Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyYour Nursing Career.docx

Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Your Nursing Career
Chapter 12
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SWOT AnalysisStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats
*
MBTIExtroversion (E) or Introversion (I)Sensing (S) or
Intuition (N)Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)Judging (J) or
Perceiving (P)
*

Beginning the Job SearchBe psychologically self-
employed.Learn for employability.Plan for your financial
future.Develop multiple options.Build a safety net.
*
Ask Yourself…What oral and written communication skills do I
have?Where should I begin looking for a position?What “pearls
of wisdom” can I glean from other career nurses?
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The Potential EmployerOwnershipMission statementCore
valuesWWWCurrent and past employees
*
The Initial InterviewReview SWOT analysis.Review
requirements for position.Professional appearanceBackground
questionsProfessional questionsPersonal questions

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Asking Questions What other opportunities for professional
growth are available?How are promotion and advancement
handled?
*
Additional Question TipsDo not begin with questions about
vacation, benefits, or sick leave.Begin with questions about the
employer’s expectations of you.Be sure you know enough about
the position to make a reasonable decision.
*
Additional Question Tips (cont’d)Ask questions about the
organization as a whole.Bring a list of important points to
discuss to help you if you are nervous.

*
The Second InterviewDress professionally.Be professional and
pleasant.Do not smoke.
*
The Second Interview (cont’d) Remember “table manners.”
Avoid controversial topics for small talk.Obtain answers to
questions you might have developed since the last visit.
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Making the Right ChoiceJob contentDevelopment
*

Making the Right Choice (cont’d) DirectionWork
climateCompensation
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The Critical First YearAdopt the right attitudes and adjust your
expectations.Manage a good impression and build effective
relationships.
*
The Critical First Year (cont’d) Develop organizational
savvy.Master the skills and knowledge of the position.
*
ConclusionFinding your first position isMore than being in the
right place at the right time A complex combination of learning
about yourself and the organizations in which you are
interestedPresenting your strengths and weaknesses in the most
positive manner possible

*
Conclusion (cont’d)RememberRecognize that the independence
and the ability to "do your own thing" may not be the skills you
need to keep you in your first position.Be a team player.Learn
about organizational politics.Find a mentor.
*
Scenario: Urbanization, Poverty, and Basic Needs in Nairobi,
Kenya
In the last 10 years, East Africa has experienced an explosion of
economic development and urbanization. Nairobi is Kenya’s
capital that has over 3.5 million people, gaining 1.5 million
people in the last 10 years. Nairobi creates 60% of Kenya’s
GDP (Kenya is 8th biggest economy in Africa). Kenya has a
population of just over 44 million and will expect to have an
urbanization rate of 50%. The graph below shows the rapid
urbanization rate since 1960[footnoteRef:1]. [1:
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL?locations=K
E
]
Kenya: URBAN POPULATION (1960 – Present)

Source: World Bank
Kenya is on its way to being a “middle income economy” by
2030[footnoteRef:2] and itsrapid urbanization is expected to
produce both positive and negative effects. On the positive
side, Nairobi houses most of Kenya’s exploding middle class
built on the back of Nairobi’s new, burgeoning service
industries like education, finance, insurance and construction.
On the negative side, there is an estimated 2.5 million slum
dwellers in 200 settlements in the Nairobi metro area and the
numbers just continue to rise[footnoteRef:3]. [2:
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-
focus/2016/05/16/african-lions-tapping-the-potential-of-kenyas-
economic-growth/
] [3: http://www.kibera.org.uk/facts-info/
]
Kenya’s largest slum is Kibera (KEE-BEAR-AH) and was
established over 100 years ago as a community for Kenya’s
“native dwellers” – indentured servants who were forced into
labor by the British colonial government. The settlement has
grown steadily and today, it is Africa’s largest slum with an
estimated 250,000 residents who live in conditions of “extreme
poverty” (defined as those who live under US $1.25/day). The
population of Kibera is incredibly diverse culturally, a mixture
of the Luo, Luhya and Kamba from Western Kenya, the Nubian
who were the original Kibera residents who migrated from the
Kenya/Sudan border, and the Kikuyu (Kenya’s largest
tribe).[footnoteRef:4] Most of the residents in Kibera are
industrial laborers who work in other parts of the city for an
average salary of 454 Kenyan Shillings a day ($0.44 US
Dollars). Many others serve Kibera’s informal economy by
selling food, clothes, electronics, toys and other items.
Kibera’s Toi Market is one of the largest informal markets in
Nairobi with an estimated 5000 vendors. [4: “The Population.”
http://www.kibera.org.uk/facts-info/

]
Toi Market. Source: Seattle Globalist
The problem.
Kibera suffers from two primary problemssimilar to other cities
that have absorbed a great deal of population growth where
residents are forced to live in dense, unstable communities of
extreme poverty:
1) Basic Needs.
Most Kibera residents live in houses made of wood with a mud
floor and tin roof. Due to the poor construction of these homes,
it is common that they collapse and/or catch on fire. Many
residents die each year due to injuries sustained from their
homes. Fire incidents have increased substantially due to the
introduction of electricity into Kibera. The electricity is wired
through the community illegally by the untrained. Risk of
electrical shock is very high and it is common to have several
bundles of live wires running through the tin Kibera shacks.
Also, Kibera’s electrical grid is extremely unreliable and
unsafe. It is estimated that there is one transformer for every
20,000 people. For the rest of the city, there is one transformer
for 1,000 people. Blackouts are very common in a community
that already has very deficient lighting.
Almost all ofKibera has no access to running water and
residents often resort to collecting water from the Nairobi dam.
Unfortunately, this water is terribly contaminated from water-
borne diseases like cholera[footnoteRef:5]. This severe lack of
potable water has created an extreme public health dilemma as
residents find difficulty maintaining proper sanitation. It is

estimated that one latrine is shared by up to 50 residents and
that it is often emptied into the river which feeds into the
Nairobi dam. At times, the contents of the latrine are thrown in
the street via plastic bags (a phenomenon known as “flying
toilets”)[footnoteRef:6]. [5: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-
africa-31540911
] [6: http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/17/world/sanergy-flying-
toilet/
]
Kibera has a dire need for healthcare facilities. The types of
facilities in Kibera vary and include health clinics, dispensaries,
laboratories and even maternity and nursing homes. Almost all
medical providers are humanitarian, non-governmental entities.
Unfortunately, many private, healthcare practices are illegal and
have gained the reputation of being exploitative[footnoteRef:7].
According to the World Health Organization, Kenya is severely
underresourced in terms of healthcare. There are only one
doctor and 12 nurses/midwives for every 10,000 in the
country[footnoteRef:8]. Obtaining medical care in Kiberais
almost impossible because the high demand and almost non-
existing medical personnel. [7:
http://www.waterfund.go.ke/safisan/Downloads/Sanitation%20a
nd%20Hygiene%20Kibera.pdf] [8:
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1444
]
2) Representation
The original residents of Kibera were ostracized from
traditional housing in Nairobi and forced to create their own
community located at the periphery of the city. After Kenyan
independence in 1963, these settlements were deemed illegal

and the residents ofKibera were newly characterized as “illegal
squatters.” The government has a “land tenure” policy in place
that states that government does not allow development on land
that is not legally owned. This puts residents of Kibera at the
mercy of landlords who do not provide adequate infrastructure.
Housing in Kibera isstill significantly cheaper than rental
housing in other parts of the city[footnoteRef:9]. [9:
http://www.kwaho.org/loc-d-kibera.html
]
With the lack of government oversight, there are great safety
concerns within Kibera. The police are very slow to respond to
incidents in Kibera and most calls to police are ignored. This
has created a situation that has allowed Nairobi gangs to police
Kibera. There are two schools of thought on the internal
policing of gangs: 1) that the gangs provide a measure of
security and safety and make up for the lack of formal police
presence and 2) that the gangs are “warlords” that exploit the
residents for their own personal gain[footnoteRef:10]. [10:
http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Thin-line-between-the-legal-and-
the-criminal/1056-1263458-j94f7hz/index.html
]
Kiberahouses a significant number of refugees. Kenya has an
estimated 555,000 refugees with most them residing in urban
areas[footnoteRef:11]. The United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that there are 53,074 refugees
in Nairobi which absorbs 300-500 arrivals each day, mostly
from other parts of East Africa: Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia,
Eritrea, and the Great Lakes Region[footnoteRef:12]. The
arrival of new refugees into Kibera has created tension with
current residents of Kibera who are already suffering from a
severe lack of basic services. The Kenyan government has
recently passed the “Urban Refugees to Officially Designated

Camps Act” that requires refugees and asylum seekers to live in
a camp constructed for them[footnoteRef:13]. The effects of
whether this policy has alleviated tension in Kibera is yet to be
seen. [11: https://www.iied.org/revealing-hidden-refugees-
african-cities
] [12:
https://www.africa.com/a_long_way_from_home_urban_refugee
s_in_nairobi/
] [13: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/refugee-law/kenya.php
]
The
Solution
?:KENYA SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMME
The most robust initiative to alleviate the conditions in Kibera
is the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme
(KENSUP),[footnoteRef:14] created in 2001 with the aim to
“improve the conditions of all slum dwellers in
Kenya.”KENSUP has three primary partners: 1) Government of
Kenya, Ministry of Housing, 2) UN Habitat and 3) Cities
Alliance. [14:
https://nairobiplanninginnovations.com/projects/kenya-slum-
upgrading-programme-kensup/
]

Construction on the Soweto East section of Kibera has already
begun. The plan divides Soweto East into four zones (A-D).
Zone A will house 1,200 families while Zones B-D will house
1,000 families each. Families will be relocated to transitional
housing while they await application to new housing. Monthly
rent ranges from 700 Kenyan Shillings ($6.93) to 1200 Kenyan
Shillings ($11.88)[footnoteRef:15]. [15:
http://www.100resilientcities.org/blog/entry/turning-mud-huts-
into-apartment-towers-in-nairobis-biggest-slum
]
You are tasked with the responsibility of assessing the pros and
cons of the KENSUP plan in meeting the challenges within
Kibera. In doing so, please consider the following questions:
1) What are the benefits of the KENSUP plan in meeting the
basic needs of the residents of Kibera?
2) To what extent are there concerns from Kibera residents
about the KENSUP plan?
3) What issues continue to persist under the KENSUP plan?
Will it comprehensively alleviate the conditions in Kibera?
4) What are some proposed solutions that can be used to

improve the KENSUP plan?
New Kibera Apartment Buildings (Soweto East) – Source:
www.citiscope.org
Here are some resources that can help you respond to this
scenario:
http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=
2602&alt=1
http://citiscope.org/story/2015/turning-kiberas-mud-huts-
apartment-towers
http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/DN2/Kibera-upgrading-
project-full-of-contradictions/957860-2764288-
b2m0cm/index.html
www.mapkibera.org
Achungo, B. (2014). “The Social Transformation of the People
Living in Kibera Slum In Nairobi County following the Kenya

Slum Upgrading Programme.” Master of Arts Thesis in
Development Anthropology of the University of Nairobi.
http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/73583
Mauraguri, L. (2012). “Kenyan Government Initiatives in Slum
Upgrading.” HAL. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-
00751869/document
VIDEO: Kenyan houses built under KENSUP handed over to
800 Kibera Residents:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpXT7fKPIMQ
VIDEO: Global 3000: Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQd-HxUP2gg

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