1. ORGANIC / ECO FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF
PLANT DISEASES
CHAIRMAN :
Dr. L. DARWIN CHRISTDAS HENRY
Assistant Professor,
Department of Plant Pathology
MEMBERS:
Dr. R. SUDHA RAJA KUMAR
Assistant Professor,
Department of Plant Pathology Presented by,
Dr. S.BABU A.SOWMIYA
Assistant Professor, II M.Sc. (Agri.,)
Department of Agronomy Department of Plant Pathology
3. ORGANIC / ECO FRIENDLY
MANAGEMENT OF PLANT
DISEASES
Disease management of crops by biological,
biodegradable,eco-friendly and sustainable
organic inputs.
Harmony with
nature……
4. Advantages of Organic method of
Plant Disease Management
Organic Inorganic
Increases The Microbial Life Blocks The Microbial Activity
Soils become fertile Soil becomes unfertile
Buffering of soils (Enables
neutral pH).
Alters the soil pH
No chemical residues present
in crop
More chemical residues present
in crops
Protects from pests and
diseases
Crops are highly susceptible to
pests and diseases
5. The First Line of Defense: a Healthy,
Vigorous Crop
• Healthy, fertile soil
• Locally adapted varieties
• Resistant varieties
• Optimum planting dates
• Optimum plant spacing
• Optimum plant nutrition
and irrigation
This vigorous eggplant crop has
withstood the annual onslaught
of pathogens
6. METHODS OF ORGANIC/ECO FRIENDLY PLANT DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Cultural methods
Physical methods
Indigenous methods
Plant products
Sea weeds
Natural products
Biological control
Antibiotics
Induction of resistance
Effect of nutrients
Biofumigation
Organic fungicides
7. CULTURAL METHODS
• Cultural practices– Practices pertaining to the
cultivation of crops
Principles
• To destruct infection centre
• To break infection chain
• Starving of pathogen
• Create unfavourable conditions for pathogen
Helen Ogle et al.,2000
8. • Selection and preparation of planting
materials
Resistant cultivars
Certified seed
Vegetatively propagated material
Planting operations
9. DESTRUCTION OF CROP RESIDUES
Burying of stubble-
Sclerotium rolfsii (stem rot of Groundnut)
Burning of stubble-
Rice stubble is burned in the feilds to reduce the inoculum
of Sclerotium oryzae (stem rot)
10. • Removing diseased plants or plant parts
Strawberry leaves infected by various leaf-
spotting fungi are removed early in the season
• Elimination of living plants that carry pathogens
Collateral hosts
Alternate hosts
Weeds
14. Flooding
Many soil borne pathogens can be eliminated or
managed
• Fusarium wilt of banana - 6 months
• Black shank of tobacco - 3-4 months
15. PHYSICAL METHODS
• Hot water treatment – Jensen,1887
• Hot air treatment – Kunkal
• Steam and Aerated Steam treatment
• Solar heat treatment Luthra and sattar
• Moist Hot Air Treatment
• Soil solarisation
16. HOT WATER TREATMENT
Disease Causal organism
Treatment
Cluster bean Blight X. campestris pv.
cyamopsidis
500C for 10 min
Downy mildew of pearl
millet
Sclerospora
graminicola
550C for 10 min
Grassy shoot of sugarcane phytoplasma 540C for 2hrs
Ratoon stunting Clavibacter xyli 500C for 3 hrs
Red rot of sugarcane Physalospora
tucumanensis
540C for 8 hrs
Chabue et al.,1990
17. HOT AIR TREATMENT
• 540C for 8hrs against
• Red rot of sugarcane and
• Grassy shoot of sugarcane
-Singh,1973
• Ratoon stunting
-Luden,1953
18. AERATED STEAM THERAPY
• Against sugarcane
diseases and citrus
greening
-Cheema et al., 1982
500C for 1 hour –Sugarcane
grassy shoot
19. MOIST HOT AIR TREATMENT
Exposed to moist hot air at 540C for 2 hours
Then exposed to aerated steam at 500C for 1 hour
The setts are exposed to hot air at 540C for 8 hours
Sugarcane against grassy shoot disease
20. SOLAR HEAT TREATMENT
Seeds are again treated with Carboxin at 2g/kg and
stored
Drying the seeds in hot sun for 4 hours in the
afternoon
Seeds are soaked in cold water for 4 hours in the
forenoon on a bright summer day
J.C.Luthra.,1953
21. Soil Solarisation
• Reductive soil disinfestation
• Fungal diseases such as damping-off, root rots, stem rots, fruit
rots, wilts and blights caused by Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp.,
Fusarium spp., S. rolfsii, R. solani, Sclerotinia sclerotoirum, T.
basicola and Verticillium spp. have been successfully managed.
• Bacterial canker of tomato (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.
michiganensis) is successfully managed by Soil solarization for 1-2
months - Akhta et al.,2008
22. Indigenous methods of PDM
Traditional farming system and their indigenous
methods of disease management are ecologically
based systems developed by ancient farmers
through generations of their interaction with
nature.
In recent years there is a resurgence of interest in
reviving the age old farming system through
scientific approach
23.
24. Traditional seed treatment methods.
•Seeds treated with 10% lime water were protected
against Smut and Bunt
(Smith and Secoy, 1976).
•Cow urine + water (1:3) helps in protecting seedlings
against Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani.
•Seeds were treated with ash and cow dung slurry and
dried in shade before sowing.
(Ashlesha et al., 2011).
25. • Seeds kept mixed with powder of bitter gourd or
drumstick seeds are cured of seed borne
pathogens.
(Batabyal et al., 2009)
• Seeds were treated with citronella leaf oil,
cotton seed oil, soybean oil, or castor seed oil;
500 ml of oil was used for 100 kg of seed-
controls Alternaria and Fusarium
(Nguefack et al., 2008)
26. MANAGEMENT OF FUNGAL DISEASES
THROUGH INDIGENOUS METHODS
• 2-3% Sodium carbonate (Baking soda) controls Mildew and rust.
• Soil Application of Panchagavya manages Fusarium wilt of banana.
• Application of Wood ash stops Button shedding in coconut.
• Mixing neem oil with irrigation water controls Root rot of groundnut
Venkateswarlu et al.,2008.
27. VIRAL DISEASES
• Neem oil – repels aphids and sucking insects (viral
vectors).
• Butter milk – is a cure for blights, mildews, mosaic and
other fungal and viral diseases.
• Butter milk (10%) + Cow urine (10%) + Cow dung slurry
(10%) + Vilvam leaf extract (5%)- Yellow mosaic in
Redgram.
Ramakrishnan et al., 2004.
29. COCONUT
• STEM BLEEDING:
- Lime paste
- Tieing of paddy thread prepared out of hay near the
crown region of coconut and placement of 1kg of salt on it
to over come the problem of stem bleeding
- Covering the affected portion with dry leaves and
burning them with kerosene
• BUD ROT:
- Ash + Salt
- Bleaching powder
- Fermented starch solution
- Thurston, 1992.
30. AMRIT PANI
1. Quarter kilo of ghee
2. Half kilo of honey
3. 10 kilo of fresh dung
4. 200 litres of water
Enhancing crop growth and manage several
foliar diseases.
31. FRIJOL TAPADA
Bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) are broadcast among
wild herbs or shrubs, which are later cut and left as
a mulch until harvest.
• Provides nutrition recycle
• Moisture conservation
• Effective and superior to
chemical treatments for the
control of web blight of
(WB) beans
• (Thanatephorus cucumeris)
32. CHINAMPAS or FLOATING GARDEN
Manages Damping off caused by Pythium, Phytophthora
and other soil borne Pathogens by raised nurseries.
34. GINGER + cow urine
• Half kilogram of ginger paste
+ 5 litres of cow urine
• Keep it for 5-10 mins
• Spray in tomatoes to
prevents spread of mosaic.
Bacterial and Viral diseases
35. PLANT PRODUCTS
• BOTANICALS can be defined as any drug or medicinal
preparation or similar substance obtained from a plant or
its oil containing parts.
• They are usually volatile substance
350 plant products – Fungicidal
102 plant products – Bactericidal
>100 plant products – Antiviral
36. Sl.no Common
name
Scientific name Plant parts Active principle
1 Neem Azadiracta indica Leaf, Seed Azadiractin, Nimbicidine
Salanin, Nimbin
2 Mazhi vembu Melia dubia Leaf Azadiractin
3 Pungam Milletia pinnata Leaf Karanjin
4 Notchi Vitex negundo Leaf Caryophylene
5 Thulasi Ocimum sanctum Leaf Carracol, Rosemarine
6 Turmeric Curcuma longa Rhizome Cucumin, Turmeron
7 Ginger Zingiber officinale Rhizome Gingerol
8 Adathoda Justicia adhatoda Leaves Vasicine
9 Calotropis Calotropis giganta Seeds, Leaves,
Flowers, Roots
Calotoxin, Calotropin
10 Datura Datura metal Seed, Leaf Atrazin
Certain plant products and their active principles
38. In vitro assay of inhibiting effects of leaf extracts from
various plant species on growth of Bipolaris oryzae
Sl.No Leaf extracts
(10%)
Mycelial
growth
(cm)
Growth
inhibition
(%)
Spore
germination
(%)
Germination
inhibition
(%)
1 Aloe vera 5.6 36.4 55.7 37.6
2 Acalypha indica 4.6 47.7 39.2 56.1
3 Curcuma longa 3.7 57.9 27.9 68.8
4 Nerium oleander 2.0 77.4 17.6 80.3
5 Ocimum basilicum 6.2 29.6 62.8 29.6
6 Tamarindus indica 4.4 50.0 36.9 58.7
7 Vinca rosea 3.0 65.8 23.6 73.7
8 Mimosa pudica 6.1 31.1 60.2 32.5
9 Mancozeb (0.2%) 0.6 93.2 7.1 92.0
10 Control 8.9 0.0 89.3 0.0
Sankarasubramanian et al., 2007
39. ESSENTIAL OILS
• Many plant essential oils and their volatile
constituents have been reported to possess potent
antifungal activities.
Advantages
• Bioactivity in the vapour phase, which makes them
attractive as possible fumigants for the postharvest
control of decay fungi in fruits and grains
-Tripathi et al., 2008
40. Effect of essential oils on the mycelial
growth of B. cinerea
N/M=minimal growth observed
I=Total inhibition Sirirat et al., 2009
41. OIL CAKES
Oil cakes made into powder and
soaked in water for overnight (1g in
1.25ml)
Ground using Pestle & mortar
Filter through a muslin cloth
Centrifuge @10000 rpm for 15 mins
-Dubey and Patel,2000
42. Efficacy of different oil cake against
Fusarium oxysproum f.sp.cepae
Sl.no Treatment Mycelial growth
(cm)
Percent
reduction over
control
1 Castor oil(10%) 8.26 8.22
2 Coconut cake(10%) 8.42 6.44
3 Gingelly cake(10%) 7.84 12.88
4 Mahua cake(10%) 3.51 61.00
5 Pungam cake(10%) 5.54 38.44
6 Neem cake (10%) 3.74 58.44
7 Groundnut cake(10%) 8.32 7.55
8 Control 9.00 -
(S.Malathi et al., 2015)
43. SEAWEEDS
• Seaweed or macroalgae
refers to several species of
macroscopic, multicellular,
marine algae
• Red, Brown and Green
44. Effects of seaweed extracts on mycelial
growth of Macrophomina phaseolina
Treatment Mycelial growth (mm) % inhibition
over control
48 hrs 72 hrs 96 hrs mean
Gracilaria edulis(10%) 67 80 87 78 4.8
Gracilaria edulis(20%) 64 76 84 74 9.7
Caulerpa racemosa(10%) 64 75 80 73 10.97
Caulerpa racemosa(20%) 60 70 77 69 15.85
Sargassum
myricocystum(10%)
51 65 74 63 23.17
Sargassum
myricocystum(20%)
41 58 67 55 32.92
control 73 85 90 82 -
Sujatha et al., 2014
47. MODE OF ACTION
• Cruciferous species produce significant levels of
Glucosinolates (GSLs) in cells.
• Separately from the enzyme Myrosinase.
• When plant cells are ruptured the GSLs and
Myrosinase come into contact
• Myrosinase hydrolyses GSLs to ITC
• ITC acutely toxic to a variety of pests and pathogens.
47
48. • Various reports of soil borne plant disease suppression through the use of
bio-fumigant including Aphanomyces, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium,
Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia and Verticillium as well as species of endoparasitic
and semi-endoparasitic nematodes such as Globodera, Meloidogne,
Pratylenchus and Tylenchus.
48
49. NATURAL PRODUCTS
• Application of cow urine prevents Bacterial wilt
(Pseudomonas solanacearum) in tomato, potato and
chilles.
• Cow urine + water (1:2)-soak seeds and seedlings (1/2
hr) manage Damping off & Collar rot.
• Milk spray-induce SAR against Chilli leaf curl and powdery
mildew (proline)
• Smell of fresh cow dung repels viruses & bacteria.
• Tree paste of cow dung cures Gummosis & Die-back.
Garg et al., 2003
50. Efficacy of cow urine against Colletotrichum capsici
Sl.no Concentration Colony diameter (cm) Inhibition (%)
1 5 1.50 56.5
2 10 0.85 75.4
3 15 0.70 79.7
4 Control 3.45 0.0
Yashoda et al., 2015
51. BIO-CONTROL
Biological control involves the
use of one living organism to
control another, and this
management technology has
received much attention in
recent times.
Fungal antagonist
Trichoderma spp.
Bacterial antagonist
Pseudomonas spp.
Bacillus spp.,
52. COMMERCIALLY MARKETED
BIO-CONTROLAGENTS
Antagonist Target pathogen Host Product name
Agrobacterium
radiobacter
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
Ornamental and
other crops
Galltrol –A, Nogall,
Dygall
Bacillus subtilis Pythium spp.,
Fusarium spp.,
Rhizoctonia solani,
verticillium spp.
Various vegetables
and field crops
Cillus ,Green –all G,
Kodiak HB, Quantum
4000
Trichoderma
harzianum
Numerous pathogens Numerous crops Eco-T, Supresivit
Corniothyrium
minitans CON/M/91-
08
Sclerotina
sclerotiorum
Protected vegetables
and field crops
Contans WG,
Intercept WG
Ampelomyces
quisqualis M10
Powdery mildew Apples, cucurbits,
grapes etc.,
AQ10
biofungicide,M10
Darluca filum Rust Various vegetables
and field crops
----
56. PHYLLOPLANE MICROFLORA
1 ml suspension was pipetted out into each sterilized
petriplate using a sterile pipette then media is added
Leaf bits were suspended in 10 ml of sterile water & shaken
thoroughly for 5mins then allowed to stand for 5mins
Fresh actively growing leaves were collected from 75 days
old plants and cut into small bits
Yesu Raja et al., 2016
57. Some of phylloplane microflora
isolated for different Hosts
Sl.no Phylloplane microflora Host Pathogen Reported by
1 Cephalosporium sp
Trichoderma viridae Mustard Alternaria
brassica
Singh (1990)
2 Aspergillus sp
Fusarium sp Tomato Alternaria solani Babu (1994)
3 Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus niger
Trichoderma sp
Penicillium sp
Pitchi Alternaria
alternata
Kamalalakshmi
(1996)
58. Efficacy of phylloplane microflora in Aloe vera
against Alternaria alternata in vitro
Sl.no Phylloplane organism Mycelial growth
(cm)
Percent reduction
control
1 Aspergillus flavus 4.93 43.72
2 Aspergillus niger 3.65 58.33
3 Trichoderma sp 4.10 53.20
4 Penicillium sp 2.16 75.34
5 Fusarium sp 5.10 41.78
6 Yeast 4.83 44.86
7 control 8.76 0.00
Kannan et al., 2013
59. • Chemical substances
produced by one micro
organism that inhibits
(or) kill other micro
organisms.
• Very low concentration
ANTIBIOTICS
60. ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS
COMMON NAME OR
CHEMICAL NAME
TRADE
NAME
DISEASE CONTROLLED
Aureofungin
[Streptoverticillium cinnameum
var terricola]
Aureofungin sol Citrus gummosis, apple scab, powdery
mildew, groundnut tikka leaf spot, brown spot
and blast of rice, coconut tanjore wilt, post
harvest rot of fruits & vegetables
Griseofulvin
[Pencillium griseofulvum]
Fulvicin,
Grisovin
Powdery mildew of beans & roses,and downy
mildew of cucumber
Cycloheximide (By products in
streptomycin manufacture)
Actidione,
Actispray
Powdery mildew of beans, bunt of wheat, &
Post harvest rot of fruit
Blasticidin
[Streptomyces griseochromogenes]
Bla-s Rice blast
Antimycin
[Streptomyces griseus]
- Apple scab, tomato early blight and rice blast
Endomycin
[Streptomyces endus]
- Leaf rust of wheat, fruit rot of strawberry
Bulbiformin [Bacillus subtilis] - Pigeon pea wilt
61. ANTIBACTERIAL ANTIBIOTICS
COMMON NAME OR
CHEMICAL NAME
TRADE NAME DISEASE
CONTROLLED
Streptomycin sulphate
[Streptomyces griseus]
Agrimycin- 100,
Agristrep, Embamycin,
paushamycin,
Plantomycin,
Phytomycin,phytostrip
Fire blight of apple, and
pear citrus canker, cotton
bacterial blight, brown rot
of potato wild fire of
tobacco,soft rot of
vegetables and tomato
bacterial leaf spot
Tetracyclines
[Streptomyces sp]
Tetramycin,
Achromycin,
Aureomycin
Oxytetracycline,
Tetracycline,
chlorotetracycline
Seed –borne bacteria ,
Phytoplasma diseases
64. Application of Hydrophobic Particle films
against plant diseases
• Hydrophobic particle films are based on the inert
mineral, kaolin, which is treated with a water-
repelling agent.
• By dusting fruit trees with hydrophobic kaolin
particles, Glenn et al., (1999) obtained control of
fungal and bacterial pathogens. The disease
control was achieved because plants were
enveloped in a hydrophobic particle film barrier
that prevented pathogen propagules or water
from directly contacting the leaf surface.
65. Effect of film forming polymers on spore germination ,
appressorium and Haustorium formation of powdery mildew
on Barley
Sutherland et al., 2002
66. Effect of Silicon on Rice Blast Disease
The concentration of silicon in rice husks and straw
had a linear relationship and both were inversely
proportional with blast severity.
• Sources of silicon - silica gel, potassium silicate, calcium
silicate and compost.
• Potassium silicate application at 12 g per nursery bed was
effective in controlling the occurrence of blast.
• Calcium silicate application caused an increase in the Si to N
ratio, and resulted in the control of blast.
66
67. Effect of potash against plant diseases
• Decreases the incidence of fungal diseases by 70%
Bacteria by 69% and Virus by 41%.
• Potassium restricts the movement and multiplication of
pathogen by strengthening the cell wall
- Charles , 1962.
68. Effects of compost extracts/teas on
plant disease
The production of aerated and non-aerated compost are
fermented in water for a specific time period and the extracts
are added with additives or adjuvants prior to application.
Compost extracts or teas have been found to suppress a
wide range of foliar diseases viz., Grey mould (Botrytis
cinerea), powdery mildews (Sphaerotheca and Uncinula
spp), downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), fungal and
bacterial blights/leaf spots (caused by a range of pathogens).
69. ORGANIC FUNGICIDES
• Healthy and non-toxic
effective treatment that
can be applied to plants at
the first signs of disease.
• OMRI- Organic Material
Review Institute
70. Partial list of organic fungicides approved
by OMRI
TRADE NAME ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
DISEASES
Safer garden,Cosavet-D Edge
Microthiol Disperss®,
micronized sulfur ,Sulfur 6L®
Sulfur 90W®,Bonide Liquid Sulfur®
Sulfur Powdery mildew, Rose
black spot, Rusts, and
other diseases.
Polysul®,Lime Sulfur Spray® Lime sulfur Many foliar diseases
Liqui-Cop®
Concern Copper Soap®
Liquid Copper 4E® ,Copper Dust
Bordeaux Mixture
Copper
Copper sulphate
Act as fungicidal and
bactericidal
GreenCure®, Kaligreen®
Bi-Carb®,Remedy
Potassium
bicarbonate
Powdery mildew
71. • Some of the technologies standardized for different crops in the State through
research by ICAR, Sikkim are:
• Use of pheromone traps for control of fruit flies in Sikkim Mandarin and Vegetables.
• Home-made biopesticides for control of blast disease in rice.
• Use of biodynamics for nutrients, pests and disease management in different crops.
• Use of botanicals for combating ginger diseases in the state.
• Enrichment of compost with biofertilizers and biopesticides.
• Use of biopesticides such as Trichoderma sp., Pseudomonas,
Metarrhizium, Beauveria etc. in different crops.
• Introduction of different cultivars of cereals, pulses and horticultural crops suitable
for the organic farming system.
• Short term research on developing package of practices of all crops in collaboration
with ATMA is being initiated.
72. Organic treatment for
ginger Rhizome rot
Technologies applied in the field were treatment of quality seed with Bordeaux
mixture (1:1:10), seed solarization (covering seed with plastic sheet for 5 to 6 hrs and
keeping them under direct sunlight to kill seed-borne diseases), application of
Effective Microorganisms Fermented Plant Extract (EMFPE). EMFPE of garlic +
onion leaves +Canabis sp. leaves + wild poisonous plant leaves in mixture of cow
urine + EM solution + extract after washing polished rice + alcohol + water in a ratio of
1:1:1:1:1:15. This treatment not only successfully controlled all types of rots but also
eradicated disease inoculum from the fields.
