How Do Ancient Astronauts Have Altered Human Culture

How Do Ancient Astronauts Have Altered Human Culture
There has been a big controversy for as long as anybody can remember whether ancient astronauts
have visited earth and altered the human culture and development or not. There are many theorists
out there that will tell you first hand that ancient astronauts do exist and will give you all the
explanations they have until they prove to you that they do exist. Most of them do know what they
are talking about. Ancient astronauts did come to earth a long, long time ago, they did help humans
advance in technology and did inspire the human culture because there is too much evidence of
large and precise structures being built that humans even in modern time would have trouble
building, and also because humans most likely did not know where to start for their culture, and
ancient astronauts helped humans build all of that, thus, ancient astronauts had to have existed with
all the explanations to back up this conspiracy, and ancient astronauts may not be here now, but they
for sure were once here on earth. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ancient astronauts did not let humans look at them or near them, the only humans that were allowed
to be near them and speak to them, priests because they were the closest to God. Priests, though
could not just walk up to the ancient astronauts, they had to cover and cleanse themselves with a
certain germicide because the ancient astronauts did not want to get any earthly diseases. They
traveled around the world using chemical fuel and only landed on mountain tops or rocky
outcroppings to reduce dust and have the most protection of humans. When the astronauts would
land the priests would already be waiting for them, but in caves where they were safe from their
transportation. (Randle
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Culture : Cultural And Other Manifestations Of Human...
Otman Belkouteb
Communication Theory
Dr. Bradford
Cultural Approach to Organizations
The term "culture" has been used more and more recently but what exactly does it mean? Some
have even regarded culture as "the most central problem of all social science" (Malinowski, 1939).
According to Merriam Webster (2016), culture is defined as the arts and other manifestations of
human achievements. If culture was as simple as Merriam–Webster defines it then the lives of
anthropologists, sociologists, and psychologists would be much easier. As we know, culture varies
greatly across religion, countries, and some cases in just states; the difference between the north and
the south. We can conclude that culture is a set of shared thoughts, values, and cognitions (Geertz,
1973). With culture in itself varying tremendously based on values and location, then surely
organizational culture is no simple concept either. The term "organizational culture" has just
recently become to be used more (Barley, 1988). Though there may be disagreements on defining
culture universally, researchers tend to agree that culture is of vital importance in an organizational
context, whether that organization is a company or a government (Kilmann, Saxton, & Serpa, 1986).
Various studies have looked into the relationship between a particular individual and how their
values align with an organization or government (Graham, 1976), recent studies have begun to look
into individuals in organizations whose values and

Nursing and The Organizational Culture of Human Resource...
Organizational culture can play a very important role in any corporation's success. As we learn more
about how to make a company more successful through effective management of Human Resource,
we are learning of the value of people, as a whole, and how they contribute to the success or failure
of an organization. That's even more so true with in healthcare organizations. Nurses play a pivotal
role in the health care profession and make up the majority of healthcare workers in a hospital
setting. However, there is a nursing shortage globally that is expected to increase as nurses from the
baby boom era are set to retire. This is where human resource management and organizational
culture come into play. There have been prior studies that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This article will discuss organizational culture as it relates to the nursing profession and healthcare
as a whole.
II. Literature Review
Culture, as defined by Florea, Goldbach, & Goldbach (2011), is essential, as it affects service
quality, organizational productivity, and financial results. This occurs even more so in a hospital
setting, an area in which cultures vary within the healthcare providers and their patients. The
literature on organizational culture and its impact on nurses and the healthcare system are increasing
in frequency due to the increase in cultural variety noted in healthcare organizations. According to
the article, Improving Hospital Performance through Organizational Culture (2011), many prior
researchers believed that organizational culture had potential effects on employee motivation and
behavior. They believed that it affected employees' productivity, performance, commitment, self–
confidence and ethical behavior and many have tested the validity of this theory by researching and
studying the organizational cultures within several industries. Prior research has showed that there is
a link between excellent cultural organization and overall employee performance. Chee, Kamal, &
Wingender (2011) decided to conduct a study of their own to determine how organizational culture

Non-Human Primate Culture
there are many arguments surrounding what defines culture and how it is possible to label all
animals, including non–human primates, as exhibiting signs of possessing culture. They may not
take in the opera or sip fine wines, but the verdict is in: apes are cultured. Fifty years of research on
the apes has shown they use tools, communicate, and sometimes shake their hands just because it's
cool.
Ecologist Kinji Imanishi first introduced the concept of culture in a non–human species in 1952. He
suggested that Japanese macaque populations develop behavioural differences as a result of social,
rather than genetic, variation. Since then, scientists have claimed that a wide range of species exhibit
signs of culture, including rodents, birds, fish, marine mammals, and non–human primates. Of all
the species studied to date, only humans exceed the level of cultural variation shown by chimps.
Most primates do not shape their environment in an adaptive way. They use it as it is without
modification. The sleeping nests of the great apes are poor, roofless constructions created for only
one night. Monkeys simply sleep on convenient tree branches without making nests. No primate
other than humans is known to store food. They have a hand–to–mouth economy which forces
everyone to seek food and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also share with females having sexual swellings and also with high–ranking females.
Chimpanzees barter a limited commodity such as meat for other services like alliances, sex,
grooming through which they are engaging in a very simple and primitive form of a currency
exchange. It may be that the two chimpanzee cultures 2,000 kilometres apart have developed their
distinct uses of meat as a social currency. In one place meat is used as a reward for cooperation, in
the other as a manipulative tool of nepotism. Such systems are commonplace in all human societies,
and their roots may be seen in chimpanzees' market economy,

Human Resource Management : Influence Of Organization Culture
Human Resource Management
Influence of organization culture
Manjot Singh
Student Id No: 30305024
Course Code: BUHRM5912
Potential influence of Organization's Culture on the ability of organizations to obtain positive HRM
outcomes
This essay presents theoretical information related to organizational culture and discusses the
potential influence an organization's culture has on the ability of organizations to obtain positive
HRM outcomes in the area of employee motivation and engagement and make suggestions on how
such outcomes may be potentially improved. Real word application will be included in this essay as
well as the role of HRM in developing an effective organizational culture.
Organization culture is a system of mutual assumptions, values and beliefs that controls how people
are treated in an organization. The values which are shared have powerful impression and influence
on the people of organization and provide order, for example, how to dress properly, how to act and
perform their duties. Most organizations develop and maintain a special kind of culture. This
provides information about rules and regulations as well as restriction of their behaviour
(McLaughlin, 2013). Even Organizational culture has such a great impact from last few decades in
the better understanding and practice of organizational behaviour. Every organization knows from
its culture which depends on its strength and it can also have a

The Cultural Impacts Of Culture And Cultural Evolution In...
Introduction If you compare your DNA to the person sitting next to you, how similar do you think it
will be? It turns out that biologically humans are about 99.0–99.9% similar to each other. We know
that these small differences account for distinctive variation such as hair, eye, and skin color.
However, the person next to you may not speak the same language, have the same beliefs, or have
the same customs. Therefore all aspects of human behavior are not determined by biology. So what
accounts for these differences? In this chapter we will explore culture and how cultural evolution
has impacted humans.
What is Culture? (couple paragraphs, general ideas, cultural phenomena)
Culture is the transmission of ideas and technologies across generations. Unlike genetics humans are
not born with culture, they learn it from the people around them and their environment. A society's
language, food, arts, clothes, religion, beliefs, and tools all fall under the umbrella of culture. Thus,
accounting for the differences found between people. However, just like biology, culture cannot
account for all human behavior.
In order for behaviors to be considered cultural, they must fit into a criteria established by cultural
anthropologist. Anthropologist study the culture of local and global communities. In order to obtain
accurate information from different communities cultural anthropologist engage in a practice called
fieldwork. When conducting fieldwork anthropologist must establish

Evolution Of Humans : Human Biology And Early Culture Essay
Evolution of Humans No one can be absolutely sure when the first humans actually walked the
Earth, only approximations can be made. Approximately 200,000 years ago species are developed in
Africa. Most human species and most human biology and early culture in its broadest sense
originated in Africa. Archaeologist and anthropologist may have been able to pinpoint exactly where
the early human species lived and approximately how long ago they lived but are their assumptions
correct? A huge part of history is based on assumption, there are many ways anthropologists and
archaeologist came to these assumptions. They looked at climate, tooth decay, physical bones, and
many other distinctions. These main three climate, tooth decay, and physical bones make the most
sense to me, because newer and more accurate evidence can be pulled from these three distinctions.
Looking at climate can be a huge part of when human evolution began. The climate during the last
6–7 million years when hominins evolved to modern humans was characterized by high variability.
Climate can show many things an example that could be found is a river from millions of years ago
that is now buried below land. This river can show hominins might have lived in that particular area,
or that they could have been ago to live in that area. Research shows the importance of fresh water
availability is for hominin survival, and it says that the need for swift and efficient movement
between ever shrinking sources of

How Culture Affects Nursing Care And The Way Humans Care...
Assumptions Leininger presented a general theory statement in 1985, "with the theory, I predict that
different cultures perceive, know, and practice care in different ways, yet there are some
commonalities about care among all the cultures in the world (Reynolds & Leininger, pg 11)."
Leininger states the theory can help to show how culture affects nursing care and the way humans
care for themselves. Leininger holds to the idea that care is the central concept for nursing theory
and research. The theory has many assumptive premises which include; Care is essential for overall
health and well–being. Cultural care can provide a holistic way to improve and guide nursing
practices. Nursing should be transcultural and meant to serve all of mankind. Different cultures will
have both diversities and similarities. Every culture has different views of personal care both
professionally and non–professionally. "Cultural car values, beliefs, and practices are influenced by
and tend to be embedded in world view, language, religion (or spiritual), kinship (social), politics
(legal), education, economic, technology, ethno history, and environmental context of a particular
culture (Reynolds & Leininger, pg 16)." Providing culturally based nursing care will increase the
well–being and health of individuals, families and communities when provided within their
environment. Cultural care can only be given when cultural awareness is present. "Clients who
show signs of culture conflicts,

Culture Is The Sum Total Of Ways Of Living Built Up By A...
What is culture? Culture has a very broad definition. But in terms of anthropology, culture is the
sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one
generation to another (www.dictionary.com). Culture is learned, it is passed on from many
generations. What is gender? Gender is either the male or female division of a species, especially as
differentiated by social and cultural roles and behavior. However, gender plays a big role in culture
all around the world. In this analysis essay I will be analyzing how males and females are raised
with differences in third world countries compared to the western culture of the United States. What
are the roles that males and females have? In countries such as India, Pakistan, China, there is still a
lot of controversy about how a male and female should be treated. It has a lot to do with culture and
tradition. Some of these cultural traits have been passed down from generations and are still around
which some people follow. Some may consider it double standards and others may think that it is
the norm. So how is gender related to culture? In society it is expected that the women and men
behave a certain way. The gender disparities are shaped and formed by culture. It is better explained
by Jyotirmaya Tripathy who wrote the article "How Gendered is Gendered Development? Culture,
Masculinity, and Gender Differences", she explains that though there has been some modernity in
third

Incarnations Of The Human Evolution Of Homosapien Culture
Introduction
Background
Historical alternations of the human evolution are depicted as an enhancement of a variety of
aspects that assist the homosapien culture, health and lifestyle. Once these enhancements are
implicated the primitive instincts that humans originally owned, now is slowly diminishing to a new
technological and scientific approach. In more forms than one, medicine has been documented and
practiced from periods of time that date back to prehistorical stages. Medicine since then has
revolutionized to a further scientific based practice. A majority of society depends on the high–
technological medicine to assist in their well–being. Cancer is a destructive disease that slowly
destroys its occupant and extremely difficult to cure. Cancer is broken down into sub–type
categories; for example: testicular, breast, lung, bowel and brain. The treatments for cancer have
improved immensely over the period of the 21st century.
Quote
"Civilization seeks to suppress all those primitive instincts in man which formed the main past of
machinery of his evolution in earlier times."–Arthur Keith ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Present day, society develops different ways to conceal the primitive instincts of the "earlier times".
The spectrum of instincts are developed over simple concepts but revolutionized to assist
individuals in understanding the genetically altering evolution. Revolutionizing the human body has
become a trait, evolving the psychological and physical attributes to better improve the suppression
of primitive

Evolution Of Human Culture Developed Based On Our Environment
The earth is an ever evolving planet in the universe that has changed dramatically since the
beginning of time. Physically people have seen, measured, and recorded changes in land mass and
population growth in different parts of the world due to supply and demand of resources. Theories
such as the "Pangea Theory" or the "Bering Strait" theory have given insight into how human
culture developed based on our environment. Through the study of history, people can see the
course of the human lineage as well. Human evolution started with the phylogeny Hominoidea, a
superfamily that includes humans and all living apes. Out of Hominoidea, the earliest genus that
exists today is the genus Homo which is comprised of Homo sapiens that includes modern humans,
as well as several extinct species classified as ancestral to or closely related to modern humans. One
the earliest known hominids, a species that comes from the genus homo, is Homo habilis. What
makes Homo habilis special is that it was the first of the human species to have a notable increase in
brain size and be found with stone tools. Through an observation of Homo habilis, we can see large
similarities between humans within this common ancestors characteristics.
Homo habilis was discovered by Louis and Mary Leaky and their other coworkers Johnathan Leaky,
Philip Tobias, and British Scientist John Naiper, in 1960. They both believed that humanities roots
in Africa had been taken for granted and that people weren't

Human Culture Revealed In Daniel Quinn's Ishmael
Man lives life as though they are the ones to rule the Earth, instead of living as one with nature.
Daniel Quinn's Ishmael shows how man came to be this way, and why people should take a look at
the past to learn about the way people should live now. By comparing and contrasting controlling
culture and the thirst for knowledge between Ishmael and Planet of the Apes, it becomes clear that
man believes knowledge and power are the most important aspects of life.
One main argument Ishmael makes is that human culture is not based on humans as living beings of
Earth; it is based on them trying to be gods. The narrator says the reason for creation of man went
something like this, "The world is for man... For nearly three million years he lived as ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It sets them apart from all other creatures of the world; which is how the apes in Planet of the Apes
feel about knowledge over humans. The anthropomorphic race would never think that another
species could control them. After all, they expect exemption from the laws of nature. In the movie,
the main protagonist was originally from Earth, and explained their thirst for knowledge, "You'd
walk naked into a live volcano if you thought you could learn something no other man knew."
(Schaffner). Planet of the Apes is not–so–subtly saying the undying thirst for power in the form of
knowledge puts humans above all else, including gods. In the tale of Adam and Eve, Ishmael
explains to his student how foolish the want for knowledge can make a man, "Wielding the
knowledge of good and evil, we have made ourselves the masters of the world, and the gods have no
power over us... isn't it sweeter to live in our own hands than in the hands of the gods?" (Quinn,
164). Both texts agree that knowing things other races do not know makes them the more intelligent,
and in turn, the dominant species. In the movie, the main characters, Taylor and Landon,
automatically assume that they would run the planet in a short amount of time due to their
seemingly high intellect. However, when they meet the apes, they get caught, imprisoned, and
treated like animals. Since they were always taught humans are superior, they

Examples Of Human Development In Paleolithic Culture
Some examples of human cultural development in the Paleolithic Culture would be that the humans
gradually evolved from early members of the genus homo habilis. Since then they had evolved from
those to hominid humans. Another example of human cultural development was the tools that were
made from 4.4 billion to 1.6 million years ago. The tools that they would usually use were pebble
tools, hand axes, and choppers. From 1 million to 25,000 years ago, the tools were changed, the
tools were made to become flake tools as it was called.
Some other examples of human cultural in the Paleolithic culture was in the "Ice Age" era was that
they discovered fire, they buried their dead, made cave paintings, sewing, and made spears. They
also made harpoons

The Impact Of Religion On Human Culture
For centuries, human culture has been influenced in a multitude of ways by many means but none
have had such an impact as religion. It has had countless wars waged in its name, even to this day.
Billions believe in some divine being(s) that transcends the ugliness of humanity that 's omnipotent
and omniscient. Religion became a guide and a representation of how our lives should be led.
However, history has brought evidence that made it possible for this notion to be criticized and
rather, flipped. The majority of the human race believes that religion shaped our culture but it is
rather the other way round, in that the culture of our ancestors, the Mesopotamians and the Hebrews
shaped religion to explain the natural world and as a reflection of their lives and tribulations.
During the age of Mesopotamia, climate change was still a key factor in the survival of civilizations
but did not work on a global scale as it did before during cooling and warming periods. One day of
bad weather could destroy a year's worth of crops for a family and displace them without any means
of self sustainability. It would be a millennium until food could be brought to the area again. To the
average human living in Mesopotamia at the time, this would have been chaos, living in fear for
when everything that was earned would be destroyed.
This erratic behavior of nature could not be summed up as one god for there were no rhythms or
patterns to be discern so to compensate for that, each aspect of

The Impact Of Ethical Culture In Human Resource Management
1. Abstract
This assignment reviews the producing and supporting ethical culture and the climate through
human resource management by conferring ethics in the business environment and examining
human capital influence in the equivalent situation. This assignment indicates different aspects of
ethical issues and challenges that occur in organisations and what human resource needs to do in
order to manage them in the same context. It also discusses the ethical decision making of
organizations in integrating the ethics into strategic human resource decision making process.
2. Introduction
Ethics are an important aspect in the life of individuals and business. They attempt to distinguish
right from wrong and good from bad. They constitute desirable conduct, moral codes, norms, beliefs
and practices. Ethical organizational culture and climate are important in order to guide ethical
employee behaviour in achieving organizational goals and objectives. Ethical policies, procedure
and practices on issues of employee ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A key consideration in the nature of ethics in the business environment is the core values that exist
in an organization. These are values articulated and reinforced by top management, imparted to new
members of the organization and spread throughout the organization. Organizational values have a
substantial influence on employee performance. Organizational values are communicated via
socialization and code of ethics. If people do not agree on or do not know the norms and values of
their organization then a weak corporate culture exists (Finegan, 1994). Chief executives must
communicate, encourage and show pride in the organization ethical standards to inspire and show
employees that the organization appreciates a person for acting in accordance with the standards.
Business ethics applies to all aspects of business conduct and

Understanding National Culture And A Common Values And...
1. – Introduction
According to Hofstede definition, it is possible to develop the idea of national culture as the
common values and attitudes shared by a particular group of humans that are passed down between
generations by different processes (Hofstede, 1980, p. 21).
Given this, the primary target of this essay is to analyse the fundamental approaches to understand
national culture and the way that this culture can manifest and make the difference in the entry of
companies in new markets.
In order to achieve this goal, I shall proceed to explain these approaches one by one using different
business examples, discuss the prime criticisms and conclude with the importance of these for
international business. 2. – Approaches to National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that same expressions, words or sentences could change their meanings drastically in
different contexts, thus being necessary to understand it correctly. (Hall, 1976, pp. 85–104)
Following this argument, Hall says that each culture has a particular way to understand the
background. For instance, American people usually tends to have quick relationships and do not feel
an essential implication with friends. On the contrary in the Middle East, people take more time to
establish relations and hope that friends will not let you down. (Hall, 1960).
Furthermore, Hall builds a differentiation between High Context and Low Context cultures using
characteristics which could be divided in:
Source: (Andrews & Mead, 2009).
This context model could be used in numerous situations that firms who attempt to be global may
face. For example, if a company is going to operate a foreign direct investment, it has to deal not
only with this differences with other companies, as in a joint venture experience, but also with the
own national workers and even with the costumer behaviour
Moreover, Hall also introduces the concept of polychronic and monochronic in order to describe
how cultures perceive, structure and manage time. Cultures identified as monochronic experience
time as settle components that can be scheduled and the result is that they select to do one action at a
time. Otherwise, polychronic cultures appreciate time as continuous, without structure

Human Nature And Culture Being Responsible For Warfare
There is little interpretation necessary when two groups of men are painted shooting arrows at one
another or when skeletal remains are recovered inflicted by human weapons that predate to when
hunters–gatherers once lived. This goes against the philosopher, Jean–Jacques Rousseau's theory of
warfare, which opposes human nature and culture being responsible for warfare, but as being a
result of civilization. Evidence says otherwise. Warfare came before civilization had begun, but
differently from the war we know today. The way of life was completely different, resulting in the
way humans fought to also differ; from tactics and weapons to the reasons why they even fought to
begin with. Evidence such as our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, which contains a
difference of two percent from our DNA (Dyer, 2005). Chimpanzees share a lot of similar
characteristic, which Jane Goodall has discovered though out her 40 years of research. I will also
explore different pre–civilization tribes that also display recognizable war like behaviour, and the
different findings to support that. Lastly, that brings us to the physical evidence that archaeologists
have recovered over the years, such as human remains bearing weapons traumas suggesting death
from these injuries were inflicted by human weapons such as, fractured bones, spear wounds, and
stone blade lodged between the ribs. But first, I will begin with how hunter–gatherers once lived to
help you better understand the way of

Communication Is The Most Vital Part Of Human...
Non–verbal communication is not universal and often misunderstood. While understanding another
culture dialect or accent appears difficult, the effects of non–verbal communication, directly or
indirectly, is equally difficult and sometimes convey as offensive to someone from another culture.
Although language has always been the most important form of communicating, this paper will
explain how intercultural communication is the most vital part of human communicating through
channels of different cultures, both verbal and nonverbal.
In order to thoroughly communicate with different cultures it is imperative to understand
intercultural background and traditions. Often referred to as the melting pot,
the United States has many different cultures around the world resides in one central
environment. Influenced by many cultures such as Native American, Latin American,
Africans and Asians (Zimmerman, 2015), the trends and issues of others cultures enlarged
our broader daily. The Garden Salad Metaphor arrived because many immigrants who come
to live and conform to our culture and also continue to express their own way of living and
cultures allowing the United States more acceptable to changes (Lustig&Koester, 2012), but
communicating to those from different cultures must be learned quickly to avoid disrespect
of another belief system. Non–verbal communication is not universal and often
misunderstood. While understanding another culture

Human Sacrifice In Aztec Culture
Human sacrifice is considered immoral in today's value. However, this is not the case in ancient
civilizations. The Aztec civilization that grew out of Mesoamerica region in the 14th century was
proven to be practicing human sacrifice. The deep–rooted belief that people are indebted to Gods
makes sacrifice a big part of Aztec culture. According to the Aztec creation myth, Gods sacrifice
themselves for the creation of the Earth. Therefore, human sacrifice turns out to be the way Aztecan
repays their Gods. The most common procedure of human sacrifice consists of four main steps:
selection of victims, preparation, torture, and body dismemberment. The most fundamental part of
the human sacrifice process is to find victims to be presented as offerings. Usually, victims were
chosen from captives during warfare.
In fact, there were wars fought solely for the purpose of finding human source for sacrifice. It was
believed that the higher ranked, the most handsome, and the bravest on the battlefield are the most
desirable for the Gods. Candidates for sacrifice were also be selected through the defeated team
during ball games and the slaves. Children could also be sacrificed, as it was believed that their tears
could bring forth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The priest would cut open the victims' chests and ripped off their still beating hearts. The dead
bodies would then be rolled down the temple and the hearts would be burnt as offerings for the
Gods. There were also different methods of tortures, which include ripping off the skins of the
victims, giving the victims defenseless weapons and place them into combats with well–armed
opponents, or tied them on a stake to be shot at with arrows. The purpose of the torture process
stems from the belief that the way people die determined the way they live in afterlife. Aztecans
believed that people die of violent means could go to the

Organizational Culture And Human Resource Management
Research by Newman & Nollen (1996) indicated that organization performance is better in the
companies which there is congruency between national culture and human resources practices. If the
human resources management practices are not in line with the basic tenets shared by employees, it
will lead to dissatisfaction, lack of commitment and discomfort among the employees (Early, 1994).
Introduction Culture affects and governs all facets of life by influencing values, attitudes and
behavior of a society, while organizational culture relates to the unique modes of carrying out their
activities (Dartey–Baah, 2013). Furthermore, the nature of organizational culture is largely
influenced by the cultural orientation of the individual forming ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Under the high hierarchical company structure in china (which scores 80 in Hofestede's index), the
manager is more likely to hold the value that he has more power and rights, thus, more priorities
than his subordinates. so the managers have more rights to be assigned overseas to gain experiences
and knowledge. Conversely, in a small power distance culture like US (index 31 in Hofestede's
culture dimension), power is rather equally distributed among the members and employees. For
oversea assignment in US, all suitable candidates are equally considered and carefully selected by
employers. Detailed expatriate policy is also provided to guide and govern the assignment (jian
wangye; Kopp, 1994). Long–term orientation Apart from the high power structure, the other
distinction of Chinese companies is interpersonal (guanxi) networks within the organization
(managing the human resource in Chinese–western joint). Guanxi is adopted from the Chinese
language of "relationship" having good guanxi is synonymous with positive functioning in society
(Tsui & Lau, 2002). In China, employees may be invited for dinner together when they first meet, in
the middle of a project and when the project is finished. They build up relationships at work and to
personalize the guanxi keep the relationship deep and long, so in the future, they could get possible
help from each other if there is any difficulty in both work and personal life. Similar

The Field Of Archaeology: The Study Of Human Culture
Archaeology can be defined as the study of past cultures through their material remains. While we
have records and histories from recent civilizations, archaeology is integral to our understanding of
ancient culture and civilization which came before written history, or whose recorded history has
been destroyed or lost. The most important thing that the field of archaeology can provide is a
glimpse into the time before recorded history, the development of humanity, its culture, and how we
came to be where we are today. The field of archaeology is incredibly important to understanding
human culture and its development throughout prehistory. It is through the efforts of archaeologists
that we have distinctions such as the stone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In early Greek art, as in prehistoric art, we see many of the same ideas repeated: the figurines of
women (and men) with distorted proportions or specific parts made in an abstracted or unrealistic
way. We also see the distinction of gender and establishment of gender roles in society. We begin to
see figurines and drawings of Gods and the establishment of early fertility cults, and the same
pictures (and later figurines) of animals, which start to be integrated into early religious ritual in
some cases. Archaeologists are able to trace and document, through carbon 14 dating, how different
ideas may have developed through time. It is also through early art that we begin to see the advent
of written language: First through the use of pictographs (I will not use the adjective 'simple' to
describe them, as they grew to be, in several cases (Minoan, Mayan, and Egyptian, among others),
extremely complex.) and later through the use of an 'alphabet' of sorts, and the birth of recorded
history. We can also trace how architecture developed from prehistoric times, when 'architecture'
consisted of nothing more than portable wood or animal skin shelters, to the wattle–and–daub and
mud brick houses of the bronze age, to more complex structures like chamber tombs, cities with
shared walls, extremely complex palaces and the later, much more sophisticated, classical
architecture. All of these discoveries contribute to the study of Greek culture, to which the
understanding of art and architecture is very important. Without knowing about the roots of art and
architecture in general, we can never fully understand the progression and repetition of figures,
forms, and ideas throughout the prehistoric world and into the modern era, where these ideas are
more free to

Food Preferences : An Integral Part Of Human Culture
Introduction
Food is an integral part of human culture, from the macro or societal level down to the micro level
of individuals and families. The way humans choose, prepare, and eat food is often deeply
influenced not only by personal taste but also by cultural background. When two individuals begin a
romantic relationship, they often have to learn how to combine two different food cultures into one
cohesive unit. Couples who have food preferences that are vastly different may have much more
trouble reaching a compromise that leaves both of them happy with their diet, especially if one or
both partners is unwilling to try new foods. I hypothesize that couples who share similar food
preferences will experience greater relationship satisfaction. Additionally, individuals who are open
minded about trying different types of food may be less likely to experience food conflict and
associated decreases in relationship satisfaction, whereas those who are neophobic will likely
experience more conflict. Determining the role that similarity in food preferences plays in
relationship satisfaction will help us tease apart larger questions about how relationships, families,
and health are affected by diet and food culture.
I did not find any research studies that specifically looked at the relationship between similarity in
food preferences and relationship satisfaction. However, several studies do address issues relevant
to my proposed study. "Who We Are and How We Eat: A Qualitative

Nature And Culture, Humans And Non-Human Dualism
Nature and culture and humans and non–human dualism are first and foremost produced by the
modern knowledge production and particularly echoed by the humanistic perspective where greater
focus and attention is given to the humans over other beings. This intentional and unintentional act
of duality created, I argue, has become immaterial with the appearance of the posthumanistic
perspective.
First and foremost, with the current development in the field of biotechnology, the increased
dependence on machines for various purposes, the multiplication of hybrid substances for diverse
purposes, coupled with many more happenings in the contemporary times suggest that our life is
interwoven with all manner of non–humans and it will be impossible to uniquely separate humans
from non–humans (Anderson, 2013). The two entities are inseparable and based on this premise of
inseparability between the humans and non–humans, nature and culture, it suffices to say that,
though some of the arguments raised by the humanistic perspective are valid, the overarching
supremacy accorded to humans and its consciousness over other non–humans are far–fetched and
immaterial. As aptly put by Jones, "and somewhat understandably, humans tend to think of
themselves and their societies as rather different to nature, and rather special" (2009, p.7) in the face
of complement roles performed by both.
Secondly, the human and non–human and nature–culture dualism has become immaterial because as
Latour states the

Animal Culture And Its Effects On Human Culture
Animal culture is studied through comparative studies between populations and locations, field
observations, and laboratory experiments. It is important to be critical in evaluating the results of
these studies because behaviors in artificial situations or captivity will be different than in the wild.
Animals are likely to act differently when they are not in their natural environment. Behaviors will
vary and the long lasting effects of the behaviors may not be visible (Lalaland, 2003). Evidence of
non–human culture has been found in animals such as songbirds, whales, dolphins, primates, and
ants. Non–human behaviors are seen as encompassing culture if they "meet certain conditions: the
behavior must be practiced by multiple members of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another important aspect about the cultural evidence is it was first observed in 1952 and eight
generations later, in 2008, was still being observed in the wild monkeys. The monkeys on this island
'develop behavioral differences as a result of social learning rather than genetic variation'
(Matsuzawa, 2008: R588). The next study regarding primates was seen in 2010 while observing
wild chimpanzees in Uganda, with cultural differences between two populations in different areas.
The chimpanzees displayed different ways of utilizing tools around them to retrieve honey within
the fallen logs around them. The Kibale Forest chimps used sticks while the Budongo Forest chimps
utilized leaves sponges that were made from chewed leaves. To study the differences, researchers
provided the monkeys with a task to retrieve honey out of an apparatus. Each group resorted to
behaviors that they had been familiar with in the beginning, those from Kibale using sticks and
Budongo resorting to leave sponges (Cell Press, 2010). Klause Zuberhuler (Cell Press, 2010) from
the University of St. Andrews in Scotland noted that the reason for the differences in tools 'was that
chimpanzees resorted to preexisting cultural knowledge in trying to solve the novel task' and that
'culture helped them in dealing with this novel problem.' The behaviors were specific to each
population that they developed through social

Human Resource Practices Are Influenced By The Specific...
The paper has tried to capture the argument that with the accelerating pace of globalization, human
resource practices are designed and implemented based on the requirements of a particular culture.
The focus of this paper is to address the HRM practices which are influenced by the specific
national cultures. It emphasizes on the need for customization by HR practitioners, multinational
corporations and in any other organizational or country context.The thrust has been put forward on
several propositions of appropriate HRM practices such as recruitment and selection, job analysis
and career management in the global cultural context. These are characterized by high uncertainty
avoidance, high power distance, collectivism and femininity by ... Show more content on
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It may not be feasible to generalize HRM practices across multiple countries because of their
cultures, policies, laws and practices. Conversely, the varied cultures may affect on how HR policies
across geographies are implemented.
HRM practices are based on the principles of the underlying culture that reflects assumptions and
beliefs of that place. So, maybe effective and meaningful HRM system in one culture is ineffective
in another. "In every culture the facts such as bureaucracy, authority, accountability, creativity etc.,
are dealt in various ways. People establish organizations based on their values, and societies are
composed of organizations and institutions that reflect the prevalent values within their culture."
(Hofstede, 1984) Culture has an important impact on policies to managing people. Thus, the cultural
differences create differences in governing management practices of the organization.
Human Resource Management practices and policies are in reality varied across countries, but what
we read in literature is a universal approach towards HRM. There is a belief that some best practices
will be successful everywhere and with increased globalization and know–how transfer these best
practices will make HRM across countries more similar. However, according to the contextual
approach HRM practices across countries will continue to be different due to

The Moral Code Of Human Culture
Much of human culture is built upon basic principles that we as people may, or may not, even be
aware that we are adhering to. Most people never stop to question why it is that we cherish certain
animals, yet consume others. Almost all American's would be disgusted if I mentioned that in China,
it is socially acceptable to eat dogs and cats, and many Indian's would find it completely
reprehensible that people in America eat cows. Those who choose to eat meat and other animal
products, and those who choose to abstain from these products for moral reasons tend to have wildly
different views on animals and the roles they play in our society. What is it that gives us, as humans,
the right to take another living being's life? These issues seem ... Show more content on
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Singer goes on to state that according to the American Association on Intellectual and
Developmental Disabilities, a person with a profound intellectual or developmental disability is
characterized as a person with: an IQ of less than 25, who will always require much supervision;
though, they may acquire some self–help skills, have an ability to understand that exceeds their
ability to speak, may have little or no speech, may be capable of following simple directions, have
no academic skills, may be unable to perform any useful work; though, with training may be able to
achieve a work–activity level of productivity, and who may appear socially isolated and pay little
attention to others except as it relates to their own needs. If the argument for speciesism is that non–
human animals are not as intelligent, and therefore less morally important, how do we justify this
thought pattern in the light of humans who have a lower IQ and less cognitive functioning than an
ape?
While Apes are not routinely consumed, pigs are, and they have been found to have cognitive
functioning and intelligence at about the level of a 3 year old human child. Donald Brook, a
Professor of Animal Welfare at the University of Cambridge Veterinary School remarks, "Pigs have
the cognitive ability to be quite sophisticated. Even more so than dogs and certainly [more so than]

The Role Of Human Nature In American Culture
What does my culture tell me about human nature? Good question, but first, we need to establish,
what is human nature? I would say, human nature is what makes us unique, it is something captured
at birth, its instinctive, biological and something that differentiates us from every other species on
earth. The question then becomes, can our culture influence this natural state, or are we pre–
disposed as "human beings" to be inherently different from one another based on origin of birth. I
believe all human beings, share a common bond and special connection that makes uniquely human,
no matter social status, religious belief, or country of origin. You are first and foremost a Human
Being, then the culture you live in will change or influence you ... Show more content on
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Yes, but not in any natural, biological, or inherent way. Cultures do change humans over time, if the
culture is good, then the people for the most part will be good. If the culture is bad, then people can
and will become evil. Nazi Germany under Hitler's rule was Evil, and yes, some people committed
horrible atrocities, but does this mean all Germans were evil, no way, in fact, some Germans hated
the Nazis and would do anything in their power to stop them. This was an eye–opening assignment
and really made me think, I would've loved this to have been a "forum post assignment" I'm sure
opinions and thoughts would greatly

Human Sexuality And Culture Course
While taking this Human Sexuality and Culture course, I was presented with a question during one
of the discussions: If you had a child with ambiguous genitalia, what would you do? How would
you raise him or her? I had to think about this question for a few moments; I had never even
considered it! I live in a culture where people fight for equality and others strive to be accepted
because they may be different but they are human beings, and I support them; yet, I never imagined
how I would be as a parent to such a person. How could I raise someone who would be so young
and still have more courage than I had, because they, unlike me, could stand against a thousand
people telling them they are wrong and still know they were right? What would ... Show more
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It is estimated that between 0.05% and 1.7% of the global population are born intersex; the latter
estimation is close to the percent of the population of red–haired people (Larsson, 2016). Only two
countries in the world have made formal guidelines preventing surgery on intersex infants. In
January earlier this year, the Chilean government issued a guidance to stop healthcare professionals
from intervening, and in April of last year the country of Malta was the first country to prohibit
these surgeries by law (Larsson, 2016).
The Morality of Abortion. A very controversial issue in modern politics is a mother's right to abort
pregnancy. One side, pro–life, include those "who are morally opposed to abortion, believe it is akin
to murder, and hold that it should be made illegal"; the other side, pro–choice, includes those "who
believe that a mother has a moral and legal right to choose to abort her pregnancy" (Hock, 2016, p.
339). I have debated the morality of abortion since I was old enough to comprehend what exactly it
was. I have gone from one side to the other, sometimes believing that the fetus deserves a chance at
life and other times realizing the effects it may have on the mother. My reasoning for supporting
pro–life is based on fetal development so early in the pregnancy. By only the tenth week of

Non Human Primate Culture
This research paper will discuss the ways in which non–human primates use different sound and
gestures to convey different feeling and emotions toward one another like humans. A primate is "a
mammal of an order that includes the Lemurs, Bushbabies, Tarsiers, Marmosets, Monkeys, Apes,
and Humans" (Oxford). What makes us human are our language, our culture, and our behavior. We
as humans have feelings of joy, sadness, fear, anger, trust, and so much more, but have we ever
stopped to wonder how or if our nonhuman primate relatives have and use these emotions just like
us. These next couple paragraphs will explain and discuss what emotions are felt and how emotions
are conveyed in the nonhuman primate culture. Primates have always been viewed as a species that
communicates by hand signals and other bodily gestures. The view that is now seen is that
"comparative evidence suggests that primates are able, no less than humans, to intellectually
perform and understand impulsive or habitual communicational ... Show more content on
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We gather food, we protect one another, we support and raise the young, and none of this would be
possible without some form of communication. Monkeys in particular "have evolved many ways of
communicating such as visual cues, auditory calls, and even some olfactory signals" (PBS). Visual
calls are obviously unable to be here, therefore it must be seen. The "Emperor Tamarin uses a visual
call by sticking her tongue out at her mate so he knows she wants a break from holding her young"
(PBS). Not all auditory calls are the same, there are various sounds that can be strung to be very
long or can be simple and short. The loudness, the pitch, and the duration of a certain call are all
important aspects of the meaning of the call. The different kinds of calls include "alarm calls,
territorial calls, food calls, personal identification calls, dominance class, and so

The Culture Nature Of Human Development By Barbara Rogoff
The Culture Nature of Human Development by Barbara Rogoff
Instructor:
Chapter 1: Orienting Concepts
The chapter discusses how human development is affected by the nature in which a person is born
into. It discusses how worldviews regarding child 's development vary among different regions
throughout the continents. The chapter goes into the similarities of cultures as well as the
differences of how humans develop across the board in all areas of thought in different regions of
the world. The author tries to link human development with cultural aspects of how problem solving
occurs as far as cultural influences are concerned. The nature of human development may occur in a
pattern with all types of cultures and background. The chapter continued to discuss how people
experience other cultures when they are removed from their area to a different place. This occurs in
the form of culture shock people experience new traditions that are unfamiliar to them when the
come to a place that is home to another culture. Human development may also include joining the
ideas of various cultures and forming it into a new concept. It puts heavy emphasis on learning other
cultures in an unbiased form in order to compare and make observations. This chapter also studies
of culture have been able to advance over time and how change is an essential aspect of

High Performance Culture as a Strategy in Human Resource...
Question
How is Human Resource Management linked to strategy and organizational outcomes? Discuss a
model that depicts the links with a brief discussion of each link.
For an organization to be successful, it must employ good strategies in the running of its business.
Strategies are needed to achieve the company's objectives and give it a competitive advantage
against its competitors. It determines the direction in which the organization is going in relation to
its environment and how the business develops. Strategies are further segregated into corporate or
business strategies where the focus is the formulation of plans and ideas to improve and increase its
market share, and internal management strategies which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Constant review of performance is also required including guidance from the management.
Empowerment of the employees where the staff who are closest to the customer are empowered and
given discretionary authority to make decisions will help to improve customer service delivery and
thus attain a higher level of customer satisfaction. Customers prefer to deal with a company where
their needs can be attended to and resolved immediately. By allowing employees to make decisions
especially those affecting the customers, it will build up a better customer relationship and rapport
resulting in improved business for the organization.
As mentioned above, people development is an important strategy in good human resource practice,
more so in a high performance management culture. Skills must be constantly upgraded and
developed, new skills cultivated, and new information and knowledge imparted to the people in
order to ensure the company has a constant source of skilled, experienced and qualified workforce.
This will then be able to improve on their performance thus helping to achieve the company's
mission.
Career development and advancement is another important aspect in achieving a high performance
environment. People are motivated not only by rewards in the form of salary, incentive, benefits but
also opportunities for promotion

Human Culture And Its Impact On The World
Introduction
Humans are one of the smartest creatures to walk on the face of the earth, and we have shaped
society in many different ways for many different cultures. From the beginning of the first
civilization till today, humans have had one common goal: how to make things better, and how to
become more efficient as well as more productive. Every revolution that took place in human
history, it brought drastic change to ways of living and of course mostly for good reasons. From the
era when the wheel was first introduced to the era when the light bulb was invented, we will agree
that today's human is by far the most advanced human in the history of mankind, and it will only get
more advanced.
Business has always been a part of human culture, but overtime, doing business has become more
and more competitive. Network is crucial to business world, as doing business has become more
and more global, in order for business to stay competitive and have edge over their competitor
business or any idea has to be global. Everyday there is someone who comes out with a new idea,
but most ideas don't make it up to the level where they become part of a human life and existence.
In today's world, social media has become a part of human life and business world. Doing business
anywhere in the world has never been this easy, and staying in touch with your friends and family
across the globe never felt this close. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest
and YouTube

The Effects Of Microbial Cell Culture On Human Development...
ABSTRACT
Microbial cell culture techniques are essentially needed in order to culture microbes so that it helps
in various fields of biology such as households products, curing certain diseases, also in sewage
management. Microbes are needed in almost every fields in one of the other ways we need to
culture them in required conditions in order to cure manlier diseases and for the production of many
products, also it plays a very important role in sewage disposal plants therefore microbes plays a
very significant role in human development needs. Microbes isolation and its proper usage needs to
be understand well for this study of MICROBIOLOGY is done. Therefore proper microbe culturing
its isolation its enrichment needs to be well known.
INTRODUCTION
MICROBIAL CELL CULTURES TECHNIQUES
Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used extensively as a in research
tool in molecular It is important to have pure culture isolation. A pure culture is a population of cells
as a multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types.
A method in which microbes are cultured by letting them reproduce in the predominated culture
media under controlled laboratory conditions, its abundance in the medium being checked before
contamination and after contamination. It is one of the primary diagnostic method of microbiology
and used as a tool to determine by letting the agent multiply in a

Human Sacrifice In Ancient Egyptian Culture
Human sacrifice Yizhuo Chen 12/21/2016
Human sacrifice is an important matter and human behavior in prehistory in the evolution of ancient
civilization. It is the act of killing human. Usually human sacrifice comes with deity as a ritual
activity. Throughout history, human sacrifice has been practiced in diverse cultures and different
civilizations. As far as I know, there are some bizarre methods of human sacrifice in history.
In Ancient Egypt, pharaohs had the highest positions in Egyptian society not only in religion but
also in politics. In early pharaonic civilization, as long as pharaohs deceased, pharaohs were buried
with their servants and retainers. This behavior is cruel and violent because servants and retainers
were still alive when they were buried. All the people in Ancient Egypt had a common view with the
belief that servants and retainers still could serve their owner after they had been dead. There are
evidences show that servants and retainers were forced to take some drugs which can make them in
a drug–induced state. So they were just walking into the tomb without revolt [1][2].
In the low–land Yucatec Maya especially in Chichen Itza, there are some natural limestone pits and
sinkholes which were called cenotes. Archaeologists have already found human remains in these
areas. Cenotes were called "virgin water" that were places of Maya human sacrifice. Ball game was
always held by Mayans in Chichen Itza, and it always came

Culture Is The Greatest Human Invention
Culture is the learned values, beliefs, and rules of conduct that are shared to some extent by the
members of a society that govern their behavior with one another. It is the greatest human invention,
it is the ultimate definition of what, where, and how we call a place our home. In this essay I will
discuss the characteristics, process, and elements within culture, as well as an in–depth look into the
different categories and the topic of race within culture. A few basic components of culture are
cognitive process, behavior, and material creations. Cognitive processes are the basic outline or
ground work by which people think, reason, and give value. These frameworks for thought are
learned by enculturation in both formal and informal situations throughout their lives. "We cannot
view the cognitive processes that create a value system within an individual 's mind, but we can
view the outcome..." (28–29). this means that while we cannot view the creation of values in a
culture, we can witness the embodiment of these learned perspectives. When an individual's actions
reflect their cognitive process, they 're presenting their learned behavior. Behavior is another
component of culture because everything from the way we use our bodies to how we interact in
social or secluded situations is a result from how and where we were raised. Finally, material
creations help define culture because objects like art, artifacts or features often reflect the creator's
cultural thoughts,

Human Material Culture: A Cognitive Analysis
Introduction There is a strong relationship between human material culture and the development of
human cognitive abilities. Around the 2.0 Ma period there was a widespread of evolutionary change
across a vast range of mammals (Foley, R. and Gamble, C. 2009), one of the largest factors
contributing to the growth of cognitive abilities is a larger brain size (Delagnes, A.and Roche, H.
2004). A larger brain allowed for humans to expand their thinking which enhanced their lives. A
significant step in the history of humans and technology is when they started using tools (Wynn. T.
2009). "The enhanced working memory that appears to have accompanied the evolution of modern
humans enabled much higher levels of innovation, thought experiment, and narrative complexity"
(Wynn, T. and Coolidge, F.L. 2004). The changes in human cognitives abilities can be reflected by
changes in human material culture.
Technology
"By as early as 200,000 years ago hunters in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe had begun hafting
stone points onto the ends of their spears" (Wynn. T. 2009). The use of these technologies gave ...
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T. 2009). Oldowan flaking, is a process of striking sharp cutting flakes from a stone core using
direct striking. This technology may be simple but it requires extensive visuomotor coordination, in
order to select appropriate targets for hitting, as well as "proprioceptive sensation and precise
bimanual coordination to channel forceful blows to small targets on the core"(Stout, D. et al. 2011).
Approximately 1.7 million years ago, Oldowan flaking technology began to be replaced by
'Acheulean' technology, which involved shaping cores into large cutting tools known as 'picks',
'handaxes' and 'cleavers'. "This shaping requires greater perceptual–motor skill to accurately control
stone fracture patterns and more complex action plans" (Stout, D. et al.

Moving Human Resources into an Employee Empowerment Culture
Situation Moving Human Resources into an Employee Empowerment Culture
Issue– Employees are no longer content to work in an environment of adversity and autocracy.
Instead, the decade–long tradition of the Human Rights Movement for more than one generation lets
individuals know that empowerment, change, respect, and actualization are powerful tools that will
not only benefit employees, but increase productivity and profits for owners and managers. This has
been the case for Yammer, the San Francisco based company that makes social networking software
for businesses (Hoge, 2012).
Theory– Empowerment theory is tied up in Total Quality Management and the new models of
Strategic Human Resource Management. Both TQM and SHRM move from simply the tactical to
the strategic, looking at long–term results, development of employees, retention as a strategy, and
utilizing the human element as part of the overall business planning cycle (Wilkinson, 1998).
Results– Empowerment theory allows the organization as a whole to participate in the planning and
execution process of the company. It allows non–managerial staff members to take ownership, feel
part of a larger whole, and increase their own performance as well as that of their departments and
co–workers. Using empowerment theory, absences decrease, job satisfaction increases, and almost
all stakeholders report a more positive working experience and environment (Employee
Empowerment, 2011).
Analysis– One of the ways in which the late

The Impact Of Globalization On The Human Culture,...
Globalization is defined by Merriam–Webster 's dictionary as 'the development of an increasingly
integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of
cheaper foreign labor markets. ' How is can this be applied to communication. Communication is a
fundamental contribution to globalization. Global culture is the infusion of ideas permeate globally
using popular human culture, electronic devices, and commerce. When global culture is partnered
with commerce and technology, communication is at the forefront of globalization.
Globalization is important to establish a free trade market around the world. Free trade is an
important catalyst in globalization. Members within a global trade market have the secure
knowledge that, within responsible and legal trading practices, special taxes will not be placed on
imports. The importance of globalization is to instill market competition, interaction of diverse
markets in different countries, and partnerships within developing economies.
There many important factors of communication in globalization. Virtual communication, speech,
time differences, and holiday observances are the factors we will address. Virtual communication is
an obvious communication tool used in globalization. When using virtual communications for
global meetings, all involved must understand the benefits and limitations of the communication.
For example, an email communication requires etiquette that is not

The Affect of National Culture on Human Resources Essay
INTRODUCTION
In today's business environment, the complexity of international business has increased and
international competition has been highlighted as an essential element for multinational firms
(MNCs). Thus, in order to gain competitive advantage, various resources are utilized, such as
financial capital, technology location or human resource (HR). Moreover, HR could be seemed as
one of the most important resource which has also become a focus of attention of senior managers
in MNCs. As suggested by MacMillan(1984), MNCs can gain competitive advantage through use of
HR practice, such as training, compensation, socialization, selection, performance appraisal and
career development, as long as other firms are unable to duplicate their ... Show more content on
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Based on Hofstede's (1993) definition of national culture, it is stated that national culture is the
software of the mind, and it is deeply embedded in everyday life and fairly resistant to change.
Moreover, it is confirmed that national culture has a significant relationship with HR policies and
practice (Hofstede, 1993). Also, Earley (1994) demonstrated that national cultural values that
reinforce HR are more likely to yield predictable behaviour and better performances. This is because
a national culture is usually characterized by the values of the people who belong to that culture, so
well HR practices are consistent with existing behaviour expectations and routines that transcend
the workplace. Employees are not distracted from work if HR practices are consistent with national
cultural value. The various values had been grouped, by Schuler and Jackson (1994), into four
categories, work goal importance, need deficiency, fulfillment, and job satisfaction, managerial and
organizational variables, and work role and interpersonal orientation. Furthermore, Hofstede (1993)
has presented four largely independent dimensions of differences among national values systems,
which were labeled "Power Distance", "Uncertainty Avoidance," "Individualism vs. Collectivism,"
and "Masculinity vs. Femininity."
1. Power Distance, indicates the extent to which the fact that power is distributed unequally is
accepted in the society by those who do and do not possess power.

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