this is the pdf of project on plum concrete which is used in civil engineering. the presentation is also uploaded of this topic on my profile. i hope liked by our engineers.

1. 1
A
MAJAOR PROJECT REPORT
“A detailed report on PLUM CONCRETE”
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of
Bachelor of Technology Degree
of
Rajasthan Technology University, Kota
2016-2017
Submitted To: - Submitted by: -
Er. Shiv Kumar Sharma Tushar Garg
(Assistant Professor) (13EKTCE113)
Section – A
Sem – 8th

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank respected Er. Shiv Kumar Sharma and Dr. AK Sharma for giving me such a wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a major
project report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as I went through my work and helped
to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and well-stacked
till the end.
Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my work a
lot to remain error-free.
Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my report on
time.

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PREFACE
I have made this report file on the topic PLUM CONCRETE; I have tried my best to elucidate all the
relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a
general view about this topic.
My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and every one has ended on a successful note. I
express my sincere gratitude to Er. Shiv Kumar Sharma (Assist. Professor) who assisting me
throughout the preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the confidence and most
importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.

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KAUTILYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
SITAPURA, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DECLERATION
I hereby certify that work which is being presented in the Major Project Report entitled “PLUM
CONCRETE” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of degree of bachelor in technology and
submitted in the department of civil engineering at the Kautilya Institute Of Technology & Engineering,
Jaipur is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the supervision of assistant professor Er.
Shiv Kumar Sharma, department of civil engineering.
The matter presented in the seminar report has not been submitted by me for the award of any degree of
this or any other institute.
Tushar Garg
Roll No – 13EKTCE113 (68)
This is to certify that above statement made by the coordinate is correct to the best of my knowledge.
Er. Shiv Kumar Sharma
(Assistant Professor)
Department of civil engineering
Kautilya institute of tech. & engg.

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CONTENT
S. No. Topic Page No.
1 Concrete 7
2 Plum Concrete 12
3 Procedure of making plum concrete block for testing 15
4 Procedure of making the ordinary concrete block of M20 grade for
testing
17
5 Testing of Plum Concrete and ordinary concrete block 17
6 Result 19
7 Compressive strength of concrete 19
8 Compression testing machine 22
9 Purpose of Plum concrete 23
10 Advantages of concrete 23
11 Disadvantages of concrete 23
12 Uses of concrete in comparison to the other material 24
13 Photos 25
14 Conclusion 27
15 Reference 28

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TABLE OF FIGURE
S. No. Topic Page No.
1 Concrete 7
2 Workability of concrete 9
3 Segregation on the removal of formwork 11
4 Air entrained concrete 12
5 Plum concrete 13
6 Aggregate 14
7 Mould for making concrete block 16
8 Preparation of making plum concrete block 16
9 Concrete block 17
10 Curing of concrete block 18
11 Testing of compressive strength of concrete 19
12 Compression testing machine 22

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CONCRETE
The homogenous mixture of Cement, Sand and stone chips when casted by mixing it with adequate amount
of water is called concrete. The process of preparing the mix is called concrete mix. Concrete is a composite
material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that harden over time. Most
concrete used are lime based concrete such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other
hydraulic cement. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing material embedded to provide tensile strength,
yielding reinforcing concrete.
Famous concrete structure include the hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The
earliest large – scale user of concrete technology were the ancient Romans, and concrete was widely used
in the Roman Empire. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the
Pantheon is the world largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, largest concrete structure are usually
made with reinforced concrete.
After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete become rare until the technology was redeveloped in
the mid-18th
century. Today, concrete is the most widely used man – made material.
Concrete
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
1. ELASTICITY - The modulus of elasticity of concrete is a function of the modulus of elasticity of the
aggregates and the cement matrix and their relative proportions. The modulus of elasticity of concrete
is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking
develops. The elastic modulus of the hardened paste may be in the order of 10-30 GPa and aggregates
about 45 to 85 GPa. The concrete composite is then in the range of 30 to 50 GPa.

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2. EXPANSION AND SHRINKAGE - Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion.
However, if no provision is made for expansion, very large forces can be created, causing cracks in
parts of the structure not capable of withstanding the force or the repeated cycles of expansion and
contraction. The coefficient of thermal expansion of Portland cement concrete is 0.000008 to 0.000012
(per degree Celsius).
3. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY - Concrete has moderate thermal conductivity, much lower than
metals, but significantly higher than other building materials such as wood, and is a poor insulator. A
layer of concrete is frequently used for 'fireproofing' of steel structures. However, the term fireproof is
inappropriate, for high temperature fires can be hot enough to induce chemical changes in concrete,
which in the extreme can cause considerable structural damage to the concrete.
4. CREEP - Creep is the permanent movement or deformation of a material in order to relieve stresses
within the material. Concrete that is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. Short-duration
forces (such as wind or earthquakes) do not cause creep. Creep can sometimes reduce the amount of
cracking that occurs in a concrete structure or element, but it also must be controlled. The amount of
primary and secondary reinforcing in concrete structures contributes to a reduction in the amount of
shrinkage, creep and cracking.
5. WATER RETENTION - Portland cement concrete holds water. However, some types of concrete
(like Pervious concrete allow water to pass, hereby being perfect alternatives to Macadam roads, as
they do not need to be fitted with storm drains.
6. WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE - Workability is often referred to as the ease with which a
concrete can be transported, placed and consolidated without excessive bleeding or segregation. The
internal work done required to overcome the frictional forces between concrete ingredients for full
compaction. It is obvious that no single test can evaluate all these factors. In fact, most of these cannot
be easily assessed even though some standard tests have been established to evaluate them under
specific conditions. In the case of concrete, consistence is sometimes taken to mean the degree of
wetness; within limits, wet concretes are more workable than dry concrete, but concrete of same
consistence may vary in workability. Because the strength of concrete is adversely and significantly
affected by the presence of voids in the compacted mass, it is vital to achieve a maximum possible

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density. This requires sufficient workability for virtually full compaction to be possible using a
reasonable amount of work under the given conditions. Presence of voids in concrete reduces the
density and greatly reduces the strength: 5% of voids can lower the strength by as much as 30%. Slump
Test can be used to find out the workability of concrete.
Factor affecting workability of concrete
 Water – cement ratio
 Amount and type of aggregate
 Amount and types of cement
 Weather condition
 Chemical admixture
 Sand to aggregate ratio
Workability of concrete
7. CONCRETE BLEEDING - Bleeding in concrete is sometimes referred as water gain. It is a particular
form of segregation, in which some of the water from the concrete comes out to the surface of the
concrete, being of the lowest specific gravity among all the ingredients of concrete. Bleeding is
predominantly observed in a highly wet mix, badly proportioned and insufficiently mixed concrete. In
thin members like roof slab or road slabs and when concrete is placed in sunny weather show excessive
bleeding.
Due to bleeding, water comes up and accumulates at the surface. Sometimes, along with this water,
certain quantity of cement also comes to the surface. When the surface is worked up with the trowel,
the aggregate goes down and the cement and water come up to the top surface. This formation of
cement paste at the surface is known as “Laitance”. In such a case, the top surface of slabs and

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pavements will not have good wearing quality. This laitance formed on roads produces dust in summer
and mud in rainy season.
Water while traversing from bottom to top, makes continuous channels. If the water cement ratio used
is more than 0.7, the bleeding channels will remain continuous and unsegmented. These continuous
bleeding channels are often responsible for causing permeability of the concrete structures. While the
mixing water is in the process of coming up, it may be intercepted by aggregates. The bleeding water
is likely to accumulate below the aggregate. This accumulation of water creates water voids and
reduces the bond between the aggregates and the paste.
The above aspect is more pronounced in the case of flaky aggregate. Similarly, the water that
accumulates below the reinforcing bars reduces the bond between the reinforcement and the concrete.
The poor bond between the aggregate and the paste or the reinforcement and the paste due to bleeding
can be remedied by re vibration of concrete. The formation of laitance and the consequent bad effect
can be reduced by delayed finishing operations.
Prevention of bleeding in concrete
 Bleeding can be reduced by proper proportioning and uniform and complete mixing.
 Use of finely divided pozzolanic materials reduces bleeding by creating a longer path for the water
to traverse.
 Air-entraining agent is very effective in reducing the bleeding.
 Bleeding can be reduced by the use of finer cement or cement with low alkali content. Rich mixes
are less susceptible to bleeding than lean mixes.
The bleeding is not completely harmful if the rate of evaporation of water from the surface is equal to
the rate of bleeding. Removal of water, after it had played its role in providing workability, from the
body of concrete by way of bleeding will do well to the concrete. Early bleeding when the concrete
mass is fully plastic, may not cause much harm, because concrete being in a fully plastic condition at
that stage, will get subsided and compacted. It is the delayed bleeding, when the concrete has lost its
plasticity, which causes undue harm to the concrete. Controlled re vibration may be adopted to
overcome the bad effect of bleeding.
8. SEGREGATION OF CONCRETE - Segregation can be defined as the separation of the constituent
materials of concrete. A good concrete is one in which all the ingredients are properly distributed to
make a homogeneous mixture. There are considerable differences in the sizes and specific gravities of

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the constituent ingredients of concrete. Therefore, it is natural that the materials show a tendency to
fall apart.
Segregation on the removal of formwork
9. HYDRATION IN CONCRETE - Concrete derives its strength by the hydration of cement particles.
The hydration of cement is not a momentary action but a process continuing for long time. Of course,
the rate of hydration is fast to start with, but continues over a very long time at a decreasing rate In the
field and in actual work, even a higher water/cement ratio is used, since the concrete is open to
atmosphere, the water used in the concrete evaporates and the water available in the concrete will not
be sufficient for effective hydration to take place particularly in the top layer. If the hydration is to
continue, extra water must be added to refill the loss of water on account of absorption and evaporation.
Therefore, the curing can be considered as creation of a favourable environment during the early period
for uninterrupted hydration. The desirable conditions are, a suitable temperature and ample moisture.
Concrete, while hydrating, releases high heat of hydration. This heat is harmful from the point of view
of volume stability. Heat of hydration of concrete may also shrinkage in concrete, thus producing
cracks. If the heat generated is removed by some means, the adverse effect due to the generation of
heat can be reduced. This can be done by a thorough water curing.

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10. AIR ENTRAINMENT - Air entrainment reduces the density of concrete and consequently reduces
the strength. Air entrainment is used to produce a number of effects in both the plastic and the hardened
concrete.
These include –
 Resistance to freeze–thaw action in the hardened concrete.
 Increased cohesion, reducing the tendency to bleed and segregation in the plastic concrete.
 Compaction of low workability mixes including semi-dry concrete.
 Stability of extruded concrete.
 Cohesion and handling properties in bedding mortars.
PLUM CONCRETE
In this concrete mix used with plums (large stones) mixed with concrete. It is used in gravity dams,
embankments and below the structures. Plum concrete also known as Cyclopean Concrete, this is a variety
of concrete consisting of large sized stones (Plums) with interstices filled with concrete.
Plum concrete consist of 60% of concrete and 40% of large sized stones with proper anchoring of
reinforcement.
Plum concrete is usually done where the surface is uneven and to minimise the costing of concrete. For e.g.
below footings of residential buildings where in a small portion where the slope of ground below single

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footing is 1:10 to 1:50 in that case to save the cost of concrete plum is usually preferred. This finally leads
to minimise the construction cost of building in all.
The proportion of plums should not exceed 50 per cent of total volume of plum concrete /plum masonry.
The stone size to be used for plum shall be between 200 to 300 mm. The stone shall be basalt, trap or any
other approved locally available stone with minimum crushing strength of 100 kg/sq.cm obtained from
quarries approved by Engineering -in-charge.
The stone shall be hard durable and tough .The length of stone shall not exceed 3 time its height.
It will be sufficient to make up the total volume with plums and fill all the interstices, which should not be
less than 150cm, with cement concrete. The cement concrete shall be in 1:4:8 (cement, sand, coarse
aggregate). The coarse aggregate shall be 25 mm down. The water cement ratio shall be adjusted at site to
maintain the flow ability of concrete to fill all the interstices properly. The plums are laid in layers using
the cement concrete as mortar.
The plum shall be raised uniformly, and no part, at any time shall be raised more than 900 mm above
adjoining work.
Double scaffolding shall be provided for construction and piercing of walls for scaffolding shall not be
permitted. The contactor shall be responsible for any damage or injury resulting from poor scaffolding.
All plum concrete/ plum masonry shall be maintained wet for at least 7 days.
Weep holes shall be provided by HDPE pipes buried in plum masonry. The end of the weep holes on the
filled up side, shall be covered by geo-membrane and filled by gravels of sizes 40 mm.
Form work shall be of ply wood or steel.

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SIZE OF AGGREGATE REGARDING PLUM CONCRETE
The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be as large as possible within the limits specified
but in no case greater than one – fourth of the minimum thickness of the member, provided that the concrete
can be placed without difficulty so as to surround all reinforcement thoroughly and fill the corners of the
firm. For most work, 20 mm aggregate is suitable. Where there is no restriction to the flow of concrete
elements with thin sections, closely spaced reinforcement or small cover, consideration should be given to
the use of 10 mm nominal maximum size. Plum above 160 mm and up to any reasonable size may be used
in plain concrete work up to a maximum limit of 20 percent by volume of concrete when specifically
permitted by the engineer – in – charge. The plums shall be distributed evenly and shall be not clear than
150 mm from the surface.
For definition purpose if you just enter “Mass concrete definition” or “Plum concrete” in Google, you may
find various definition.
In general concrete in larger sizes in all three dimensions are termed as Mass Concrete. It may be reinforced
or plain. It is not a specific term but used in concrete technology to indicate huge concrete. Plum concrete
is also a type of plain mass concrete, with the use of plums as specified and requirement with different types
of grade of concrete. Generally lean concrete with plums used to fill the gap between low lying areas to
require to rest coming foundation without going deep itself by foundation.
Aggregate

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PROCEDURE OF MAKING PLUM CONCRETE BLOCK FOR
TESTING
 In this procedure, the cement is taken and then it pass through the 90 micron sieve. The cement which
passes through the sieve is taken for the preparation of the concrete block. The cement should be free
from the lumps and should be feel cool and smooth when taken into the hand. The cement should
satisfy all the properties of the cement.
 The sand is taken for the preparation of the plum concrete mould which pass through the sieve of size
600 micron.
 The aggregate is taken which passes through the 20 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm size of the
sieve. The aggregate is which retained on 4.75 mm size of the sieve is taken for the preparation of the
plum concrete mould. The aggregate should be air dry to remove the moisture from the concrete.
 The stone is also taken for the preparation of plum concrete block for the testing. The size of the stone
block which is taken actually for the preparation of the plum concrete structure especially for the
construction of the dam is described above. But here the size of the aggregate is taken which is
randomly and their size is more than the aggregate used.
 The cement, sand and aggregate are mixed for the preparation of the plum concrete block in the grade
of M20. The water cement ratio is taken for the 0.40 to 0.60. Here we have taken the water cement
ratio for the preparation of concrete is 0.50.
 Then the mould is taken for the preparation of the plum concrete block. The size of the mould is
generally 150mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. The inner surface of the mould is oil painted to provide a
barrier between the concrete surface and the mould surface so that the both they are do not stiff to each
other.

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Mould for making concrete block
 The concrete is placed in the mould in the 3 layer and the before laying the layer of concrete into the
mould, some stone block are placed into the mould for the preparation of the plum concrete block. The
stone block layer is placed every time before the layer of the concrete placed into the mould.
 After placing the layer of the concrete, the layer of the concrete is compacted by the tamping rod 35
times so that all the place of the concrete in the mould is properly compacted and fill the area of the
mould by the concrete. The tamping is done properly because it’s also affect the properties of the
concrete.
 After placing the concrete and the stone block into the mould, the surface of the concrete on the mould
is levelled and the date of construction is also marked.
Preparation of plum concrete block

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PROCEDURE OF MAKING THE ORDINARY CONCRETE BLOCK OF
M20 GRADE FOR TESTING
The procedure of making the ordinary concrete block for the testing is similar to the plum concrete block
except that in the preparation of the ordinary concrete block, the stone block are not taken and rest of all
the procedure is same as the plum concrete block.
The purpose of making these block is check the compressive strength of the both the concrete block.
Concrete block
TESTING OF PLUM CONCRETE AND ORDINARY CONCRETE
BLOCK
 After the casting of concrete block of both types, they are placed into the open air in shade so that the
concrete block with the mould is hardened.
 The concrete block is taken out from the mould after the 24 hours dry in the open air.
 Then these block are placed into the water for the proper curing so that sufficient water is available for
the strengthen of the concrete block.

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Curing of concrete block
 The concrete block is take out of the water on that day when we have to test the concrete block. The
properties of the concrete block varies with the day of curing. The concrete which cure more days in
the water have more compressive strength. About 99% of the compressive strength of the concrete is
achieved in the 28 days.
 The concrete block should be taken out of water before the 1 hours of the testing time so that the
concrete surface is remain dry.
 The compressive strength of the concrete blocks is tested in the compressive strength testing machine.
 In the compressive strength testing machine, the load is applied on the concrete surface. The concrete
block should be properly placed on the testing machine so that the load is applied on the concrete block
is in the axial way.
 The load at which the concrete block is crack is taken as the ultimate load of that concrete. The
compressive strength of the concrete is determined by the ultimate load of the concrete to the volume
of the concrete block.
 Generally 3 specimen are prepared of the ordinary concrete and the plum concrete. And the average of
the three is taken as the compressive strength of the concrete.

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 Then we compare the compressive strength of the ordinary concrete and plum concrete block to show
that who is better. In other word, to determine the suitability of the plum concrete and the ordinary
concrete.
Testing of compressive strength of concrete
RESULT
S. No. Concrete Compressive strength
(N/MM2
) in 7 days
1 Ordinary concrete block 20.44
2 Plum concrete block 19.11
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The compressive strength of any material is defined as the resistance to failure under the action of
compressive forces. Especially for concrete, compressive strength is an important parameter to determine
the performance of the material during service conditions. Concrete mix can be designed or proportioned
to obtain the required engineering and durability properties as required by the design engineer. Some of the
other engineering properties of hardened concrete includes Elastic Modulus, Tensile Strength, Creep
coefficients, density, coefficient of thermal expansion etc.

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The compressive strength of concrete is determined in batching plant laboratories for every batch in order
to maintain the desired quality of concrete during casting. The strength of concrete is required to calculate
the strength of the members. Concrete specimens are a cast and tested under the action of compressive loads
to determine the strength of concrete. In very simple words, compressive strength is calculated by dividing
the failure load with the area of application of load, usually after 28 days of curing. The strength of concrete
is controlled by the proportioning of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, and various admixtures.
The ratio of the water to cement is the chief factor for determining concrete strength. The lower the water-
cement ratio, the higher is the compressive strength.
For normal field applications, the concrete strength can vary from 10Mpa to 60 Mpa. For certain
applications and structures, concrete mixes can be designed to obtain very high compressive strength
capacity in the range of 500Mpa, usually referred as Ultra High Strength Concrete or Powder Reactive
Concrete.
Standard tests for determining the strength are Cube Test and Cylinder Test. As the name suggests, the
difference in both the tests are in the shape of test specimens. In Indian, British and European standards,
the Compressive strength of concrete is determined by testing concrete cubes referred as characteristic
compressive strength whereas in American standards.
Quantity of Concrete (in m3)
Number of samples for testing Compressive
Strength
1-5 1
6-15 2
16-30 3
31-50 4
51 + 4 + 1 cube for each additional 50m3
Minimum or specified Compressive Strength of concrete cubes of various Grade of Concrete at 28 days of
curing are as follows.
Grade of Concrete
Specified Minimum Compressive Strength of
150mm Cube after 28days of Curing
M10 10 N/mm2

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M15 15 N/mm2
M20 20 N/mm2
M25 25 N/mm2
M30 30 N/mm2
M35 35 N/mm2
M40 40 N/mm2
M45 45 N/mm2
M50 50 N/mm2
M55 55 N/mm2
M60 60 N/mm2
M65 65 N/mm2
M70 70 N/mm2
M75 75 N/mm2
M80 80 N/mm2
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT VARIOUS AGES
The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at different ages in
comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting.
Age Strength per cent
1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%

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EFFECT OF WATER CEMENT RATIO ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE
According to water cement ratio law, the strength of concrete only depends upon the quantity of water used
in the workable concrete mix and is quite independent of the proportion of cement and aggregates. The
strength of concrete is inversely proportionally to the water cement ratio .i.e. lower the water cement ratio,
greater is the strength of concrete and vice versa. The relation between water cement ratio by weight and
the developed compressive strength of concrete at 28 days may be shown graphically.
Water cement ratio is generally expressed in volume of water required per 50 kg of cement. A rich mix of
concrete possess higher strength than that a lean mix of desired workability with excessive quantity of
water. The concrete gains strength due to hydration of cement and if it is cured at a temperature below 230
C, gains strength up to 28 days.
For preparing ordinary concrete, the quantity of water used is 5% by weight of aggregates plus 20% by
weight of cement.
COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE
The compression testing machine is used to determine the compressive strength of the concrete. The
compression testing machine can be hand – operated, semi – automatic and fully automatic. The
compression testing machine is available in the market under the manufacturer of various companies and
each companies is determined its price in the market.
Compression testing machine

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PURPOSE OF PLUM CONCRETE
When we test the compressive strength on the plum concrete and the ordinary concrete with the same grade,
then we find out that the compressive strength of ordinary concrete is more than the plum concrete. But the
difference in compressive strength of the plum concrete and the ordinary concrete is not so more. The plum
concrete is mostly used for the purpose where the more stabilizing force i.e. downward force are required
for their stability. The stone block are used in that is the reason of more downward force. Another purpose
of using plum concrete is to complete the work faster. It takes less construction time than the ordinary
concrete. The plum concrete is mostly use for the construction of Dams, retaining wall, etc.
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
 Concrete is most widely used as a construction material in place of brick work and reinforced brick.
 It is used in the construction of heavy structure like Dams, reservoir, Multi-storey Building, Bridge,
Flyover, Railways etc.
 Concrete can be used in foundation. Partition, superstructure etc. Pre – stressed and light weight
concrete is used to complete the work within sectioned duration.
 Preparation of concrete is a controlled process and different grades of concrete can be prepared as per
requirement or site condition.
 Life of the concrete is almost 100years as compared to 50 years of brick structure.
 Concrete with steel make reinforced concrete which is used on more than 80% of the construction
work.
 Construction in all the four zones of the earthquake changes the grade of concrete for use in light and
heavy structure.
 Strength of concrete is more than brick and components of construction are easily available in the
market.
DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
 Due to low tensile strength, concrete is required to be reinforced to avoid cracks.
 In long structures expansion joints are required, if there are large temperature variation.
 Construction joints are provided to avoid cracks due to drying shrinkage and moisture expansion.

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 Concrete made with ordinary Portland cement, gets integrated in the presence of alkalises, sulphate
etc.
 Sustain loads develop creep in structure.
USES OF CONCRETE IN COMPARISON TO OTHER BUILDING
MATERIAL
 Concrete is a versatile material which provide strength, permanence, durability, fire resistance etc.
which is not found in other building material.
 Concrete is a site made materials unlike other construction material.
 Concrete is also water proof up to some extent.
 Other materials like bricks, stone, wood etc. cannot be mould into desired shape. Only concrete can be
mould into required shape and size.
 Concrete of important structure like Dams, Bridges, Water treatment plants, Tunnels, Mega structure
used only concrete to get desired shape, strength, durability and performance.
 Construction of concrete and steel is called as RCC, which has been replaced almost 90% of the RB
work.
 Special concrete like Air entrained concrete, Light weight concrete, pre stressed concrete are prepared
and used in special conditions where ordinary concrete and other building material cannot be used.

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PHOTOS

26. 26

27. 27
CONCLUSION
Here we study about the plum concrete and ordinary concrete. We found something knowledge about the
plum concrete and ordinary concrete from the experiment of the compressive strength. When we test the
concrete block of the plum concrete block and the ordinary concrete of both the grade of M20, the
compressive strength of the ordinary concrete is more than the plum concrete due to the presence of stone
block in the plum concrete.
Mostly plum concrete is used in place where faster construction of the structure are required. Plum concrete
mostly used in the water front structure such as Dams. Plum concrete is heavier in weight as compared to
the ordinary concrete.

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REFERENCE
 Concrete Technology “Theory and Practice”: M.S. Shetty, S. Chand and Company.
 IS 456-2000 ―Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice (fourth revision).
 Concrete Technology: K.T. Krishnaswamy & etal, Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
 The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete.
 Jones, Katrina (1999) “Density of Concrete” The Physic Fact book.