The document discusses secondary metabolites called antibiotics produced by soil bacteria Streptomyces. It focuses on actinomycins, which are mixtures of molecules that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Actinomycin D is highlighted as an important antibiotic that is a cyclic polypeptide. It works by binding to DNA and inhibiting RNA synthesis, thereby preventing protein synthesis. Actinomycin D is used clinically to treat several types of cancer.

1. BY Tushar Roy
Secondary Metabolites
Antibiotics
Actinomycins

2. Secondary Metabolites
Antibiotics
Preparatory phase (lag phase)
Growth phase
Transition phase
Production phase
Culture of
Streptomyces
obtained from soil
Primary Metabolites

3. >they are are organic compounds
>not directly involved in the
normal growth, development, or reproduction of an
organism.
> microbial products
> inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
> mainly produced by soil Streptomyces and moulds.
Secondary Metabolites
Antibiotics
Gram +ve Gram -ve Fungus

4. Source: CHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINOMYCINS H. BROCKMANN
(www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2/3/0405/pdf/)
Source: CHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINOMYCINS H. BROCKMANN
(www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2/3/0405/pdf/)
Actinomycin
highly toxic

5. Source: CHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINOMYCINS H. BROCKMANN
(www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2/3/0405/pdf/)
Source: CHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINOMYCINS H. BROCKMANN
(www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2/3/0405/pdf/)
Streptomyces
Several Actinomycins
mixtures of actinomycins form => mixed crystals
Separated by counter-current distribution or partition
chromatography
Homogeneous Actinomycins (larger quantities)

6. Mixtures of molecules of
A part responsible for the yellow-
red color of the compounds
First Chemical Investigations
A Polypeptide moiety
New class of Natural Products
" chromopeptides "
Actinomycin

7. Benzene, Alcoho
l, Acetone
Water, Ether Petroleum ether
Actinomycin crystals
Soluble Partially Soluble Not Soluble

8. About the Drug
Actinomycin D
It is a well-known antibiotic of the actinomycin group
 exhibits high antibacterial and antitumor activity
 used in clinical practice since 1954 as an anticancer drug for treating many tumors
and it is also a useful tool in biochemistry and molecular biology
Mechanism of Action:
associated with DNA functionality
leading to RNA and, consequently, protein synthesis inhibition.
Basic mechanism:
Actinomycin is a cyclic polypeptide-containing antibiotic that binds to DNA and
inhibits RNA synthesis.
It does this by interfering with the elongation of growing RNA chains by the RNA
polymerase enzyme. Nucleolar (ribosomal) RNA synthesis is particularly sensitive to
the presence of actinomycin, and this probably accounts for its
pharmacological activity as well as its extreme toxicity to mammalian cell.
Source: Actinomycin and DNA transcription, HENRY M. SOBELL, Biochemlstry, Vol. 82, pp. 5328-
5331, August 1985
Source: PUBMED (Abstract)

9. Actinomycin is a cyclic polypeptide

10. DRUG TYPE:
anti-cancer
 all called as : antineoplastic or cytotoxic chemotherapy
drug
CLASSIFIED AS:
alkylating agent
REASON OF ITS USAGE:
Dactinomycin is used to treat Wilms'
tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, germ cell tumors, gestational
trophoblastic disease, Ewing's sarcoma, testicular
cancer, melanoma, choriocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, retinobl
astoma, uterine sarcomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, sarcoma
botryoides and soft tissue sarcoma
Source: www.chemocare.com

11. ACTINOMYCINTHANKYOU