BASIC TERMINOLOGY , AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, AGRONOMY, CROP-CLASSIFICATION, AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS IN INDIA

2. CONTENT…!!!
• BASIC TERMINOLOGY USED IN AGRICULTURE
• BASIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
• AGRONOMY – AN INTRODUCTION
• CROP -IT‘S CLASSIFICTION
• AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS IN INDIA

3. • Agriculture- Latin word- `ager' or `agri' meaning `soil' and `cultura' meaning
'cultivation’
• Agronomy- Greek word- `agros' meaning 'field' and `nomos' meaning 'manage'
• Horticulture- Latin word- 'hortus' meaning 'garden' and cultura' meaning 'culture or
growing
• Pomology- Latin -Greek word- Combination of Latin word `ponum' meaning 'fruit'
and greek word 'logy' or 'logos meaning 'discourse, treatise, or science'.
• Olericulture- Latin word- `oleris' meaning 'pot herb' and english word 'culture'
meaning 'cultivation'
• Soil- Latin word- `solum' meaning "ground'
• Monsoon- Arabic word- `mausim' meaning 'season'
• Biodynamics- Greek word- `bios' meaning 'life' and 'dynamics' meaning 'energy'
• Nematode- Greek word-`nema' meaning 'thread' and 'told' meaning
• Pedology- Greek word- `pedon' meaning 'soil or earth'
• Market- Latin word- `marcatus' meaning 'place of trade, traffic or merchandise'.
• Enzyme- Greek word- 'en' meaning 'in' and `zyme' meaning 'ferment/living'
• Credit- Latin word-'credo' meaning 'I trust you'.
TERMINOLOGY

4. • Cell — Latin word- `cellula' meaning 'small compartment‘
• 'In- vivo' and 'In- vitro' — Latin word- 'In -vivo' meaning
`within the living' and 'In -vitro' meaning 'within the glass'
• Ecology- Greek word- 'Oikos' meaning 'house/dwelling place'
and 'logos' meaning 'study‘
• Entomology- Greek word- 'entomo' meaning 'insect' means 'cut
into(section)' and 'logos' meaning 'discourse'
• Phytopathology- Greek word- `phyton' meaning 'plant' ,
`pathos' meaning 'ailments' and ‘logus' meaning `knowledge'
• Fungicide- Latin word- 'fungus' meaning 'fungus' and `caedo'
meaning 'to kill'
• Meteorology- Greek word- `Meteoro' meaning above the earth's
surface' (atmosphere) and 'logy' meaning 'indicating science'

5. “BASIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES”
PREPARATION OF
SOIL
SEED SOWING ADDING MANURE
AND FERTILIZER
IRRIGATION
WEEDINGHARVESTING AT
PHYSIOLOGCAL
MATURITY
THRESHINGSTORAGE

6. CULTIVATOR DISC HARROW HOE TRACTOR
HARVESTERTHRESHER

7. AGRONOMY : AN INTRODUCTION
 Agronomy is defined as “a branch of agricultural science which
deals with principles and practices of field crop production and
management of soil for higher productivity.
 Literally, agronomy means the “art of managing field”.
 The word agronomy has been derived from the two Greek words,
‘agros’ and ‘nomos’ having the meaning of ‘field’ and ‘to manage’
respectively.
 The unique contribution of agronomy as a discipline is to
provide the integration of physical, chemical & biological
knowledge into useful production system.

8. Basic Principles of Agronomy
• Planning, programming and executing measures for maximum utilization of land, labours,
capital and other factors of production.
• Choice of crop varieties adaptable to the particular agro-climate, land situation, soil fertility,
season and method of cultivation and befitting to the cropping system.
• Proper field management by tillage, preparing field channels and bunds for irrigation and
drainage, checking soil erosion, leveling and adopting other suitable land improvement
practices.
• Timely application of proper and balanced nutrients to the crop and improvement of soil
fertility and productivity
• Choice of quality seed or seed material and maintenance of requisite plant density per unit
area with healthy and uniform seedlings.
• Proper water management with respect to crop, soil and environment.
• Adoption of suitable method and time of harvesting of crop to reduce field loss and to release
land for succeeding crop(s) and efficient utilization of residual moisture, plant nutrients and
other management practices.
• Adoption of suitable post-harvest technologies.
• Decision-making in the farm management. What type of crop to be produced, how much
crop, including marketing should be planned? Decision should be at appropriate time.

9. Classification Based on Season
CROP -IT‘S TYPE
• Rabi crop :- Sown in Nov-Dec; Harvest in Feb-March e.g Wheat, pea
Sunflower, chickpea.
• Kharif crop :- Sown in June-July; Harvest in Oct-Nov e.g Paddy,
Maize, Soybean, Sorghum, Groundnut, Cotton, Urd etc.
• Zaid crop :- Sown in March ; Harvested in May. e.g. Groundnut, Moong,
Sunflower, Maize, Groundnuts, Watermelon, Pumpkins and Gourds.
Monocotyledons : -
wheat, barley, rice, maize, oat, sugar cane, sorghum, rye grass, sudan grass, onion and
garlic.
Dicotyledons : -
field bean, lupine, check pea, lentil, fenugreek, Egyptian clover, alfalfa, soybean,
peanut, grass pea, caster bean, red clover and white clover, cotton, flax, potato, tomato
and tobacco, sesame, sunflower, and safflower.
Classification Based on Cotyledons

10. • Cereal or grain crops: Cereals are grasses grown for their edible seeds such as
wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, maize, and grain sorghum,
• Legumes of seeds such as faba bean, pea nuts, fenugreek, lupine, cowpea,
soybean, chick pea, and lentil.
• Sugar crops: they include sugar beet and sugar cane.
• Oil crops: they include: Mustard, flax, soybean, peanut, sunflower, safflower,
sesame, caster bean and rape.
• Fibre crops: they include cotton, Flax, jute, sunhemp, etc.
• Fodder crops: they include alfalfa, Egyptian clover, sorghum, Suddan grass, grass
pea, lablab, Napier grass, millet, white clover, and red clover.
• Rubber crops: including para rubber, Castilla rubber, and guayule.
• Tuber crops: such as potatoes.
• Root crops: such as sweet potatoes and sugar beet.
• Medical plants: such as caster bean, ashwagndha, aloe and others.
• Aromatic plants: lemongrass, citronella, rose, etc.
• Plantation crops: Tea, coffee, coconut, arecanut etc.
 Classified According To Their Economic Importance

11. Sl. no. Agricultural Revolutions in India
1 Products Revolution Father of the Revolution
2 Higher Production (Technology-driven 2nd Green
revolution).
Protein Revolution Coined by Narendra Modi and
Arun Jaitely.
3 Oilseed Production (Especially Mustard and
Sunflower).
Yellow Revolution Sam Pitroda
4 Petroleum products. Black Revolution
5 Fish Production Blue Revolution Dr. Arun Krishnan.
6 Leather / Cocoa / Non-Conventional Products. Brown Revolution
7 Jute Production. Golden Fiber Revolution
8 Fruits / Honey Production / Horticulture
Development
Golden Revolution Nirpakh Tutej.
9 Fertilizers. Grey Revolution
10 Onion Production / Pharmaceuticals / Prawn
Production.
Pink Revolution Durgesh Patel.
11 Overall Production of Agriculture. Evergreen Revolution Started in the 11th 5 year Plan.
12 Egg Production / Poultry Production Silver Revolution Indira Gandhi.
13 Cotton. Silver Fiber Revolution
14 Meat Production / Tomato Production. Red Revolution Vishal Tewari.
15 Potato. Round Revolution
16 Food Grains Green Revolution Norman Borlaug, William Goud
(UK),
M.S. Swaminathan.(early 1960s)
17 Milk Production. White Revolution/Operation
Flood
Verghese Kurien