Organic sources preparations

1. Methods of preparation of bulky and
concentrated manures - Composting
techniques - Aerobic and anaerobic
(Bangalore & Coimbatore method)
enriched FYM and vermicompost
K. Maheshwaran, Asst. Prof. (SS&AC)
Sethu Bhaskara Agricultural College &
Research Foundation
SAC 301 Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management (2+1)

5. Bulky Organic Manures
Farm yard manures
 It is an agricultural by product. It is the well
decomposed mixture of dung, urine, litter and
left over feed materials
Preparation of FYM
 The following method has been recommended
by C.N. Acharya for preparing good quality of
FYM and to avoid high nutrient loss
Composting technology…

6.  Trenches of suitable size, say 20-25' Length, 5-6' Breadth
and 3-3.5' Depth
 Every morning the urine absorbed litter and dung
should be mixed well and taken to the manure trench
 3 feet length of the trench should be taken up for filling
the refuse from the cattle shed
 Trench is filled to a height of 1.6-2.0 M above the
ground, the top of the heap is made as dome shaped
and plastered with cow dung and mixed with soil
 The manure can be made ready in about 3 months
C.N.Acharya /Trench method

7.  FYM should be reinforced by addition of super
phosphate @ 30 - 40 kg per trench
 It will reduce the loss of N as NH3 from FYM
 It will increase the percentage of P in manure,
thus making it as a balanced one
Reinforced FYM

8. Characteristics of FYM
(a) Moisture content: 50- to 80 %
(b) Nutrient content – Major and micro nutrients
0.5 – 1.5, 0.4 – 0.8 & 0.5 – 1.9 % of NPK
(c) Residual effect of FYM – Slowly releasing
Composting technology

9.  Losses during handling
 Losses of dung
 Losses of urine
 Leaching losses
 Volatilization losses
 Composting period
Challenges during FYM preparation

10.  Composting is the natural process of recycling
organic matter, such as leaves and food scraps,
into a valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and
plants
 Process of reducing refuses to a quickly
utilizable condition for improving and
maintaining soil fertility
 Micro organisms are involved in this process by
aerobic and anaerobically
Composting technology

11. Composting technology

12.  ADCO process - Hutchinson and Richards (1921) –
England
 Activated compost process - Fowler and Redge
(1922), IIS, Bangalore
 Indore Process - Howard andWard, IIPI, Indore
 Bangalore Method - C.N.Acharya, IIS, Bangalore
 Coimbatore Method - AC & RI
Methods of compost making

13.  This process was introduced by Hutchinson and
Richards in England in1921
 In this method (NH4)2SO4 , KCl and lime are
added along with the organic residues
 Not suitable to India because of drought, since
frequent watering is required
ADCO Process

14.  Introduced by Flower and Redge in1922 at
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
 They used night soil, dung, urine, sewage and
activated sludge as starter ie., the materials used
for decomposing plant residues
 The starter contain vigorous microflora which
helps in decomposition
 A starter culture is a microbiological culture
which actually performs fermentation
Activated compost process

15.  This process was discovered by Howard and
Ward at the Indian Institute of Plant Industry,
Indore
 The cow dung in small amounts is used as
starter
 It is an anaerobic process and decomposition
takes place in anaerobic condition
Indore process

16.  The composting is preferably carried out in the
trenches of 30 feet long and 14 feet breadth and 2 feet
deep
 The farm wastes are spread on the trenches and cow
dung is added on each layer
 When the trench is filled to a height of 1 feet above the
ground level
 Top of the head is made as dome shaped and plastered
with cow dung mixed with soil
 The turning of the heap is done at two weeks, four
weeks and eight weeks for well decomposition
 The manure becomes ready after three months
 1.0 % N, 0.5 % P and 3.0 % K
Indore process

17. Indore process

18.  The process was devised by C. N. Acharya, as a
result of his experiment at the Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore
 Composting is done in trenches
 The starter used is night soil
 Refuse materials are garbage and street sewage
 The size of the trenches vary depending upon
the availability of night soil and refuse material
 The depth of the trench is 3 ft. But length and
breadth varies
Bangalore process

19.  Garbage is uniformly spread to a thickness of 9 to
10 inches (22.5 to 25 cm) at the bottom of the
trench
 Later on night soil is spread or float on the garbage
to a thickness of 3”
 Each layer of night soil should be immediately
covered with refuse to about 9 inches thickness
 This can be repeated up to 1 – 1½ ft above the
ground level
 During filling certain amount of aeration is there
 After one week time, the top layer of the garbage is
covered with earth to a thickness of ½ -1” to
eliminate the fly breeding and avoids smell nuisance
altogether
Bangalore process

20.  Over this a thin layer of 2 inches (5 cm) of
farmyard manure is placed (or) mixed refuse or
litter and dung, sand urine mixed earth brought
from the cattle shed
 This is again covered on the top with a layer of
earth to one-inch thickness
 High temperature is developed that will kill the
pathogens and destroy the viability of weed seeds
 At the end of 7th day the whole heap is completely
plastered
 The manure would be ready in about 8 to 9
month’s time if left undisturbed.
 No turning is given - First week aerobic afterwards
anaerobic
Bangalore process

21.  Similar to Bangalore method composting is
done in trenches
 The waste materials are from farm refuse, dung
slurry along with urine soaked earth
 Some times SSP, RP are also used
 The trenches filled up above ground level to a
height of 1 – 1½ft
 A layer of waste is first laid in trench and then
moistened with a suspension of 5-10 kg cow
dung in 2.5-5.0 liters of water
 After 3 months the manure is ready for
application
Coimbatore Method

23.  Biochemical process during which the complex
organic wastes are converted into simple
molecules, minerals and humus
 Done by the group of micro organisms like
bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa
Organic wastes --------------- CO2 + H2O + Humus + Minerals
Vermicomposting …
Microbes
Decomposition

24.  Excreta of earthworms also known as black gold
 Rich in humus and nutrients
Vermicomposting …
• Contains water-
soluble nutrients and
is an excellent,
nutrient - rich
organic fertilizer and
soil conditioner
1. Eisenia foetida
2. Eudrilus euginiae
3. Perionyx excavatus

25. Eisenia foetida

26. Eudrilus euginiae

27. Perionyx excavatus

28. Agricultural
waste
Animal waste
Urban solid
waste
Agro industry
Materials for preparation of vermicompost

29.  Selection of suitable earthworm
 Selection of site for vermicompost production
 Containers for vermicompost production
 Containers for vermicompost production
 Putting the waste in the container
 Watering the vermibed
 Harvesting vermicompost
 Harvesting earthworm
 Storing and packing of vermicompost
Production Methodology

30. 5 phases of vermicomposting
 Phase 1 : Collection of wastes
 Phase 2 : Pre digestion of organic waste
 Phase 3 : Preparation of earthworm bed
 Phase 4 : Collection of earthworms
 Phase 5 : Storing the vermicompost
Phase of vermicomposting

31.  Nitrogen : 0 1-1.6 %
 Phosphorus : 0.4 –1.4 %
 Potassium : 0.20 - 0.80 %
 Calcium : 2.5 - 3.4 %
 Zinc : 10 - 15.0 ppm
 Iron : 700 -1200 ppm
 Copper : 40 - 55.0 ppm
 Manganese : 300 - 500 ppm
 Organic carbon : 9.5 – 17.98 %
 Sodium : 0.06 – 0.30 %
 Ca &Mg : 22.67 to 47.60 meq /100g
Composition of vermicompost

32.  Vermiwash is a Brown colored liquid
fertilizer, which is collected after water passes
via a worm culture column
 It comprises a massive decomposer bacteria,
mucus, vitamins, different bioavailable minerals,
hormones, enzymes, different antimicrobial
peptides
 Supply macro, micro nutrients, pest and diseases
control
Vermiwash

33. Vermiwash preparation

34. 34