two
basic setups which can be used for this purpose:
Calculating Magnetic Field Strength
Equations
The Biot–Savart Law: in order to find the magnetic field (denoted by the symbol B) produced by a given current distribution, we have to integrate the
field at a given test point, P, due to individual current displacements, ids:
The equation for the field integral turns out to be a rather complicated one, known as the Biot–Savart Law:

AmpГЁre's

Critical or Transitional Temperature
BASIC CONCEPT
Critical temperature: The temperature at which the resistance of a material suddenly drops to zero is termed as critical or transition temperature.
Superconductors: The phenomenon of disappearance of electrical resistance below a certain temperature is termed as superconductivity and the
material in this state is termed as superconductor.
The resistance of a metal decreases with decrease in temperature and reaches a certain minimum value but the process of cooling down a material in
order to convert into a superconductor is very costly and hence a lot of research was undertaken for this purpose. They have zero resistance and perfect
diamagnetism. https://encrypted–tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTqUWD_mZmMFri_68IDz0XPxJunW7iX8uje1M3cmbVvdPtyCKl6wA
Meissner effect: When a superconductor is cooled below critical temperature in an external magnetic field then the lines of induction at transition are
pushed out of the material and this phenomenon is termed as Meissner effect.
Application of strong magnetic fled results in breakdown of the superconductor and loses its superconducting properties. Based on the breakdown
superconductors are of two types, they are:
Type 1: Superconductivity is destroyed with the application of magnetic field greater than a certain value, Hc1. .
Type 2: Superconductivity of the material reaches a mixed state with the application of magnetic field greater than a certain value, Hc1. where the
magnetic field can penetrate the

Lab Report On Magnetic Fields
Lab Report 5
Magnetic Fields
Physics 262–003
Author: A. Coughran
Lab Partners: E. Ortiz, H. Barham
Date: 4/12/17
Lab Report 5A. Coughran 4/12/17
Objective:
The objective in Lab 5 is to measure and determine the strength and location of magnetic fields using a coil, solenoid, and magnets. The experimental
values of the strength of the magnetic fields of the solenoid and the coil will be calculated and then compared to their respective theoretical values for
accuracy.
Theory:
Field line patterns exist within a magnetic field that is created by a current. These field lines of a coil or a solenoid can be traced by using a compass
because they create a dipole pattern, meaning that they diverge from the north end and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the negative and positive power supply plugs were switched to see if this had any effect on the magnetic field of the coil. Both did not have
significant effect.
Procedure B: Field Patterns Inside a Solenoid
A slinky was stretched on the lab bench and taped down with the turns of each slinky at roughly 1 cm apart. Positive and negative alligator clips were
then attached to each end of the slinky to allow for current flow through the slinky. Next, a Vernier magnetic field probe was placed in the center of the
slinky, zeroed, and set to "high sensitivity" for accuracy. The power supply was then turned on and adjusted until the current reached about 0.5A.
Data collection was started and the average experimental magnetic field values, B, were measured several times for accuracy. An average of these
values was then taken using the analyze>statistics tool and then stored in Logger Pro for inclusion in the data section. Next, the theoretical value B
value for the solenoid was measured using Equation 1 above and compared to the average experimental B value mentioned previously in order to
check the setup. A percent error was calculated between each of these values at each current setting.

Once the setup showed good accuracy and was adjusted, the current was varied from 0A to 1.0A and magnetic field data was collected. The magnetic
field data and the

Magnetic Field Lab
The purpose of this lab experiment was to study the magnetic field that surrounds a magnet and to see how the strength of the magnetic field change
with distance from a magnet. The experiment was successful in achieving its purpose and in proving the theory of the experiments. In the experiment
that we needed to show the magnetic field surrounding a magnet, we used a piece of paper, a magnet, and a compass to show the magnetic field. To
view the magnetic field that is surrounding the magnet, we placed the magnet in the middle of the paper and placed the compass in the north pole of
the magnet to see where the arrow is pointing, marked that point, and then placing the compass at the point again to see where it would point. We
continued this

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing Process
Contents
S NoMajorPage No
1Introduction1
2Process details1
3Mechanism of Material removal5
4Process Parameters Analysis6
5Conclusions7
6Advantages8 References9
Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) Process
Harry P. Coats first patented MAF in 1938. Although US originate this idea, most of later period development is done by USSR + Bulgaria. Japanese
explore the technology for polishing purpose. Other countries in this field are: India, CIS, England, France, and Germany etc.
Process details:
In MAP, w/p is kept between the two magnets & the air gap in–between the w/p & the magnet is filled with Magnetic Abrasive Particles (MAPs). The
MAPs joined to each other, along the lines of magnetic force and form a Flexible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theses results in better surface finish.
Unbonded abrasives are the mechanical mixture of ferromagnetic iron powder + abrasive particles without any lubricant. These yields higher Material
Removal Rate (MRR) because of the availability of free abrasives that can scratch much deeper that the bonded.
.
2.Workpiece material: The workpiece can be ferromagnetic or non–ferromagnetic. It is widely used for the tubes & for cylindrical workpiece (external
+ internal surface) and the flat workpiece.
3.Magnetic Poles: 'N'& 'S' Poles, are Electromagnetic in nature, and is of a good quality. Here we assume ideal poles.

Magnetic brush: the iron particle being responding to magnetic field gets in alignment along the magnetic flux line & the abrasives particle in between,
forming a stable brush, they retains this shape, the brush is rigid, during the operation. The brush gets stick to contour of workpiece; the electro
magnetically generated field is providing required pressing pressure. The workpiece can be given rotary, axial and vibratory motion
Assumptions:
The magnetic field is induced by electromagnetic phenomenon & the gradient of the magnetic field in the air–gap causes the required machining
pressure. It is assumed that:
The system does not

The Cost Of Transportation In The United States
Transportation is the process of which people get from one location to another; however, it comes at a cost. The price we all pay when we take a
method of transportation comes in two forms. The first form is time and the second is a monetary value. In recent days it seems like the cost that
correlates to transportation is rising. As raw materials like oil and coal become scares throughout the world the price for those materials increase as
the demand increases. With the cost of raw materials increasing it sends a shock wave down the economic ladder which leads to transportation cost
rising. On the other hand, the time it takes to travel your destination also gets longer since more people are on the road which ultimately leads to a
slower commute time. The United Nations stated that in 2050, the world population will increase from 7.2 billion to 9.1 billion people (United
Nations, 2015).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, as we continue to use the natural resource in the coming future the cost of transportation will increase and the more people there will be
on the roads which means that transportation time will also

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Magnetic Field
Magnetic field is the spaces in which kinetic and electrically charged particles are under influence of power and is formed following that electrons
revolve around the nucleus and themselves. Magnetic field is a phenomenon which cannot be directly seen or easily felt, however its results can be
seen and felt. Today, with the development of technology its measurement via devices has become possible. All substances are of magnetic fields,
either living or non–living, weak or strong. Like every substance, there is a magnetic field of human beings, too. People are under the influence of their
magnetic fields as well as the magnetic field of their surroundings naturally. Besides its advantages, this magnetic field might have disadvantages with
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They occur in connection with use of electric power, electronic surveillance systems and various types of wireless communications. While these fields
differ with respect to strengths and physical characteristics, they all give rise to concern among those exposed about the possibility of health risks. It is
well established that strong fields can give rise to acute health effects, such as burns, but exposure guidelines and regulations protect effectively against
such effects. Current concerns are instead directed towards the possibility that long–term exposure to weak fields might have detrimental health effects
due to some, to date unknown, biological mechanism. Due to the widespread use of these techniques and the very prevalent exposure to some of the
types of field involved, even a weak association with disease risk could have strong impacts on public health. Although the likelihood of such a
scenario is debatable, it is the opinion of many that close monitoring of health risks among exposed subjects is a high priority. Indeed, extensive
research is ongoing and has been so for several years. A report linking childhood cancer mortality to the presence of power lines in the near proximity
to the children's homes about 25 years ago spurred the interest in power frequency fields1 . This interest has remained high ever since, although it has
gradually shifted towards other types of field, and in particular towards those used in connection with telecommunications. The objective of this paper
is to discuss the evidence pertaining to the possibility that long–term exposure to weak fields of the types discussed above may be associated with health

The Effect Of Magnetic Permeability On The Magnetic Field
Aeromagnetic Data
Theory
Scalar aeromagnetic data comprise both induced and remanent magnetic fields. Induced magnetism is caused by the earth's magnetic field and is
mainly the result of the magnetic susceptibility of the rock. Magnetic susceptibility is expressed as a unit–less proportionality constant denoted by an
International System of Units (SI), which reflects the susceptibility of a rock to become magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. This
susceptibility is mainly a function of the rock's magnetite content. In general, higher susceptibility rocks produce greater variability in magnetic
amplitudes than low–susceptibility counterparts (Ford et al. 2008; Anderson et al. 2013; Table 2).The remanent component is a function of the
magnetic, mechanical, and thermal history of a rock and is not affected by the inducing magnetic field in which it is measured. In most cases, the
induced component of the magnetic field is predominant. However, remanent magnetization is commonly dominant in igneous rocks (Anderson et al.
2013) which can result in negative polarization and subsequent negative amplitude magnetic lows.
Structural Interpretation of Aeromagnetic Data
Aeromagnetic data indicate the OB is bound to the north by the Quetico fault and to the south by the Vermillion and Rainy Lake–Seine River faults
(Fig. 3, Fig. 4). The geometry of regional faults suggests the OB occurs in a pressure shadow of a large sigma–shaped wedge of volcanoplutonic rocks
and the

Atoms Within Magnets
All magnets produce their own invisible magnetic field that's unable to be seen with the naked eye, and each magnetic field interacts with other
magnetic fields. Magnets are made of metals like iron ore, iron, or alloys, which is a mixture of metals, or of a metal and a nonmetal. Magnets only
react with certain metals such as iron, steel, nickel, or cobalt. They have two poles, one of them is north pole, while the other is called the south pole.
The opposite poles attract, while the same ones repel one another. Everything is made of atoms, and magnets are no exceptions (Rutledge, McDaniel,
Boudreau, Ramroop, Teng, Sprout, Costa, Hall, & Hunt, 2012). Atoms within magnets contain electrons which carries electrical charges. These
electrons circumvent

Electricity and Magnetism
Human civilisation has dealt with magnetism for millennia, earliest evidence dating as far back as 1000 BC where the ancient Chinese civilisation
discovered a naturally occurring magnetic ore, magnetite. This ore, commonly known as lodestone was used by the ancient Chinese as a geomagnetic
compass, however, no one really knew what magnetism was at the time. For centuries on, we have had basic knowledge regarding electricity based
upon static electricity found from rubbing amber and fur. However, up until the early 1800s, our understanding of electricity and magnetism was
severely limited – considering both of them as entirely separate phenomena.
Before we delve deeper into the topic, what is electricity and magnetism? Electricity is, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ions are then accelerated so that they have the same kinetic energy. These accelerated ions are then passed through a vacuum tube (remember
mass–to–charge ratios), subjected with an electromagnetic field. Lighter ions will be deflected more and the more positively charged they are (less
electrons / more electrons knocked off) the more they are deflected. One can alter the strength of the field to accommodate for the mass–to–charge ratio
range needed to be detected. Accelerated ions which are still within the path of the tube are then captured by a detector which analyses the amount of
ions carried through the ion beam. The vacuum tube where ions were accelerated through is called a mass analyser. The relationship between the
accelerated ion beams and the electromagnetic field being subjected is best summarised through Newton's 2nd Law and Lorentz' Force Law:
F=ma
F=q(E+V Г—B)
Where F = Force, m = mass of ions, a = acceleration, q = ionic charge, E = electric field and V x B = the vector cross product of the ion velocity and
the applied magnetic field. When a charged particle is accelerated perpendicular to a magnetic field, it will curve, hence the deflection of ion beams
in the mass analyser. This deflection can be best described as a centripetal force and the force applied on the charge can also be given by F = qv x B.
Since the force is perpendicular, the magnitude of the

Magnetic Resonance Imaging And The Health Field
Abstract Since the advent of magnetic resonance imaging applications in the health field forty years ago the technology has become a staple in
hospitals all around the world. Magnetic resonance imaging commonly known to one of the safest forms of attaining pictures of the human anatomy.
Although magnetic resonance technology is popular amongst health care providers for decades, until recently, scientists could not get the optimum
image of some critical parts of the human anatomy. The magnetic resonance technology was limited in its imaging of the heart, lungs and skull. Early
on the data the resonance provided could not be efficiently computed. To produce an image took up to five hours in the beginning of magnetic
resonance imaging. Now... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He found that different kinds of animal tissue emit response signals that vary in length, and that cancerous tissue emits response signals that last
much longer than tissue with cancer. In 1972 he filed his idea for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis with the U.S.
Patent Office. A patent was granted in 1974, this was the world 's first patent issued in the field of magnetic resonance imaging. In 1977 the first
MRI exam was performed on a human being. It took 5 hours to produce one image Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) exams help physicians diagnose a range of conditions by producing images of internal organs and structures of the
body. MRI is an imaging technique designed to visualize internal structures of the body using magnetic and electromagnetic fields which induce a
resonance effect of hydrogen atoms. The electromagnetic emission created by these atoms is registered and processed by a dedicated computer to
produce the images of the body structures. (OECD.org) According to 2015 data provided by Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) there are
118 MRIs per 1000 inhabitants performed in the United States. That is about 38 million MRIs performed per year in the U.S. There is upwards to 100
billion dollars per year invested in radio frequency medical imaging in the US. MRI is popular for many reasons. Two of the main reasons for its
popularity is safety and capability. MRI is safe

Lab 2 The Current Balance
Lab Report 2
The Current Balance
Physics 262–003
Author: A. Coughran
Lab Partners: E. Ortiz, H. Barham
Date: 4/19/17
Lab Report 2A. Coughran 4/19/17
Objective:
The objective in Lab 2 is to experiment with the relationship between current, force, and length of a conductor wire that has a current. This will be
tested with magnets to create a magnetic field.
Theory:
Equation 1 below shows the relationship of force (F), current (i), length (L), magnetic field (B), and angle (Жџ) for a current carrying wire. In this
experiment, the angle between the wire and the magnets is 90вЃ°. This means that sinЖџ=1 and can be eliminated.
F=iLBsinЖџEquation 1
Procedure:
In this experiment, three different current loops ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scale was zeroed before any data collection. Next, the current was raised slowly to 2A in 0.25A–0.5A increments, depending on the current loop.
The direction of the current was reversed and tested in the same manner, which was represented as negative current values in Excel. For each
increment, the mass value on the scale was recorded to determine the relationship between current and mass in a magnetic field. Tables of this data are
shown below for each different current loop.
Data:
Analysis:
1.For each current loop, the plot of force vs. mass is listed below each corresponding data table. The slope for the experimental magnetic field (B) is

shown in each of these plots.
2.The standard deviations of the magnetic field (B) values for each current loop are shown above in the data section at the bottom of each table. These
values were relatively small with values ranging between 1 and 5. The magnetic field data was very consistent for each increment of mass and current
and showed little error.
4.The Right Hand Rule is followed by the above data in that the magnetic field can be calculated as a linear function of force and current (a sketch of
this is shown below). When the direction of the current (i) was changed, the force (F) values remained consistent and linear, but in the opposite
direction. This is evident from the data of

The Magnetic Field Of A Permanent Magnet
Assignment.
Task 3.1
a)The magnetic field of a permanent magnet causes the atoms to move around uniformly in the same direction. This may vary depending on the
electrons of the atoms causing a variety of atoms to be able to do this and few which can hold a permanent magnetic field. It is an invisible field
and it is also called a vector because of the forces specified direction and magnitude. The arrow displays the direction of the force and also how the
forces are. The closer the lines are together it shows how much stronger it is also the further away they are it shows how much weaker they are.
Magnetic flux; the units for magnetic flux is Weber(Wb) and for magnetic flux density is used as Telsa(B) as a unit.
п‚§b) B= Flux ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the magnet is withdrawn, the direction of the current is reversed. Such currents are called induced currents. The current flows in the conductor as a
result of an electromotive force that is induced the so called induced EMF
The effect of conductor moving through a magnetic field is that it would cause a electromagnetic field which is used in transformers to change current
and voltage.
Mutual inductance is the magnetic field generated by a coil of wire which induces a voltage in the other coil of wire. A transformer is an object
constructed of multiple numbers of coils in close proximity to each other, with the express purpose of creating a condition of mutual inductance
between the coils.
Transformers Having a different number of coils between two coils of wire can cause a decreas of voltage of AC currents in applications.
Transformers are based on Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction; the transformer has the first wire coil that emits a
magnetic flux that has a EMF in a secondary wire coil with aid of a high magnetic permeable core.
Task 3.4
Series wound DC motor The characteristic of a series wound DC motor is that its speed is proportional to the load and as there is a lower load it has an
increase in speed. Also the torque allows for moving of large loads allowing it to be

The Effect Of Magnetic Field Induced On Single Phase...
Evidence of Magnetic Field–Induced Coupled magnetoelectric Domains in Single Phase layered Multiferroic thin films
Increasing demands for high data storage and sensing applications led the interest in the area of single phase multifunctional materials so–called
'multiferroics'. Material with coupled ferroic order parameters such as between ferroelectric and ferromagnetic in'mutiferroics' provides an additional
degree of freedom with ability to write through ferroelectric polarization and read the data ferromagnetically in a single device. Layered aurivilius
materials provide considerable interest due to its high thermal stability and the scope it provides to tune the structure intrinsically by accommodating
wide varieties of magnetic cations in order to achieve desired multiferroicity. Here we report for the first time, the direct evidence of the in–plane
magnetic field induced local magnetoelectrically coupled domain nucleation, growth and switchable dynamics in epitaxial LI–CVD grown
Bi6Ti3Fe1.5Mn0.5O18 single phase thin films using piezo force microscopy (PFM). SQUID magnetic measurements reveal in–plane ferromagnetic
signature (Ms=205 emu/cc, Hc=170 Oe). Thorough microstructural analysis in parallel with statistical analysis, allow us to conclude that the
ferromagnetic signature does not originate from minor secondary phase, with confidence level of 99.97%.
In the recent past the tremendous flurry of research interest was in materials that shows occurrence of

Magnets : Magneto 's Revenge
Adam Dadulak
LA124
Magnets: Magneto's Revenge
Magnetism
Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena mediated by magnetic fields. All materials are in some way influenced by a magnetic field. The force
between any two charged particles depends on the magnitude of the charge on each and the distance that separates them. In addition to electrical forces,
there is a force due to the motion of the charged particles known as the magnetic force.
Magnetic Poles
Magnetic forces exert on one another similarly to electrical forces in that they can both attract and repel without physically interacting, depending on
which poles are placed in a close enough proximity. Like electrical forces, the strength of this force is dependant on distance between the two magnets.
However, unlike electrical charges, which have a charge central to the electrical forces, regions known as the magnetic poles are the centers of magnetic
force. http://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/regents/electricity/images/MagneticFieldLines.gif
If a magnetic bar is held at the middle by a string, it will act as a compass due to the poles being attracted to the Earth's magnetic field and point
northward with its north–seeking pole and southward with its south–seeking pole, or north and south poles respectively. All magnets have at least one
north and south pole and some may have more than one of each. When the north pole of a magnet is brought near another north pole, the magnets

The Temperature Dependence Of Magnetization M ( T )
Next, the temperature dependence of magnetization M(T) curves of Mn3Cu1–xGdxN under a magnetic field of 100 Oe is shown in Figure 3. For x =
0.15, decreasing from 300 to 147 K, the ZFC and FC curves are virtually indistinguishable, and then an abrupt magnetic transition from PM to FM with
a pronounced ZFC–FC irreversibility appears at a TC of ~146 K, as shown in Figure 3a. Noticeably, with a slightly increase in the Gd content from
0.15 to 0.17, the M(T) curves (Figure 3b) exhibit entirely different features, in which two magnetic transitions are clearly observed. One is the typical
PM–FM phase transition located at high temperature (TC1), and the other is the FM–antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition at low temperature (TC2).
Further increasing the Gd content, the TC1 shifts to high temperatures (from 164 to 239 K), while the TC2 gradually moves towards low temperature
(from 118 to 99 K) as demonstrated in Figures 3c and 3d. In addition, to further verify the low–temperature magnetic features, the
temperature–dependent high magnetic field magnetization was measured under 20 kOe, as shown in the insets of Figures 3a–d. Obviously, a typical
AFM peak is observed from the inset as displayed in Figures 3b–d, and the decreased slope of PM–FM transition suggest that it is the second–order
transition induced by Gd doping. For Mn3CuN, the structural phase transition brings a three–dimensional geometrical frustration in Mn6N octahedron
45, and then the next–nearest–neighbor (Mn–N–Mn)

The Motor Effect
2.1 Motors use the effect of forces on current–carrying conductors in magnetic fields
2.1.1 The motor effect
The motor effect is where a force acts on a current–carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
The right hand palm rule is used to find certain properties: fingers point to magnetic field, thumb points in DC direction and palm points to direction of
the force.
2.1.2 Factors affecting the force acting on the current–carrying conductor Forces are experienced by the electrons in the conductor and are affected by:
* Length of conductor (longer conductor means more electrons hence more electrons experiencing the force) * Strength of magnetic field (more force
on electrons) * Amount of current in conductor (more current ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ie there is a change of magnetic flux through a circuit. Faraday's experiment: Connect a coil of many turns to a zero centered galvanometer. Move a
small magnet in and out of the coil and we can observe a small current is produced when the magnet is moved but no current when there was no
movement. By varying the speed (relative motion) of the movement and strength of magnet, the galvanometer flickered more therefore more current
produced. Distance also affects this.
2.2.2 Magnetic field strength and magnetic flux density Magnetic flux density (B) is a measure of the number of lines of force per unit area. It is also
equivalent to the strength of the magnetic field and is measured in Weber (Wb)
2.2.3 Magnetic flux Magnetic flux (П†) is a measure of the number of lines of force emerging through an area. It is the product of magnetic flux
density and area : П†=BA measured in Webers (Wb)
2.2.4 Size of the induced emf The induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
2.2.5 Len's Law Len's law: the direction of the induced emf is such that it opposes the change that produced it. Len's law is a consequence of the law
of conservation of energy because if the induced emf aided the motion, then the conductor would accelerate causing a greater emf, which would cause
further acceleration, etc ... an infinite amount of energy would be created.
2.2.6 Len's Law and back emf
2.2.7 Back emf in electric motors
2.2.8 Eddy

Physics Electrodynamics
| Two small spheres, each with mass m = 3.0 g and charge q, are suspended from a point by threads of length L = 0.22 m. What is the charge on each
sphere if the threads make an angle пЃ± = 15Вє with the vertical? | | A) 0.79 пЃC B) 2.9 пЃC C) 75 mC D) 6.3 пЃC E) 0.11 пЃC | | | | Three charges,
each of Q = 3.2 п‚ґ 10–19 C, are arranged at three of the corners of a 20–nm square as shown. The magnitude of the electric field at D, the fourth
corner of the square, is approximately | A)| 1.4 п‚ґ 107 N/C | D)| 30 N/C | B)| 1.0 п‚ґ 1011 N/C | E)| 1.8 п‚ґ 107 N/C | C)| 3.6 п‚ґ 1010 N/C | | | | | | An
infinitely long cylinder of radius 4.0 cm carries a uniform volume charge density пЃІ = 200 nC/m3. What... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The loop is oriented as shown in a uniform magnetic field of 1.5 T. The force acting on the upper 0.10–m side of the loop is | | A) 1.5 N B) 0.75 N C)
0.50 N D) 0.15 N E) zero | | |
| A beam of electrons (q = 1.6 п‚ґ 10–19 C) is moving through a region of space in which there is an electric field of intensity 3.4 п‚ґ 104 V/m and a
magnetic field of 2.0 п‚ґ 10–3 T. The electric and magnetic fields are so oriented that the beam of electrons is not deflected. The velocity of the
electrons is approximately | A)| 6.8 п‚ґ 106 m/s | D)| 0.68 km/s | B)| 3.0 п‚ґ 108 m/s | E)| 1.7 п‚ґ 107 m/s | C)| 6.0 п‚ґ 10–9 m/s | | | | | | A doubly
ionized oxygen atom 16O2+ is moving in the same uniform magnetic field as an alpha particle. The velocities of both particles are at right angles to
the magnetic field. The paths of the particles have the same radius of curvature. The ratio of the energy of the alpha particle to that of the 16O2+ ion
is | A)| EпЃЎ /EO = 1/1 | D)| EпЃЎ /EO = 4/1 | B)| EпЃЎ /EO = 1/4 | E)| None of these is correct. | C)| EпЃЎ /EO = 1/16 | | | | | Use the diagram for
the next three problems.Electrons traveling at a speed of v0 = 3 п‚ґ 107 m/s pass through the deflection plates. The electric field between the plates is
E = 5000 V/m and spans a distance of x1 = 5 cm. The electrons then travel a further distance

The Discovery Of The Earth 's Magnetic Field
The Earth's magnetic field
The discovery of the Earth's magnetic field Over 2000 years ago, the Chinese discovered that lodestone, a naturally magnetised iron ore, would align
itself in a north–south direction. Hundreds of years later, they discovered that their "compasses" didn't point true north and in fact that this position
changed with time. The compass was first used for navigation in the 11th–12th century, only arriving in Europe towards the end of this period. Then, in
1600, William Gilbert (Figure 1.1) published De Magnete, Magnetisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellue (On the Magnet and Magnetic
Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth). He concluded that the Earth itself was magnetic with a centre of iron, and this is why a compass would
point north. Figure 1.1 William Gilbert (1544–1603) , author of De Magnete, the first printed book written by an academically–trained scholar based
almost entirely on actual observation and experiment .
The structure of the Earth's Magnetic Field
The Earth's magnetic field can in fact be closely approximated by a magnetic dipole at its centre, tilted by 11Лљ to the Earth's rotational axis, Figure
1.2. The south pole of this magnetic dipole actually points northwards such that the north pole on a compass will point towards northwards, and more
precisely, to the Earth's magnetic north pole. The magnetic field strength decreases from the poles towards the equator. Currently the field is 56 ВµT at
the magnetic north

Explain How Strong Is The Magnetic Field Went The Length...
1.Question How strong is the magnetic field went the length of the coil on the electromagnet is shorter or longer? 2. Relevance The relevance of the
lab is to teach people how electromagnets work. They are useful because they can be turned on and off. 3. Variables Independent variable: The length
of the coil. Dependent variable: The amount of paper clips that were attacked. Control variable: The battery. 4. Hypothesis As my hypothesis, I predict
that as the coils get smaller they won't pick up as many paper clips as the electromagnets that have longer coils. 5. Materials 6v battery Two alligator
clips Small paper clips Forus iron nails Copper nails( 30cm,60cm,120cm,200cm) 6. Safety considerations Don't put irrelevent materials on the

Essay On Magnetic Field
Summer of 2017 saw UT Southwestern Medical Center make considerable strides in biotech with the development of high–frequency alternating
magnetic fields to destroy bacterial films on the surfaces of artificial joints in the body simply by heating the joints themselves. These bacterial
infections tend to be of great detriment to patients, and they prove impeccably resilient to antibiotics. Since then, that same research has been furthered
to prove itself on human test subjects. Now, the U.S. Energy Department illustrates the ability to see bacterial cells' magnetic fields via electron
microscopy, which marks a milestone both for microscopy and for scientific rendering of magnetic nano–objects in liquid and bacterial cell magnetic
fields... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"When we look at samples prepared in the conventional way, we have to make many assumptions about their properties based on their final state, but
with the new technique, we can now observe these processes first–hand," Prozorov explains. "It can help us understand the dynamics of macromolecule
aggregation, nanoparticle self–assembly, and the effects of electric and magnetic fields on that process." This bears significant implications for
biotechnological applications, especially in light of recent research regarding the use of magnetic heating to eradicate bacteria from surfaces within the
human body.
People get metal parts implanted all the time to compensate for injuries or very old body parts. These pieces range from metal plates to pins to
artificial joints, but they all serve relatively similar purposes–holding bones together. The problem that comes from this from time to time is that
bacteria inside a patient's body eventually find these metal surfaces and seek refuge on or in them. Ordinarily, physicians recommend surgery to get rid
of those bacteria, but new research suggests that surgery may no longer be necessary; rather, it may be possible to get the same result with the
non–invasive alternative of magnetic heating.
These bacteria can be very difficult to remove because they form biofilms–thin sheets that form a viscous, protective membrane of sorts like plaque on
enamel. Even though this only happens to

Electromagnetism and Magnetic Field
Electromagnetism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field, a
field that exerts a force on particles with the property of electric charge and is reciprocally affected by the presence and motion of such particles. A
changing magnetic field produces an electric field (this is the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, the basis of operation for electrical generators,
induction motors, and transformers). Similarly, a changing electric field generates a magnetic field. The magnetic field is produced by the motion of
electric charges, i.e., electric current. The magnetic field causes the magnetic force associated with magnets. The theoretical... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All the forces involved in interactions between atoms can be traced to the electromagnetic force acting on the electrically charged protons and electrons
inside the atoms. This includes the forces we experience in "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects, which come from the intermolecular forces
between the individual molecules in our bodies and those in the objects. It also includes all forms of chemical phenomena, which arise from
interactions between electron orbitals. {text:bookmark–start} {text:bookmark–end} [edit] Classical electrodynamics Main article: Classical
electrodynamics The scientist William Gilbert proposed, in his De Magnete (1600), that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing
attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects. Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had the ability to disturb a compass needle, but the
link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin's proposed experiments in 1752. One of the first to discover and
publish a link between man–made electric current and magnetism was Romagnosi, who in 1802 noticed that connecting a wire across a voltaic pile
deflected a nearby compass needle. However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Г rsted performed a similar experiment.
Г rsted's work influenced AmpГЁre to produce a

The Physics Of Magnetic Field
When a wire with current flowing through it, is placed in a magnetic field a force is placed on the wire: this is the motor principle and this is the
principle behind the loud speaker. Hello, My name is Michael Trevorrow and you will be learning about the loud speaker and electromagnetism.
But first, if you want to understand the loud speaker you have to understand electromagnetism. Well electromagnetism is simply 'the phenomenon of
the interaction of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields'. This will become clearer later. All right the loud speaker we all know what they
look like, but we don't know how they work. When things shake or vibrate, they produce a sound. If a coil is wrapped around a magnet, the coil now
becomes an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The formula for a solenoid is B=u0nl, where n is the number of coils and I is the current. Being able to show the strength, will show the loudness
because the current flow alters the frequency and altering the current flow will make the solenoid field larger.
Coils and changing direction
A conductor, copper, is tightly wrapped around a magnet to make amagnetic field. But how does this create sound? The coil has a current flowing
through it the coil moves and the polar orientation reverses. When this is reversed it allows the magnetic forces between the coil and this allows the
coil to move up and down the magnet, which creates sound. The magnetic field can be increased by putting more coils around the magnetic which
leads to larger sound.
Current
Current is the driving force which causes the diaphragm acceleration. Current is a flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional
movement of electrically charged particles. In simple terms current is the flow of electricity throughout the coil. Current is how we can change the
frequency or sound pitch of the speaker, by altering voltage it will change the current. Now we know what happens inside a speaker, lets have a look at
the magnets involved. Electromagnet (coil
Electromagnets
An electro magnet is a type of magnet in which a magnetic field is created by a current, in our case of the

Magnetic Field Lab
A magnetic field is produced in the region around a wire whenever a current flow through that wire. Magnetic fields are vector fields, they have a
direction and magnitude. The formula for the magnitude of the magnetic field from a wire is B=(Вµ_O I)/2ПЂr. B is the magnetic field, Вµ_O is the
permeability of free space (4ПЂxгЂ–10гЂ—^(–7)Tm/A), I is the current, and r is the distance from the field sensor to the rod. In part 1A and 1B we
constantly turn off the power source and ammeter after each run to eliminate the strongest magnetic field, earth. In graph 1, the best fit is a linear line.
The graph corresponds to the expression of the magnitude of the magnetic field in a current carrying wire when there is a change in current because the
magnetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this graph, the magnetic field (B) is equal to 1/B. As displayed in the graph, 1/B is inversely proportional to the distance from the field sensor to
the rod (R), which allows the graph to correspond to the expression of the magnitude of the magnetic field (B) in a current carrying wire when there is
a change in distance. The current (I) remains constant in this part. Lastly, in part 2 of this lab, we analyzed the magnetic field of themagnet. Magnets
can exert a force at a distance, just like electric charges. Magnetic fields permeate space and are strongest near a permanent magnet (magnetic dipole) or
electromagnet (electric dipole); therefore, the power supply and ammeter were not required in this part. Part 2, consisted of determining the relationship
between the magnetic field strength and the distance from the magnet. The graph 1/B vs. R^3, is the most linear out of the three. This graph
corresponds the best to how we know a change in distance affects the magnetic field strength of a magnetic dipole, because the relatioship between a
magnetic dipole and distance is inversely proportional. As the distance between the rod and the magnet increases, the magnetic field strength

Faraday 's Law Of Electromagnetic Induction
ABSTRACT This lab is performed to analyze and understand Faraday 's law of electromagnetic induction and also its application in different magnetic
components using Faraday 's Electromagnetic Lab simulation software 2.07. In this lab we understand the properties of the bar magnet, the basic
electromagnet and also the electromagnetic induction in transformers. In the basic electromagnet, we observe the movement of the electronics both in
AC and DC current source and compare the movement of electronics in those conditions. For better understanding of the electromagnetic induction in
transformers, we observe the brightness of the bulb by changing the number of the loops in the coil, varying the magnitudes of the input ac current and
also varying frequency.
INTRODUCTION
Faraday 's law: A time–varying current produces a magnetic field, and a time–varying magnetic field produce an electric current. The magnetic field
intensity is linearly related to the current which produces it. The current can be produced by an alternating magnetic field and that a time–varying
magnetic field can induce a voltage, or an EMF, in an adjacent circuit. This voltage is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage, or
magnetic flux, or current, producing magnetic field.[1] Faraday 's law of induction states that emf is induced whenever the magnetic flux linkage
changes. We can also say that emf is induced in the conductor whenever the conductor cuts magnetic flux, and the

Determining The Measurement Of The Local Magnetic Field
Investigation
Up until 1830's it was difficult to measure the magnetic field of the earth quantitatively, due to there were no real standard to compare it against.
Geologists in that era had difficulties on navigating from point A to point B [2]. As electromagnetic theory was industrialized through the 1800s, it was
found that magnetic field strength could be given a definite value using coils which carries the current. In this EEi, the aim is to determine the
measurement of the local magnetic field, comparing to a known value created by a coil known its size, current and turns. [1]
With a compass on a bench in between 2 copper coiled PVC tube, it is possible to make the compass move towards east or west by placing a
magnetic field at right angles to the compass direction. If it is possible to achieve moving the needle to move to 45o It means that the coils is the same
magnitude as the Earth's field – but acting in a right angle. [1]
Using the Biot–savart Law to determine the magnetic coil strength due to the coil:
BC = 8 ОјoNI/(R x 5в€
љ5)
Where N = number of turns on each coil (not the total), I is the current, R is the radius of the coil. The constant Ојo is the permeability of free space
(4ПЂx10–7 Tm/A). [1]
Aim
Using a designed apparatus by letting current pass through the copper wire around A PVC tube, generate electricity and measure the local magnetic
field by comparing it to a known value created by a coil of known size, current, and turns.
Hypothesis
The Higher

Efficient Wireless Power Transfer Through Magnetic...
Imagine a situation where no electrical device has to be plugged into a wall. In this case, a laptop or cell phone can charge itself easily and
seamlessly just by being placing inside a room. This is the ability of many experimental wireless power devices that will be adapted to domestic use in
the future. Today, the prevailing methods ofenergy transfer are wires and batteries. Wired connections are perhaps the most common. With this energy
transfer method, energy is delivered from a power plant to a home. In the case of batteries, energy is stored as chemical energy in the battery cell.
Once it is needed, the chemical energy can be released as electrical energy. However, both these methods have flaws. Both suffer from mild inefficiency
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This process eliminates the use of wires between the transmitter and receiver therefore making it wireless. For example, solar power is essentially
radiative wireless energy transfer. The sun is the transmitter, the photovoltaic solar cell is the receiver, and the sunlight is a high frequency
electromagnetic wave (Little et al.). The process can be adapted for everyday use if electricity is transformed into light by a light source and then
absorbed by a photocell that transforms the light back into electricity. However, due to issues with efficiency, this application will never be practical
unless a more efficient solar cell is developed. Of course, the efficiency can be increased if a focused beam of light is used instead, but this still lags
far behind compared to the efficiency of a standard wired connection. For home use, this method is impractical, but in other fields, its advantages
outweigh its disadvantages.
Radiative energy transfer has many advantages and disadvantages. A distinct disadvantage that makes this method impractical for home use is that the
transfer can affect other objects and requires that no object blocks the space between the receiver and transmitter (Kurs et al.). With this in mind, there
are a number of things to be concerned about. First, it requires that no object blocks the line of sight between the receiver and the transmitter. Second,
efficiency is

Research Paper On Magnets
Levitating is not only for magicians, but for magnets too. Scientist have been using magnetism to create levitation for years. Recently, they have
advanced their technology and expanded their knowledge about magnetism and levitation and conformed them to be used in everyday life. Magnetic
levitation can be broken down into so many different topics such as magnetism and levitation, but there is a much deeper meaning to magnetic
levitation. Amagnet is an object that has a magnetic field. It can attract heavy objects such as iron and steel. A magnet can be in many shapes and
sizes. The word magnet came from the elderly Cretan shepherd, Magnes. He supposedly found a rock that had a strong magnetic force. In the rock
was large amounts of lodestone. The most common magnet used today is the bar magnet. They can also be used in compasses. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Magnetic levitation uses the natural repelling nature of the poles that are of the same kind to control levitation. This can come in many different forms
and all made differently. One way is permanent magnets, which is the easiest of all the forms because it does not require any outside material to make
the levitation, but it is not very controllable. Magnetism is the main component in the levitation act. Magnetism has been around ever since Earth was
created. It is the force that is generated by the motion of electrons within its atoms. Earth spins and has gravity because of magnetism. It is created
within the processes inside of earth, the core. Earths core is made of iron and ore that is constantly in a spinning motion which forms a pure magnetic
force. Magnetism also creates north and south poles that the earth spins. The magnetism that earth gives off is called earths magnetic

Essay about Magnetic Field and Instructor Explanation
Grade Details There are 2 pages in this exam: Page: 1 2 1. Question: (TCO 4) A body moving with an acceleration having a constant non–zero
magnitude must experience a change in: Your Answer: Speed acceleration velocity CORRECT weight Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight,
Chapter 1.6 Points Received: 6 of 6 2. Question: (TCO 4) A ball is dropped from a 250 foot building. How long before the ball hits the ground? Your
Answer: 2.025 sec 3.95 sec CORRECT 4.62 sec 15.62 sec Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight, Chapter 2.5 Points Received: 6 of 6 3.
Question: (TCO 4) A bullet is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grades for essay questions, and comments from your instructor, are in the "Details" section below. Question Type: # Questions: # Correct: Multiple
choice 25 23 Grade Details There are 2 pages in this exam: Page: 1 2 1. Question: (TCO 4) Convert 22ВєC to Kelvin. Your Answer: 22 K 72 K 299 K
CORRECT 482 K Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight, Chapter 16.3 Points Received: 6 of 6 Comments: 2. Question: (TCO 4) Which of the
following is the coldest temperature? Your Answer: 356 K CORRECT 201В
єF 91ВєC 652ВєR Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight, Chapter
16.3 Points Received: 6 of 6 Comments: 3. Question: (TCO 4) The water coolant in a car engine that carries hot water from the engine block to the
radiator is an example of cooling by: Your Answer: conduction convection CORRECT radiation transfer Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight,
Chapter 17.8 Points Received: 6 of 6 Comments: 4. Question: (TCO 4) A gas occupies

Maglev: Magnetic Fields
.INTRODUCTION
Magnetic levitation is the latest in transportation technology and has been the interest of many countries around the world. The idea has been around
since 1904 when Robert Goddard, an American Rocket scientist, created a theory that trains could be lifted off the tracks by the use of electromagnetic
rails. Many assumptions and ideas were brought about throughout the following years, but it was not until the 1970's that Japan and Germany showed
interest in it and began researching and designing. The motion of the Maglev train is based purely on magnetism and magnetic fields. This magnetic
field is produced by using high–powered electromagnets. By using magnetic fields, the Maglev train can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"AN ALTERNATING CURRENT IS THEN PRODUCED, FROM THE LARGE POWER SOURCE, AND PASSES THROUGH THE GUIDEWAY,
CREATING AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD WHICH TRAVELS DOWN THE RAILS". AS DEFINED BY THE ENCARTA ONLINE
DICTIONARY, AN ALTERNATING CURRENT IS "A CURRENT THAT REVERSES DIRECTION." THE STRENGTH OF THIS CURRENT CAN
BE MADE MUCH GREATER THAN THE NORMAL STRENGTH OF AMAGNET BY INCREASING THE NUMBER OF WINDS IN THE
COILS. THE CURRENT IN THE GUIDEWAY MUST BE ALTERNATING SO THE POLARITY IN THE MAGNETIZED COILS CAN CHANGE.
THE ALTERNATING CURRENT ALLOWS A PULL FROM THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN FRONT OF THE TRAIN, AND A PUSH FROM THE
MAGNETIC FIELD BEHIND THE TRAIN. THIS PUSH AND PULL MOTION WORK TOGETHER ALLOWING THE TRAIN TO REACH
MAXIMUM VELOCITIES WELL OVER 300 MILES PER HOUR. [pic] FIGURE[3] PROPULSION SYSTEM IN EDS
This propulsion is unique in that the current is able to be turned on and off quickly. Therefore, at one instance there can be a positive charge running
through a section of the track, and within a second it could have a neutral charge. This is the basic principle behind slowing the vehicle down and
breaking it. The current through the guiderails is reversed causing the train to slow, and eventually to competely stop. Additionally, by reversing the
current, the train would go in the reverse direction. This

How Does Magnetism Affect The Strength Of A Magnetic Field
Magnetism is the physics phenomenon produced by the movement of an electric charge causing in an attraction and repulsion force between an
object. A magnetic field can be created by an electronic solenoid and can be influenced by multiple variables. The number of coils on a solenoid will
affect the strength of the magnetic field. Furthermore, the length of the solenoid will determine the strength of the magnetic field. As more current
is passed through a solenoid the magnetic field will greaten. Current and voltage are propionate and as voltage increases, so will the current. Many
variables may affect the strength of a solenoid, some of which are the number of turns wrapped and length of the rod. The strength of a magnetic
field from a solenoid is affected by the number of coils wrapped around the rod. A solenoid is a type of electromagnet as it purposefully generates a
controlled magnetic field. To create a solenoid, a length of wire is wrapped a rod that generally is made of solid iron, or steel. Theoretically providing
the magnetic force formula, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In saying so, as more coils are included in the solenoid, the solenoid will produce more of a magnetic field. Not only does the number of coils affect
the solenoid, the length of the rod also determines the resulting magnetic force. Depending on the length of the solenoid, will result in an increase or
decrease the magnetic force. While the number of coils affect the solenoid, a main catalyst is how compressed the coils are. Disregarding the number
of coils, the more compressed the wire is the more Magnetic force will result.
B=(Ој_В°

Magnetic Field Therapy
The effect of magnetic field therapy on functionality and pain in complex regional pain syndrome
Purpose: According to recent studies, Type–1 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a disease occurring a trauma, causing clinical
manifestations and resulting in physical disabilities. This study was planned to investigate the effects of Magnetic Field Therapy (MFT) on the
functionality and pain in Type–1 CRPS. Methods: Sixty–four patients with Type–1 CRPS cases were included to the study. Magnetic Field Therapy
(MFT) and Physiotherapy–Rehabilitastion (PTR) program were applied for 6 weeks. Cases were randomly divided into two groups. The first group
receieved PTR modalities; the second group recieved MFT and PTR modalities. MFT was administered

The Spin Of The Electron Essay
The spin of the electron is an intrinsic angular momentum that is separate from the angular momentum due to its orbital motion. The magnitude of the
projection of the electron 's spin along an arbitrary axis is, implying that the electron acts as a
Fermion by the spinstatistics theorem. Like orbital angular momentum, the spin has an associated magnetic moment, the magnitude of which is
expressed as.
пЃ пЂЅ
3 q
пЃЁ
2 m ( e )
In a solid the spins of many electrons can act together to affect the magnetic and electronic properties of a material, for example endowing it with a
permanent magnetic moment as in a ferromagnet.
In many materials, electron spins are equally present in both the up and the down state, and no transport properties are dependent on spin. A spintronic
device requires generation or manipulation of a spinpolarized population of electrons, resulting in an excess of spin up or spin down electrons. The
polarization of any spin dependent property X can be written as.
P ( X ) пЂЅ
X п‚ пЂ X п‚Ї
X п‚ пЂ« X п‚Ї
A net spin polarization can be achieved either through creating an equilibrium energy split between spin up and spin down. Methods include putting a
material in a large magnetic field (Zeeman effect), the exchange energy present in a ferromagnet or forcing the system out of equilibrium. The period
of time that sucha nonequilibrium population can be maintained is known as the spin lifetime.
In a diffusive conductor, a spin diffusion length can be defined as the distance over

Design A Simple Electric Motor
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this project is to design a simple electric motor. This motor can be used for small scale applications. The objective mainly focuses on
describing the principle used inside an electric motor by designing a miniature of the same and to study various characteristics of an electric motor.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
To design a simple electric motor and understand its working, we need to have knowledge about the following,
пѓ Electric field and Magnetic field
пѓ Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
пѓ Fleming's Left hand Thumb rule
пѓ Lorentz Force
пѓ Torque
ELECTRIC FIELD:
The electric field is a vector. The source of electric field is electric charge. The two types of charges are positive and negative. The electric... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two poles in a magnet. They are North Pole and South Pole. Unlike electric charges, they always come in pairs. There are different types of
magnetic materials, they are
пѓ Paramagnetic
пѓ Diamagnetic
пѓ Ferromagnetic, etc
The magnetic field exhibits the following properties
пѓ Like charges repel and unlike charges attract
пѓ Force acts along the line joining the charges
The magnetic field are also produced by the moving electric charges. Electric and magnetic fields are two interrelated fields. FARADAYS LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that current carrying conductor placed in a moving magnetic field, induces an electromotive force in
any closed circuit, equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux. The electromotive force is proportional to the number of turns of the coil.
Electromagnetic induction is seen in two ways.

пѓ One is when a magnet is moved near a coil, depending on the movement of the magnet, current is induced in the coil
пѓ The other way is that when a looped coil is connected to an electric source it induces current in the adjacent coil due to coupling
MOVING MAGNET CAUSING CURRENT
Picture source Google
FLEMING'S LEFT HAND THUMB RULE:
Fleming's left hand thumb rule states that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a moving magnetic field, a

The Magnetic Field Of Magnets
Abstract Summary
Magnets have a magnetic field surrounding them and these fields is the magnetism force that the magnet poses of an object. On a large scale, the
Earth is a magnet which also has a magnetic field.
Magnets also has North and South poles which can flip. The amount of magnetic material attracted to the magnet, allows the magnet's poles to flip.
Flipping on the earth's magnet could cause destruction on the earth. The magnetic field protects earth from solar radiation.
Purpose of the Experiment:
The purpose of this experiment is to discover if a magnet physically turns or if the magnetic field weakens to allow the North and South poles to flip.
Methods:
Lay the bar magnet on a flat surface so that it is facing a particular direction other than North. This allows to see if the magnet physically towards the
North.
Place some nuts and bolts on the magnet (same amount throughout the experiment)
Tip magnet upside down and observe how many nuts and bolts fall off of the magnet.
Record observations.
Repeat the above steps several times, adding the same amount of nuts and bolts at the same distance as used in the beginning of the experiment. Every
time that the experiment is repeated, observe and record the amount of falling nuts and bolts
Conclusion:
The hypothesis was correct but is was also wrong because the magnetic field did weaken but the magnet also physically turned. This shows that for
magnetic poles to flip, the magnetic field needs to weaken

Bar Magnets Essay
1.Bar magnet is the simplest form to explain magnetism. Bar magnets are permanent magnets and this means that they have magnetism all the time, it
can't be turned on and it can't be switched off. They have two poles that include: north–seeking pole (N) and south–seeking pole (S). These poles appear
to occur in equal and opposite pair. Magnetic meridian is the vertical plane in which the magnet lies. Magnets are made of materials that can be
magnetized, which are also the ones that can be attracted to magnet, which are called ferromagnetic materials. These include: iron, steel, nickel, cobalt,
some alloys of rare earth metals and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Mu–metal is a nickel based soft magnetic alloy, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Small bar magnets that are responsible for a magnetic behaviour are actually groups of atoms. Electron particles show magnetic behaviour of their
motion – each electron has a magnetic moment. Groups of these atoms form small domains, in which the magnetic moments of the electrons are
aligned with each other. When material is non–magnetised the domains are aligned in random way so their magnetic field cancels each other out.
Properties of a simple bar magnet:
1.Unlike poles of magnet attract each other
2.Like poles of magnet repel each other
3.The force of the attraction of a magnet is greater at its poles than in the middle.
4.If a bar magnet is suspended by a thread and if it is free to rotate, its south pole will move towards the north pole of the earth and vice versa.
A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a
direction and a magnitude (or strength); as such it is a vector field. A magnetic field may be plotted by using a plotting compass to define the lines of
force.
Bar magnet is placed on a sheet of white paper. Starting near one end of the magnet, the positions of the ends of the compass needle are marked by
pencil dots. The compass is then moved until the near end of the needle is exactly over the dot furthest from the magnet and a

Investigating How Different Components Of A Motor Affects...
1.0 – Introduction
The purpose of this Extended Experimental Investigation is to present a formal scientific report on motors after researching, designing and conducting
experiments to investigate how different components of a motor affects its performance capabilities and how these can be changed to produce a better
motor. The information should be researched and understood to provide evidence for your knowledge of the task. – What is a Motor?
Motors are everywhere, the power almost everything we use, from kitchen supplies to our automobiles and transport even to kinds toys, they are
the essence of putting an object into motion. Most motors consist of the same various items needed to for it to work, magnets, coils of wire, and a
power supple. Whilst in the process of discovering what a motor is the desired motor to be used for this investigation is a simple DC motor were a
power supply is used to power the motor to start to spin unlike some other motors like in cars where they rely on all other forms of injections for it to
power such a large object. An elВectric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create motion. Electric motors involve
rotating coils of wire which are driven by the magnetic force exerted by a magnetic field on an electric current. They transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy (Internet 1). As a simple motor will be created, the design of how to create this can be seen in figure 1.1.2 to justify how simple
this is

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