AMERICAN LANGUAGE HUB_Level2_Student'sBook_Answerkey.pdf
Impact of Fertilization Programs and Preventive Fungicides on Spring Dead Spot
1. Impact of Fertilization Programs and Preventive
Fungicide Applications On Spring Dead Spot in
Hybrid Bermudagrass
L.P. Tredway, M.D. Soika, and E.L. Butler
Department of Plant Pathology
North Carolina State University
NC STATE TURFGRASS PATHOLOGY
2. Spring Dead Spot
• most severe disease of
hybrid bermudagrasses in
transition zone climates
• preventive fungicides erratic
in their performance, and
often not economical
• influence of soil properties
and fertilization programs
not well understood
3. Spring Dead Spot
• caused by root, rhizome,
and stolon infections by
Ophiosphaerella species
• fungal infections reduce
bermudagrass tolerance to
freezing temperatures
• ‘patch diseases’ typically
enhanced by high soil pH
• fall potassium applications
often recommended to
improve cold tolerance
9. Speeding Spring Dead Spot Recovery
• avoid use of DNA herbicides in spring
- prodiamine (Barricade)
- dithiopyr (Dimension)
• aerify or spike affected areas every two weeks
• apply light and frequent irrigation
• apply 1 lb N per 1000 per month from May to Sept
10. How does soil pH influence take-all patch development?
• the take-all patch pathogen,
Gaeumannomyes graminis var. avenae,
facilitates infection by sequestering Mn on
the root surface
• lower pH increases the solubility of Mn in
the soil, allowing the root to better resist
infection
• lower pH also increases population of
fluorescent Pseudomonads, which
produce antifungal compounds on the
root surface
11. How does nitrogen source influence soil pH?
• calcium nitrate increases pH, whereas Soil Root
ammonium sulfate reduces it
• when the root absorbs a nitrate ion NO3-
(NO3-), a hydroxyl ion (OH-) is released,
therefore increasing rhizosphere pH OH-
• when the root absorbs an ammonium
ion (NH4+), a hydrogen ion (H+) is
released, therefore reducing
rhizosphere pH NH4+
H+
• sulfate (SO4-) and calclium (Ca+) have
little to no effect on soil pH
12. Previous Research: Fertilization and Spring Dead Spot
• Dernoeden, Crahay and Davis (1991) studied impact of nitrogen
source and potassium on spring dead spot development
• in greenhouse, ammonium sulfate or potassium chloride
increased bermudagrass survival after inoculation with O. korrae
• in field studies, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and
ammonium chloride + potassium chloride provided up to 46%
suppression
• significant correlation between SDS and soil pH detected
13. Previous Research: Fertilization and Spring Dead Spot
• McCarty, Lucas and DiPaola (1992) investigated the effect of fall
nitrogen and potassium applications
• late fall applications of sulfur coated urea (98 kg N/ha) or
potassium sulfate (269 kg K/ha) significantly increased SDS
severity
• Vincelli, Doney and Powell (1994) evaluated sulfur, lime, and KCl
• significant suppression of O. herpotricha from applications of
elemental sulfur at rates of from 6.9 to 10.4 lbs/M
• concomitant with reduction in soil pH
17. O. herpotricha O. korrae
Spring dead spot is caused by three Do these species respond to
management practices
species of Ophiosphaerella similarly?
19. Research Objectives: Spring Dead Spot
Management
1. Determine the effects of nitrogen source and fall fertilization
practices on spring dead spot development in bermudagrass
fairways/athletic fields
20. Research Objectives: Spring Dead Spot
Management
1. Determine the effects of nitrogen source and fall fertilization
practices on spring dead spot development in bermudagrass
fairways/athletic fields
2. Evaluate fungicides for preventive control of spring dead spot in
inoculated plots
21. Research Objectives: Spring Dead Spot
Management
1. Determine the effects of nitrogen source and fall fertilization
practices on spring dead spot development in bermudagrass
fairways/athletic fields
2. Evaluate fungicides for preventive control of spring dead spot in
inoculated plots
3. Compare and contrast the response of O. korrae and O. herpotricha
to the above management practices
22. Bermudagrass Establishment and Inoculation
• 10,000 ft2 plot established
with ‘Tifway’ sprigs on
Appling fine sandy loam
• 5’ x 10’ plots inoculated with
O. korrae and O. herpotricha
in October 2004
• at each inoculation point, 10
cc of infested ryegrain was
placed underneath a 2”-
deep cup-cutter plug
23. Bermudagrass Establishment and Inoculation
• 10,000 ft2 plot established 1.52 m
with ‘Tifway’ sprigs on
Appling fine sandy loam
Ok Oh
• 5’ x 10’ plots inoculated with
O. korrae and O. herpotricha
in October 2004 Ok Oh
3.05 m
• at each inoculation point, 10
cc of infested ryegrain was
placed underneath a 2”- Ok Oh
deep cup-cutter plug
24. Bermudagrass Establishment and Inoculation
• 10,000 ft2 plot established
with ‘Tifway’ sprigs on
Appling fine sandy loam
• 5’ x 10’ plots inoculated with
O. korrae and O. herpotricha
in October 2004
• at each inoculation point, 10
cc of infested ryegrain was
placed underneath a 2”-
deep cup-cutter plug
25. Bermudagrass Establishment and Inoculation
• 10,000 ft2 plot established
with ‘Tifway’ sprigs on
Appling fine sandy loam
• 5’ x 10’ plots inoculated with
O. korrae and O. herpotricha
in October 2004
• at each inoculation point, 10
cc of infested ryegrain was
placed underneath a 2”-
deep cup-cutter plug
26. Bermudagrass Establishment and Inoculation
• 10,000 ft2 plot established
with ‘Tifway’ sprigs on
Appling fine sandy loam
• 5’ x 10’ plots inoculated with
O. korrae and O. herpotricha
in October 2004
• at each inoculation point, 10
cc of infested ryegrain was
placed underneath a 2”-
deep cup-cutter plug
27. Experiment 1: Nitrogen Source and Fall Fertilization
Nitrogen Sources (Main Plots) Fall Fertilizers (Subplots)
• 1 lb N applied 4X per year • applied in Sept and/or Oct each
1. ammonium sulfate year
2. calcium nitrate 1. dolomitic lime (10 lb, 1 app)
3. sulfur coated urea 2. elemental sulfur (2 lb, 1 app)
4. urea 3. gypsum (10 lb, 1 app)
4. potassium chloride (1 lb, 1
- Split-plot, randomized complete block app)
with 4 replications 5. potassium chloride (0.5 lb, 2
- Treatments initiated in May 2006 apps)
- Applied to same plots in 2006, 2007, 6. potassium chloride (1 lb, 2
and 2008
apps)
- entire study fertilized with 0.33 lb P and
0.66 lb K at time of each N application
28. Experiment 2: Preventive Fungicide Applications
Fungicide Treatments Application Details
1. Banner Maxx (4 fl oz, 2 apps) • randomized complete block with 4
2. Eagle (2.4 fl oz, 2 apps) replications
3. Headway (3 fl oz, 2 apps) • fungicide treatments were applied
in September and/or October in
4. Heritage (0.4 oz, 2 apps)
2006, 2007, and 2008
5. Lynx (2 fl oz, 2 apps)
• applications made in water
6. Rubigan (6 fl oz, 1 app) equivalent to 5 gallons per 1000 ft2
7. Rubigan (4 fl oz, 2 apps)
• CO2 powered sprayer at 40 psi
8. Rubigan (6 fl oz, 2 apps) using TeeJet 8004 nozzles
29. Assessment of Spring Dead Spot Severity
• average diameter of each patch
recorded at 100% greenup
• digital image of each plot
captured from overhead for
digital analysis of disease
incidence
• SEVERITY INDEX (Average
Patch Diameter x Disease
Incidence) calculated separately
for O. korrae and O. herpotricha
30. Assessment of Spring Dead Spot Severity
• average diameter of each patch
recorded at 100% greenup
• digital image of each plot
captured from overhead for
digital analysis of disease
incidence
• SEVERITY INDEX (Average
Patch Diameter x Disease
Incidence) calculated separately
for O. korrae and O. herpotricha
31. Assessment of Spring Dead Spot Severity
• average diameter of each patch
recorded at 100% greenup
• digital image of each plot
captured from overhead for
digital analysis of disease
incidence
• SEVERITY INDEX (Average
Patch Diameter x Disease
Incidence) calculated separately
for O. korrae and O. herpotricha
32. Assessment of Spring Dead Spot Severity
• average diameter of each patch
recorded at 100% greenup
• digital image of each plot
captured from overhead for
digital analysis of disease
incidence
• SEVERITY INDEX (Average
Patch Diameter x Disease
Incidence) calculated separately
for O. korrae and O. herpotricha
33. Additional Data Collection (Fertility Study Only)
• leaf tissue samples collected from
each plot with a reel mower in mid-
September 2006, 2007 and 2008 for
nutrient analysis
• soil samples collected from each
plot in December 2006, 2007 and
2008 for measurement of soil pH
using 1:1 soil:water ratio
35. Impact of Nitrogen Source on O. herpotricha
90
Sulfur Coated Urea a a
Calcium Nitrate a
75 Urea
a
Spring Dead Spot Index
Ammonium Sulfate
(diameter*incidence)
60
a
a
45 a a
a
b
a a b
a
30 ab
b ab
b
15 b
b b
b
0
c
c
2007 2008 2009
Waller-Duncan k-ratio t-
test
36. Impact of Nitrogen Source on O. korrae
30
Sulfur Coated Urea
Calcium Nitrate a
25 Urea
a
Spring Dead Spot Index
Ammonium Sulfate
(diameter*incidence)
a
20 a a
a
15
a a a a b
a
10
ab
b
ab
5
a ab
a b
a b b
0 c
2007 2008 2009
Waller-Duncan k-ratio t-
test
38. Pearson Correlation Coefficients
log (spring dead spot index)
Factor O. herpotricha O. korrae
r=0.31 r=-0.45
soil pH
p=<0.0001 p<0.0001
r=-0.10 r=-0.07
N
p=0.88 p=0.3080
r=0.21 r=0.02
P
p=0.0016 p=0.7748
r=0.08 r=0.04
K
p=0.2448 p=0.5779
r=0.21 r=-0.36
Ca
p=0.0014 p=<0.0001
r=0.23 r=0.07
Mg
p=0.0006 p=0.3309
r=0.11 r=0.04
S
p=0.0996 p=0.5471
r=-0.08 r=-0.06
Fe
p=0.2428 p=0.4051
r=-0.29 r=0.28
Mn
p=<0.0001 p=<0.0001
r=-0.005 r=0.24
Zn
p=0.9443 p=0.0003
r=0.06 r=0.17
Cu
p=0.3665 p=0.0123
39. Pearson Correlation Coefficients
log (spring dead spot index)
Factor O. herpotricha O. korrae
r=0.31 r=-0.45
soil pH
p=<0.0001 p<0.0001
r=-0.10 r=-0.07
N
p=0.88 p=0.3080
r=0.21 r=0.02
P
p=0.0016 p=0.7748
r=0.08 r=0.04
K
p=0.2448 p=0.5779
r=0.21 r=-0.36
Ca
p=0.0014 p=<0.0001
r=0.23 r=0.07
Mg
p=0.0006 p=0.3309
r=0.11 r=0.04
S
p=0.0996 p=0.5471
r=-0.08 r=-0.06
Fe
p=0.2428 p=0.4051
r=-0.29 r=0.28
Mn
p=<0.0001 p=<0.0001
r=-0.005 r=0.24
Zn
p=0.9443 p=0.0003
r=0.06 r=0.17
Cu
p=0.3665 p=0.0123
40. Pearson Correlation Coefficients
log (spring dead spot index)
Factor O. herpotricha O. korrae
r=0.31 r=-0.45
soil pH
p=<0.0001 p<0.0001
r=-0.10 r=-0.07
N
p=0.88 p=0.3080
r=0.21 r=0.02
P
p=0.0016 p=0.7748
r=0.08 r=0.04
K
p=0.2448 p=0.5779
r=0.21 r=-0.36
Ca
p=0.0014 p=<0.0001
r=0.23 r=0.07
Mg
p=0.0006 p=0.3309
r=0.11 r=0.04
S
p=0.0996 p=0.5471
r=-0.08 r=-0.06
Fe
p=0.2428 p=0.4051
r=-0.29 r=0.28
Mn
p=<0.0001 p=<0.0001
r=-0.005 r=0.24
Zn
p=0.9443 p=0.0003
r=0.06 r=0.17
Cu
p=0.3665 p=0.0123
41. Pearson Correlation Coefficients
log (spring dead spot index)
Factor O. herpotricha O. korrae
r=0.31 r=-0.45
soil pH
p=<0.0001 p<0.0001
r=-0.10 r=-0.07
N
p=0.88 p=0.3080
r=0.21 r=0.02
P
p=0.0016 p=0.7748
r=0.08 r=0.04
K
p=0.2448 p=0.5779
r=0.21 r=-0.36
Ca
p=0.0014 p=<0.0001
r=0.23 r=0.07
Mg
p=0.0006 p=0.3309
r=0.11 r=0.04
S
p=0.0996 p=0.5471
r=-0.08 r=-0.06
Fe
p=0.2428 p=0.4051
r=-0.29 r=0.28
Mn
p=<0.0001 p=<0.0001
r=-0.005 r=0.24
Zn
p=0.9443 p=0.0003
r=0.06 r=0.17
Cu
p=0.3665 p=0.0123
42. Prevention of Spring Dead Spot with Fungicides
• significant fungicide effects were Rubigan (6 fl oz, 1X) Untreated
detected in 2007 (p=0.0017) and
2008 (p=0.0098), but not in 2009
(p=0.1264)
• a significant fungicide x species
interaction was detected in 2007
(p=0.0042) due to low index
values induced by O. korrae
• no significant fungicide x species
interaction was detected in 2008
(p=0.1111) or 2009 (p=0.0727)
43. Prevention of Spring Dead Spot with Fungicides
Spring Dead Spot Index (diameter*incidence)
Dunnett’s
Test
44. Prevention of Spring Dead Spot with Fungicides
Banner Maxx (4 fl oz, 2X)
Eagle (2.4 fl oz, 2X)
Headway (3 fl oz, 2X)
Heritage (0.4 oz, 2X)
Lynx (2 fl oz, 2X)
Rubigan (6 fl oz, 1X)
Rubigan (4 fl oz, 2X)
Rubigan (6 fl oz, 2X)
Untreated
0 5 10 15 20 25
Spring Dead Spot Index (diameter*incidence)
Dunnett’s
Test
45. Prevention of Spring Dead Spot with Fungicides
Banner Maxx (4 fl oz, 2X) *
Eagle (2.4 fl oz, 2X) *
Headway (3 fl oz, 2X) *
Heritage (0.4 oz, 2X)
Lynx (2 fl oz, 2X) *
Rubigan (6 fl oz, 1X) *
Rubigan (4 fl oz, 2X) *
Rubigan (6 fl oz, 2X) *
Untreated
0 5 10 15 20 25
Spring Dead Spot Index (diameter*incidence)
Dunnett’s
Test
46. Prevention of Spring Dead Spot with Fungicides
Banner Maxx (4 fl oz, 2X) *
Eagle (2.4 fl oz, 2X) *
*
Headway (3 fl oz, 2X) *
*
Heritage (0.4 oz, 2X)
Lynx (2 fl oz, 2X) *
*
Rubigan (6 fl oz, 1X) *
*
Rubigan (4 fl oz, 2X) *
*
Rubigan (6 fl oz, 2X) *
*
Untreated
0 5 10 15 20 25
Spring Dead Spot Index (diameter*incidence)
Dunnett’s
Test
48. Conclusions: Fertilization Programs and Preventive
Fungicides for SDS Management
• Spring dead spot pathogens exhibited a differential response to nitrogen
sources
49. Conclusions: Fertilization Programs and Preventive
Fungicides for SDS Management
• Spring dead spot pathogens exhibited a differential response to nitrogen
sources
• O. korrae was effectively suppressed by calcium nitrate
50. Conclusions: Fertilization Programs and Preventive
Fungicides for SDS Management
• Spring dead spot pathogens exhibited a differential response to nitrogen
sources
• O. korrae was effectively suppressed by calcium nitrate
• O. herpotricha was suppressed most effectively by ammonium sulfate
51. Conclusions: Fertilization Programs and Preventive
Fungicides for SDS Management
• Spring dead spot pathogens exhibited a differential response to nitrogen
sources
• O. korrae was effectively suppressed by calcium nitrate
• O. herpotricha was suppressed most effectively by ammonium sulfate
• O. korrae was negatively correlated with soil pH and foliar Ca content,
whereas O. herpotricha was positively correlated with these factors
52. Conclusions: Fertilization Programs and Preventive
Fungicides for SDS Management
• Spring dead spot pathogens exhibited a differential response to nitrogen
sources
• O. korrae was effectively suppressed by calcium nitrate
• O. herpotricha was suppressed most effectively by ammonium sulfate
• O. korrae was negatively correlated with soil pH and foliar Ca content,
whereas O. herpotricha was positively correlated with these factors
• Fall applications of potassium, dolomitic lime, gypsum, and elemental
sulfur had no effect on either spring dead spot pathogen
53. Conclusions: Fertilization Programs and Preventive
Fungicides for SDS Management
• Spring dead spot pathogens exhibited a differential response to nitrogen
sources
• O. korrae was effectively suppressed by calcium nitrate
• O. herpotricha was suppressed most effectively by ammonium sulfate
• O. korrae was negatively correlated with soil pH and foliar Ca content,
whereas O. herpotricha was positively correlated with these factors
• Fall applications of potassium, dolomitic lime, gypsum, and elemental
sulfur had no effect on either spring dead spot pathogen
• Spring dead spot pathogens responded similarly to preventive fungicide
applications