The document discusses magnetism and magnetic materials. It describes the four fundamental forces - strong nuclear, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and gravitational. It explains that the electromagnetic force causes electric and magnetic effects and is responsible for interactions between magnets. It also notes that different materials exhibit different types of magnetic ordering, including diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism, and antiferromagnetism. The document also discusses topics like magnetic domains, hysteresis curves, and applications of magnetism like tape recording and hard disks.

1. MAGNETISM
AND
MAGNETIC
MATERIALS

2. There are four fundamental forces, or
interactions in nature.
• Strong nuclear
• Electromagnetic
• Weak nuclear
• Gravitational
Strongest
Weakest

3. Strong nuclear force
• Holds the nuclei of atoms together
• Very strong, but only over very, very, very
short distances (within the nucleus of the
atom)

4. Electromagnetic force
• Causes electric and magnetic effects
– Like charges repel each other
– Opposite charges attract each other
– Interactions between magnets
• Weaker than the strong nuclear force
• Acts over a much longer distance range
than the strong nuclear force

5. Weak nuclear force
• Responsible for nuclear decay
• Weak and has a very short distance range

6. Gravitational force
• Weakest of all fundamental forces, but acts
over very long distances
• Always attractive
• Acts between any two pieces of matter in the
universe
• Very important in explaining the structure of
the universe

7. Remember…
• The weak nuclear force is NOT the weakest
of the fundamental forces.
• GRAVITY is the weakest force, but most
important in understanding how objects in
the universe interact.

9. Spin Magnetic Dipole Moment
-
- -
- -
- --
I
N
S
μs
Sources of Magnetism

10. Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment
- I
μorb N
S

11. Earth’s Magnetic
Field
11.5°
NM NG
μorb

12. Motion of a Charge in a Magnetic Field
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
v
+
q, m
F
B
R
FB = FC
 qv B = m v2 /R
mv
 R =
qB

13. Magnetic Force on a Wire (cont.)
F = qv B
F = ILB
I
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
B
Current is the flow of positive charge. As a certain amount of
charge, q, moves with speed v through a wire of length L, the
force of this quantity of charge is:
where L is a vector of magnitude L pointing in the direction of I.

14. Electric Generators
In a motor we have seen that a current loop in an external magnetic field produces a
torque on the loop. In a generator we’ll see that a torque on a current loop inside a
magnetic field produces a current. In summary:
Motor: Current + Magnetic field  Torque
Generator: Torque + Magnetic field  Current
Turbines in a power plant are usually rotated either by a waterfall or by steam created heat
produced from nuclear power or the burning of coal. As the turbines rotate, current loops
turn through a magnetic field to generate electricity.
• This process converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
.
Continued…

15. Type of Magnetism Susceptibility () Comment
Diamagnetism  105 All materials are
diamagnetic
Superconductor
(Perfect diamagnet)
 1
Paramagnetism +103
Ferromagnetism + 102 – 105

16. ORDERINGS IN MAGNETIC MATERIALS
• a material is "ferromagnetic" in this narrower
sense only if all of its magnetic ions add a positive
contribution to the net magnetization.
• If some of the magnetic ions subtract from the
net magnetization (if they are partially anti-
aligned), then the material is "ferrimagnetic".[3]
• If the moments of the aligned and anti-aligned
ions balance completely so as to have zero net
magnetization, despite the magnetic ordering,
then it is an antiferromagnet.

17. • These alignment effects only occur
at temperatures below a certain critical
temperature, called the Curie
temperature (for ferromagnets and
ferrimagnets) or the Néel temperature(for
antiferromagnets).

18. • Weiss theory of ferromagnetism is also called domain theory of
ferromagnetism. It has following points:
• The domains which are aligned approximately along the direction of the
applied magnetic field grow in size at the cost of unfavorably oriented
domains, that is, those align opposite to the field direction get reduced. In
other words, the domain boundaries move so as to expand the favorable
domains.
• Also domains rotate and orient themselves in the direction of the external
magnetic field.
• In the presence of the weak external field, the magnetisation in the
material occur mostly by the process of domain growing, but in the strong
magnetic field the material is magnetised mostly by the process of domain
alignment. When the field is removed, the domain boundaries do not
recover their original positions and thus the material is not completely
demagnetised, but some residual magnetism remains in it.

21. SPIN ARRANGEMENTS IN MAGNETITE: an e.g. of
FERRIMAGNETISM

22. ©2003Brooks/Cole,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Inc.ThomsonLearning™isatrademarkusedhereinunderlicense.
Figure 19.4 The crystal
structure of Mn0 consists of
alternating layers of {111}
type planes of oxygen and
manganese ions. The
magnetic moments of the
manganese ions in every
other (111) plane are
oppositely aligned.
Consequently, Mn0 is
antiferromagnetic.
ANTIFERROMAGNETIC ORDERING IN MnO

23. Magnetic domain walls
Wall thickness, t, is typically about 100 nm

24. 24M V V K SRINIVAS PRASAD

25. Single domain particles
• Particles smaller than
“t” have no domains
< t

26. hysteresis curve

29. ERASE HEAD
• Before passing over the record head,
a tape in a recorder passes over the
erase head which applies a high
amplitude, high frequency AC
magnetic field to the tape to erase
any previously recorded signal and to
thoroughly randomize the
magnetization of the magnetic
emulsion. Typically, the tape passes
over the erase head immediately
before passing over the record head.
• The gap in the erase head is wider
than those in the record head; the
tape stays in the field of the head
longer to thoroughly erase any
previously recorded signal.

30. BIASING
• Biasing
• High fidelity tape recording requires a high
frequency biasing signal to be applied to
the tape head along with the signal to
"stir" the magnetization of the tape and
make sure each part of the signal has the
same magnetic starting conditions for
recording. This is because magnetic tapes
are very sensitive to their previous
magnetic history, a property
called hysteresis.
• A magnetic "image" of a sound signal can
be stored on tape in the form of
magnetized iron oxide or chromium
dioxide granules in a magnetic emulsion.
The tiny granules are fixed on a polyester
film base, but the direction and extent of
their magnetization can be changed to
record an input signal from a tape head.

31. TAPE PLAYBACK
• When a magnetized tape passes
under the playback head of a
tape recorder,
the ferromagneticmaterial in the
tape head is magnetized and that
magnetic field penetrates a coil of
wire which is wrapped around it.
Any change in magnetic field
induces a voltage in the coil
according to Faraday's law. This
induced voltage forms an
electrical image of the signal
which is recorded on the tape.
•

32. FIG. - A HARD DISK

33. HOW A HARD DISK STORES DATA?

35. THANK YOU !