The document discusses how information seeking has evolved from simple lookups to a learning process. It presents a hierarchy showing how lookup transitions to learn, then investigate. Each stage of the learning process like selection, exploration and formulation presents opportunities to help users. The conclusion emphasizes that lookup is just one dimension and search systems should help users explore, re-find, organize, compare, annotate, monitor and collaborate at each step of learning.

1. From Lookup to Learning
by Tyler Tate, TwigKit
photo by Peter Kaminski

2. Document Information
Document Query
Representation Need
Classic information retrieval

3. Iterative information seeking

4. "The query is satis ed not by a single nal
retrieved set, but by a series of selections of
individual references and bits of information
at each stage of the ever-modifying search."
– Marcia Bates

5. Lookup
A hierarchy of information interaction

6. Learn
Lookup
A hierarchy of information interaction

7. Investigate
Learn
Lookup
A hierarchy of information interaction

8. Investigate
Explore
Learn
Lookup
A hierarchy of information interaction

9. Investigate
Explore
Learn
Lookup
A hierarchy of information interaction

10. The learning process
1 2 3 4 5 6

11. uncertainty
apprehension
The learning process
1 2 3 4 5 6

12. Selection
optimism
The learning process
1 2 3 4 5 6

13. Selection Exploration
confusion
uncertainty
doubt
The learning process
1 2 3 4 5 6

14. Selection Exploration Formulation
confidence
The learning process
1 2 3 4 5 6

15. Selection Exploration Formulation Collection
The learning process
1 2 3 4 5 6

16. Selection Exploration Formulation Collection
The learning process
1 2 3 4 5 6

17. Selection Exploration Formulation Collection
The learning process
1 2 3 4 5 6

18. ?
How can we help users learn?

19. Explore

20. Personalised recommendations

21. Flexible ltering

22. Re- nd

23. Recently viewed items

24. Recently viewed items

25. Organise

26. Organise recipes into a meal plan

27. Compare

28. Side-by-side product comparison

29. Annotate

30. Comment on and rate saved properties

31. Monitor

32. Email alerts

33. Collaborate

34. Collaborative bookmarking

35. Lookup is only one dimension of search
Learning & investigating are long-term activities
Each step of the learning process has its own set
of challenges & opportunities
Help users explore, re- nd, organise, compare,
annotate, monitor, and collaborate.

36. ✴ Gary Marchionini, Exploratory Search: From
Finding to Understanding, 2006
✴ Carol C. Kuhlthau, Inside the Search Process:
Information Seeking from the User’s
Perspective, 1991
✴ Ann Blandford and Simon Att eld, Interacting
with Information, 2010
✴ Marcia Bates, The Design of Browsing and
Berrypicking Techniques for the Online Search
Interface, 1989

37. From Lookup to Learning
by Tyler Tate, TwigKit
photo by Peter Kaminski