Plant products for mgt. of ppn by Vikas Bamel

1. Plant products (other
than neem) for the
management of plant
parasitic nematodes
Vikas Bamel

2. NEMATODE MANAGEMENT
It is a practice through which
nematode population are
maintained at levels that do not
cause economic losses to crops.

3. Methods of Nematode management
Chemical Non Chemical INM
Cultural Physical Resistant Soil
Practices Practices crops Solarization
> Crop Rotation > Soil Heating
> Fallowing > Hot Water
> Flooding Treatment
> Deep Summer > Steam Sterilization
Ploughing

4. Contd..
Non Chemical
Antagonistic Quarantine Soil
Crops amendments
> Dry crop residues
> Oil seed cakes
>Seed powder
> Botanicals

5. LIMITATIONS WITH CHEMICALS
 Hazardous effect on human beings and
animals
 Costly and non available
 Persistence in soil, adversely affect the land
and its biotic environment
 Contamination of the under ground water

6. Contd..
 Phytotoxicity
 Destraction of beneficial organisms
 Residual problem
 Pest resistance to pesticides
 Environment pollution

7. ADVANTAGES OF NON CHEMICAL
METHODS
 Free from the negative values of
chemicals
 Effective for minimizing nematode
population
 Effective in increasing crop yield
 Economical

8. Beneficial effects of soil
ammendments
Enhance soil fertility by improving nutrient
status of soil and soil structure
Residual effect for the next crop
Reduce the requirement of inorganic fertilizers
Easy in application
Stimulates microbial population which may
play antagonistic role to nematodes

9. Contd..
Non toxic to animals
Comparatively cheaper
Harmless to beneficial soil organisms
Adversely affect the life cycle of
nematodes

10. Loss Estimation
Average annual yield loss in major
field crops in world: 12.3%
-Sasser & Freckman (1987)
Annual croploss in india: Rs.242.1
billion -Seshadri & Gaur (1999)

11. BOTANICALS
Many plants possess Nematicidal
and Nematostatic properties in their
different parts; their extracts,
essential oil, oil seed cakes and
products have proved nematicidal
against many phytoparasitic
Nematodes.

12. POSITIVE POINTS OF BOTANICAL/
BIOPESTICIDES OF PLANT ORIGIN
Eco-friendly approach
May evolve low cost input technology
Inexpensive
Easy to prepare and apply
Available in bulk in India
Less chances of developing resistance in
nematodes
Biodegradable

13. Contd..
Selective toxicity to target nematodes
Safe to non target nematodes and
environment
Improve soil health structurally &
nutritionally
Antagonistic /repellent towards
nematodes
 Produce toxic materials inhibitory to
nematodes
 Nematicidal
 Antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial
properties

14. Calotropis procera (Madar)

15. Ricinus communis
(Castor)
Tagetes erecta
(Marigold)

16. Azadirachta indica
(Neem)
Ocimum sanctum
(Tulsi)

17. Parts of Botanicals used as Nematicides
LEAVES:
Plant Name Nematode Crops Reference
Karanj M. javanica 50%
reduction
in tomato
Singh, 1965
Cassia
fistula(5-
10%w/w)
Root-Knot
nematode
Tomato &
Okra
Singh &
Sitaramaiah,
1967
Crotolaria
juncea (5-
10%w/w)
Root-Knot
nematode
Tomato &
Okra
Singh &
Sitaramaiah,
1967

18. Sesbania
aculeata(5-
10% w/w)
Root-Knot
nematode
Tomato &
Okra
Singh &
Sitaramaih
1967
Subabool
(40g/kg)
M.javanica Okra Paruthi et
al (1987)
Argemone
mexicana
M.incognita Okra Paruthi et
al (1987)
Asystacia
gangetica
R.reniformis Cotton Castillo
(1985)
Polytrias
amaura
R.reniformis Cotton Castillo
(1985)
Contd..

19. Gliricidia
sepium
R.reniformis Cotton Castillo (1985)
Leucaenia
leucocephala
R.reniformis Cotton Castillo (1985)
Castor (40-
60g/kg)
M. incognita Tomato Dutt & Bhatti
(1985)
Canna
indica
R. reniformis Soybean Alsayed et al
1992
Lantana
camara
R. reniformis Soybean Alsayed et al
1992
Tagetes
erecta
R. reniformis Soybean Alsayed et al
1992
Contd..

20. Clerodendrum
inerme
R. reniformis Soybean Alsayed et
al 1992
Asparagus
sprengeri
R. reniformis Sunflower El-Nagar et
al (1993)
Eucalyptus sp. R. reniformis Sunflower El-Nagar et
al (1993)
Psidium guajava R. reniformis Sunflower El-Nagar et
al (1993)
Water hyacinth Hirschmannie
lla oryzae
Rice Prasad et al
2004
Datura M. incognita Soybean Sharma &
Prasad 1995
Contd..

21. Parkia
javanica @
20g/kg
M.incognita Broad bean Joymati et al
2004
Sugarcane
residues
(Bioearth
& mud)
M.incognita Table grape El-Nagdi &
Yusuf 2004
Contd..

22. DRIED LEAF POWDER
Vitex trifolia M.
incognita
Tomato Mohilal &
Dhanachand,
2003
Phlogacanthus
thyrsiflorus
P. coffeae Banana Mohilal &
Dhanachand2003
Parkia javanica P. coffeae Banana Mohilal &
Dhanachand2003
Calotropis
procera
P. coffeae Banana Sundararaju et al
2003
V.negundo P. coffeae Banana Sundararaju et al
2003

23. Prospis
juliflora
P. coffeae Banana Sundarara
ju et al
2003
Datura
stramonium
P. coffeae Banana Sundarara
ju et al
2003
Crotolaria
juncea
P. coffeae Banana Sundarara
ju et al
2003

24. SHOOTS
Plants of
Compositae
R. renifomis
& M. incognita
Tiyagi et al,
1988
Shoots of latex
bearing plants
R. reniformis,
Tylenchorhynchus
brassicae, & M.
incognita
Siddique et al,
1987
Spilanthus acmella M. incognita Pandey (2002)
Costus speciosus M. incognita Pandey (2002)

25. Extracts: Leaves
Datura metel M. incognita Vijayalakshmi
et al, 1979
Cannabis sativa M. incognita Mojumder &
Mishra (1991)
Eclipta alba M. incognita Mojumder &
Mishra (1991)
Mentha piperita M. incognita Saravanapriya
& Sivakumar
2003
Ocimum sanctum M. incognita Saravanapriya
& Sivakumar
2003

26. Bhangra M. incognita Mojumder &
Mishra, 1991
Argimone
mexicana
M. incognita Mojumder &
Mishra, 1991
Tagetes lucida M. incognita Siddique &
Alam,1988
Erythrina
indica
M. incognita &
Tylenchorhynchus
mashoodi
Mohanty &
Das,1988
Piper betel Radopholus similis Sreeja &
Charles, 1998
Kalachoe
pinnata
Radopholus similis Sreeja &
Charles, 1998
Contd..

27. Contd..
Artobotrys
odoratissimus
M. incognita Chattopadhaya &
Mukhopadhaya, 1989
Glyricidia
machalata
Radopholus
similis
Jasy & Koshy, 1992
Ricinus
communis
Radopholus
similis
Jasy & Koshy, 1992
Crotolaria
juncea
Radopholus
similis
Jasy & Koshy, 1992
Acalypha indica Pratylenchus
coffeae
Sundararaju &
Saritha, 2006
Cassia fistula Pratylenchus
coffeae
Sundararaju &
Saritha, 2006

28. Contd..
Lantana
camara
M. incognita Patel et al., 2004
Solanum
torrum
Pratylenchus coffeae Sundararaju &
Saritha, 2006
Borrelia sp. M. incognita Agbenin et al.,
2005
Ground nut M. incognita Agbenin et al.,
2005
Calotropis
gigentea
M. incognita Saravanapriya &
Sivakumar 2003

29. Extracts : Seeds
Embelia ribes M. incognita Vijayalakshami
et al, 1979
Vernonia cinerea M. incognita Saravanapriya &
Sivakumar 2003
Areca catechu M. incognita Saravanapriya et
al., 2004
Citrullus lanatus M. incognita Saravanapriya &
Sivakumar 2003
Simarouba
glauca
M. graminicola Prasad et al.,
2005
Tagetes lucida M. incognita Siddique &
Alam,1988

30. Extracts : root & shoot
Rauwolfia
serpentina
M. incognita Saravanapriya &
Sivakumar 2003
Tagetes lucida M. incognita Siddique & Alam,1988
Aloe
barbadense
M. incognita Pandey & Haseeb, 1988
Ammi majus M. incognita Pandey & Haseeb, 1988
Ammi peryii M. incognita Pandey & Haseeb, 1988
Artemisia
pallens
M. incognita Pandey & Haseeb, 1988
Lactuca sativa M. incognita Pandey & Haseeb, 1988
Gloriosa
superba
M. incognita Pandey & Haseeb, 1988

31. Contd..
Scillia indica M. incognita Pandey &
Haseeb, 1988
Indigofera tinctoria Radopholus
similis
Sreeja &
Charles, 1998
Solanum indicum Radopholus
similis
Sreeja &
Charles, 1998
Tagetes erecta M. javanica Siddique et al.,
2005
Zinnia elegans M. javanica Siddique et al.,
2005

32. Extracts : Whole plant
Myristica fragrans M. incognita Gokte et al., 1990
Solanum
surrattense
M. incognita &
R. reniformis
Prasad et al ., 2002
Theretia peruviana M. incognita &
R. reniformis
Prasad et al ., 2002
Calotropis procera M. incognita &
R. reniformis
Prasad et al ., 2002
Thuja siensis M. incognita &
R. reniformis
Prasad et al ., 2002
Parthenium
hysterophorus
M. incognita &
R. reniformis
Prasad et al ., 2002

33. Contd..
Croton
sparsiflorus
M. incognita & R.
reniformis
Prasad et al .,
2002
Colocasia
antiquorum
M. incognita & R.
reniformis
Prasad et al .,
2002
Datura
stramoniium
M. incognita & R.
reniformis
Prasad et al .,
2002
Annona
squamosa
M. incognita Cannayane &
Rajendran, 2003
Bauhinia
scandens
M. incognita Cannayane &
Rajendran, 2003
Tagetes erecta M. incognita Cannayane &
Rajendran, 2003

34. Nematicidal Compounds found in
Botanicals
Alkaloides
Diterpenes
Fatty acids
Glucosinolates
Isothiocyanates
Phenols
Polyacetylenes
Sesquiterpenes
Thienyls
Gommers, 1981
&
Chitwood, 2002

35. Plant
Name
Compound Nematode Reference
Tagetes
patula
Terthienyl,
Bithienyl
Meloidogyne sp.,
Pratylenchus sp.
Uhlenbroek &
Bijloo 1959
Tagetes
erecta
Terthienyl,
Bithienyl
Meloidogyne sp.,
Pratylenchus sp.
Uhlenbroek &
Bijloo 1959
Ricinus
communis
Alkaloides
& Tannins
Heterodera
schachtii
Grainge &
Ahmad, 1988
Asparagus
adescende
ns
Steroidal
saponins,
Asparanins
1, A&B
M. incognita Meher et al.,
1988
Contd..

36. Contd..
Taverniera
abyssinica
Medicarpin, 4-
hydroxymedicarpin
C. elegans Stadler et
al., 1991
Gloriosa
superba
Colchicines M.
incognita
Kuichi et
al., 1991,
Ninidry
etal., 1993,
Jurgens et
al.,1994
Curcuma
longa
Cyclocurcumin,
curcuminoides,
curcumin,
bisdemethoxy,
M.
incognita
Kuichi et
al., 1991,
Ninidry
etal., 1993,
Jurgens et
al.,1994

37. Contd..
Curcuma
cosmosa
Diphynylesheptano
ide
M.
incognita
Kuichi et
al., 1991,
Ninidry
etal., 1993,
Jurgens et
al.,1994
Catharanthus
roseus
Serpentine M.
incognita
Chanrava
dana, 1994
Cymbopogan
flexuosus,
C. nardus,
Mentha
arvensis
Essential oils,
monoterpenes, viz.
Citral, Limalool,
Carrone, Geraniol,
Menthol,
Methylahavicol
M.
incognita
Sinha et
al., 2006

38. Contd..
M. spicata,
M. citrata
Essential oils,
monoterpenes, viz.
Citral, Limalool,
Carrone, Geraniol,
Menthol,
Methylahavicol
M.
incognita
Sinha et
al., 2006
Citrus
reticulata
Citral, Limoneus,
Dipentene
M.
incognita
Saxena
&
Gupta,
2006

39. SOILAMENDMENTS
Calophyllum
inophyllum(plant
part) @ 3% w/w
M.
incognita
Tomato Goswami &
Vijayalaksham
i (1986)
Shorea robusta
(dust) @ 3% w/w
M.
incognita
Tomato Goswami &
Vijayalaksham
i (1986)
Groundnut
(testa)
M.
incognita
Tomato Prasad et al.,
1987

40. Contd..
Typhonium trilobatum
(corn powder), Cotton
waste, Alfalfa pellet,
Alfalfa hay, Castor
pomace, Olive pomace,
Dried crop residues,
Corn meal, Soybean
meal
M.
incognita
Chattop
adhaya
&
Mukhop
adhaya,
1989
Castor (seed kernel),
Karanj (Seed kernel)
R.
reniformis
Cowpea Budhra
m &
Baheti,
2006

41. Contd..
Velvet bean M. incognita,
M. javanica
Tomato Lopes et al ,
2005
Cattle
dung/Bean/
Wheat straw
compost
M. incognita Tomato Korayem,
2003
Castor (leaves),
wheat chaff,
Chinaberry
(leaves)
Meloidogyne
spp.
Cucumber Liu-Huizhi
et al., 2004
Crotolaria
juncea
M. incognita Yellow
squash
Wang et al.,
2004

42. Oil Seed Cakes
Castor @ 2.5
or 5.0g/kg soil
M.
graminicola
rice Prasad et
al., 2005
Mustard @
1000 kg/ha
M. incognita Mentha
arvensis
Pandey,
2005
Cotton,
Sunflower,
Soybean
M. incognita Soyabean Sharma &
Prasad,
1995

43. TEST NEMATODES HOST CROPS
M. incognita Tomato, Soybean, Broadbean,
Tablegrape, Chickpea, Banana
M. javanica Tomato, Okra
M. graminicola Rice
Hirshmanniella oryzae Rice
R. reniformis Cotton, Soybean, Sunflower
P. coffeae Banana
Tylenchorhynchus
brassicae
Wheat
Trial Against Nematodes

44. Tylenchorhynchus mashoodi Wheat
Xiphinema basiri Pulse crops
Radopholus basiri Banana
Heterodera cajani Pigeonpea, Chickpea
Heterodera avenae Wheat
Contd..

45. EFFECTIVE BOTANICALS
 Karanj
 Cassia fistula
 Crotolaria juncea
 Argemone mexicana
 Gliricidia sepium, G. machalata
 Castor
 Lantana camara
Tagetes erecta, T. patula, T. lucida

46. Contd..
Eucalyptus globorus
 Cymbopogan flexuosus, C. winterianus
 Datura metel, D. stramonium
 Calotropis procera, C. gigentea
 Ocimum sanctum, O. basilicum
 Waste tea leaves

47. Mode of action
Ovicidal
Inhibition of egg hatching
Lack of penetrability of larvae
Mortality in larvae
Toxic to Nematodes/ Nematicidal
Nematostatic
Inability to complete life cycle
Inhibition of egg laying capacity of females
Directly toxic
Disturbing pH

48. Contd..
Creation of unfavourable condition
for nematode development &
multiplication
Addition of Crotolria juncea increased
abundanceof free living nematodes and
Harposporium anguillulae, a fungus
antagonistic to Meloidogyne incognita
(Wang et al., 2004).

49. Methods of Application
i) Chopped leaves,
stems, flowers
1) Soil application ii) Dried powder
iii) Extract
2) Seed treatment i) Seed coating
ii) Seed soaking
3) Seedling dip treatment
4) Spraying

50. Integrated Nematode Management
It is a system approach to reduce nematode
damage to tolerable levels through a variety of
techniques including predators and parasites,
genetic resistance, hosts, environment
modification and when necessary synthetic
nematicides. It aims to maximize economic
profitability, while minimizing human health
and environmental risks.

51. Integrated Nematode Management
1. Mustard cake @ 1000 kg/ha + Trichoderma
harzianum against M. incognita on menthol mint
(Mentha arvensis)
(Pandey, 2005)
2. Oilcakes of castor/ mustard/ rocket salad (duan) +
Paecilomyces lilacinus against soil nematodes in
pigeonpea.

52. Contd..
3. As crop rotation – Growing of Crotolaria juncea for 5
months in sugarcane did not affect the population of
M. incognita and Pratylenchus zeae but increased
sugarcane yield. When incorporated with carbofuran
reduced nematode population & increased sugarcane
yield (Dinardo et al. , 2005).
4. Population of P. zeae and Tylenchorhynchus annulus
were reduced by 85% & 71% respectively by using
sugarcane trash + soyabean residue or sugarcane/
trash + Ammonium nitrate in sugarcane field
(Stirling et al., 2005 ).

53. Contd.
5. Intercropping with Crotolaria juncea increased Okra
yield by approx. 13% in Meloidogyne spp. infested field
(Ribas et al., 2003).
6. Crotolaria spp. could be used as pre-crop as green
manure which decrease the level of detrimental
nematodes and increase the level of beneficial
mycorrhizal fungi (Germani & Plenchette, 2004).
7. Cropguard (a natural, biodegradable by-product of
sugarcane industry) @ 100L/ha gave 58.9% and
64.5% reduction in M. arenaria and R. reniformis,
respectively in groundnut (Rajendran et al., 2002).
its nematicidal efficacy was at par with carbofuran
and phorate.

54. CONCLUSION
Botanicals being the only alternative to
chemicals are expected to fulfill all
requirements of the farmers and will also bring
sustainability to agriculture as it involves
integration of biological, cultural and natural
inputs for the management of nematodes. To
make their use more meaningful, economical,
feasible and environmentally safe, research
efforts are needed to find out the toxic
components present in them and their mode of
action. For the conservation of biodiversity
aiming to maximizing food production and
minimizing health hazards, botanicals may
stand as the most promising source of bio-
active products of plant origin.