Elizabethan Poor Law & Supplemental Security Income Comparison

Elizabethan Poor Law Research Paper
Despite previous efforts to provide assistance to the poor, the Elizabethan Poor Law was the first
national policy enacted to do so. This law required parish governments to tax households and distribute
aid to the "deserving" poor. Those that were considered deserving of aid were people unable to work
due to disability or old age. This corresponds to today's Supplemental Security Income program. This is
also a national, or better currently known as federal, policy that is designed to provide assistance to
people with little income. It, too, determines those that are deserving of assistance as people who are
elderly or who have a disability.
The Elizabethan Poor Law required Overseers to provide the poor with either money or some form of ...
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(2002) The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law. Retrieved on 5/15/18; From:
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/elizpl.html Jansson, B. (2014). Fashioning a New Society
in the Wilderness (pp. 64–95). The reluctant welfare state: Engaging history to advance social work
practice in contemporary Society (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Policy Basics: Supplemental Security Income. (2017, October 25). Retrieved 5/15/18; From
https://www.cbpp.org/research/social–security/policy–basics–supplemental–security–income U.S.
Social Policy Histor: Overview. (n.d.). Retreived 5/15/18, from:
https://lmscontent.embanet.com/UNR/MSW/SW630/media/presentations/unr_sw_630_01_overview.html
Youth & Labor. (2016, January 25). Retrieved 5/15/18; From:
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How Social Policy And How It Has Had On Children And Their...
For the purpose of this essay I am going to be discussing how social policy and legislation with regards
to poverty in the UK has evolved and the effect it has had on children and their families. There are 3.5
million children living in poverty in the UK today, 27 per cent of children (Department for Work and
Pensions, 2013). According to Mayer (1997), poor homes tend to have overcrowding, lack electrical
outlets and less likely to have central heating. The level of cognitive stimulation is another element,
which can be affected by lack of financial resources and poverty (Guo & Harris, 2000). This essay will
now focus on five key acts these are; the poor law, National assistance act, the Sure Start programme,
the child poverty act ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The act introduced a new position named Overseer of the poor. The role of the Overseer of the poor was
to collect the poor rate from property owners, supervise the parish poor house, calculate the amount of
'Poor Rate' requires for the parish and finally distribute money, clothes or food to the deprived. The
1601 Act made provision for "setting the deprived on work". This did not usually include housing, but in
1631 there was a workhouse founded in Abingdon. The Poor Law was amended 1601 providing work or
apprenticeships for orphaned children or whose parents could not provide for them, parents and children
were accountable for each other; so deprived elderly parents were expected be accommodated by their
children (Alchin, 2012).
The changes of the industrial revolution led to the development of the towns, increasing the population
leading to the first experience of modern unemployment and the trade cycle. This led to a rise in poor
rates. Due to the poor rates rising amendments to the poor law were introduced in 1834. These included
less eligibility; the position of the pauper must be less eligible or less to be selected than that of the
independent employee (Spicker, 2010).
The Poor Law focused mainly on the man who is able–bodied by introducing

Philanthropy In Victorian England Essay
Philanthropy and Victorian England: During the Victorian period, the conditions in which the poor lived
and the way they were treated was appalling. Many diseases roamed the streets and were accountable
for the numbers of deaths each year. Not only did the Victorian people hate the monarchy when Victoria
came to the throne, but their law system also allowed many young children to go without an education
thus contributing immensely to the number of poor, homeless people on the streets due to having no
skills to help them in the work place. There was also a clear division between the poor, working class
and the middle, upper classes. Many people ignored the suffering they saw going on around them and
felt they did not need to help the poor because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was a clear division between the rich and the poor, and many people kept to themselves. In 1861,
a survey was conducted in London, showing that there were fewer than 640 charities. The few charities
that were around were mostly run by middle class women. The charities would help by providing money
and shelter to the poor as well as using what they specialised in for aid, such as medical help. However,
the Victorian period did see a rise in the number of charities being founded. This was due to the fact that
many people had been shocked by the reality of the lives the working class were living and were
concerned that they would start an up–rising against the middle and upper classes. They believed that
charities would stop this. And so, many charities were set up, in and around London. There were
charities for most things: for the poor, sick, the disabled and the unemployed as well as charities for
drunks and prostitutes who want to get back on the 'right track' and many more. There were also
charities like hospitals for the ill, orphanages and religious organisations. One of which being The
Salvation Army which was set up by William Booth to 'save souls' by teaching the poor about God and
directing them towards God. In 1818. The Ragged Schools were founded by John Pounds. The Ragged
Schools offered free education to the poor working class children consequently, there were over 200 free
schools open to poor children in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Apothecary
'The Dispensary is a very useful Institution, yet it leaves many wants unprovided for. According to the
established plan of the Bristol Dispensary an Apothecary prescribes for the great majority of the
Patients, and only calls in the aid of the Physician when he deems it advisable. This practice is contrary
to the routine of the Dispensaries in London, Liverpool and other large towns, where the Physician
prescribes for every Patient. Some benefits are probably obtained by this peculiarity, but disadvantages
are also attendant. At least a department is left void, which may be filled up with good effect.
Influenced by considerations of this kind, the Physician who ventures to make the present proposal,
begun at the commencement of this year to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is always difficult to know the motive behind such initiatives, but many were clearly a method of
attracting patients. For example in 1814 the Redcliffe–street Dispensary was opened by Dr Jordan (late
pupil to Mr Shannon, surgeon and man–midwife to the Middlesex Dispensary, London) for the relief of
the Poor and other afflicted, at his House, No 84 Redcliffe–street Bristol where he gives Advice (to the
poor GRATIS) in all cases of Physic and Surgery, from nine till twelve every morning; and to others,
from Five till Seven in the

Social Reform Dbq
The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act eradicated the previous systems of relief offered to the poor in
Victorian England before 1834. This legislation was written up and passed with relatively little difficulty
and a lot of parliamentary support. The gist of the amendment was to decrease the amount of
impoverished citizens. This was the ultimate goal without providing any actual help for the poor
themselves. The 1834 amendment reformed poor laws across the country while also establishing a wide
network of workhouses as was fashioned in the amendment. Prior to the amendment attitudes toward the
poor were changing as the Industrial Revolution caused a rapid upsurge in the number of poor. The poor
were being increasingly viewed as criminals by the wealthy Upper Class and this is directly reflected in
the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act.
As with years previous, parliament during this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poor searched hard for employment. There was a mixture of both the skilled and the unskilled
searching for work. Wages were low and were kept low intentionally by employers who counted on the
original Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 to supplement the low wages they paid their workers. Once the
1834 Poor Law Amendment Act eliminated the outdoor relief which included money, food and clothing,
these low wages were not enough to support the average lower class Victorian family. Decreasing wages
and the shortage in jobs meant people wanted to live in the city where they would be close to any jobs
that became available. Often while waiting for stable work men would do seasonal work to support their
families but once the season was over they would be left struggling to afford basic necessities like food
and shelter. Children often were expected to work during times like this and work they did, doing some
of the most dangerous and labor intensive jobs in Victorian

The Social Security Act Of 1935
Introduction
The Social Security Act of 1935 [H.R. 7260] was a bill that was signed on August 14, 1935 by
President, Franklin D. Roosevelt. The act was established to help the elderly, disabled, or families who
have lost a parent or spouse. The Social Security Act also known as SSA, was created to provide
disadvantaged populations federal benefits. The act has a total of eleven titles ranging from the topics of
the elderly, unemployed, child welfare, public health, and the blind. This paper will uncover what the
Society Security was and how it contributed to the society. This paper will also cover the historical
background, such as what problems led to the creation of this policy and if it was fixed by creating this
act.
Purpose and context The Social Security Act was created as a way to help keep families together. It
helped disabled individuals against the expense of their illness. As well as it gave children and families a
chance to live a healthy and secure life. The first two programs were the most essential at this time. The
first program Title I, was a grant for old–age assistance. The second program that developed was Title
II, which was a federal assistance for old–age, survivors and individuals with disabilities that included
insurance benefits. The act includes a large list of programs that one might qualify for such as,
retirement insurance, disability insurance, medical insurance for elderly, veterans benefits,
unemployment insurance and much more. According

Betsy Fry: The Angel Of The Prisons
Social services emerged in Britain during the early 1800's. Betsy Fry was the main contributor to social
service accomplishment. She brought up by a Quaker family, and they strongly believed in equality and
charity. She was involved in various philanthropic events and developed a small school for poor
children at the age of only 17. According to Jan Steyaert (2013), many often referred to her as "the angel
of the prisons" because of her achievements in the reform of the British Prison system. In 1813, when
she first visited the Newgate Prison,she was shocked at how they treated the prisoners. At the time,
many prisoners ranged from children to adults and ethical rules were not reinforced. She became the
first reformer who focused on the moral improvement of prisoners through personal contact,
conversations,education, and work. Soon afterward, other women stepped up to join her volunteering
committee. They arranged prison visits and thus this became the first professional probation services.
(Steyart, 2013). Betsy's powerful work resonated within the United States as well. The NASW (National
Association of Social Work) was founded in 1955. Within 30 years of developing the NASW, due to ...
In 50/50, Joseph Gordon Levitt is a perfectly healthy man, but he is unexpectedly diagnosed with
Schwannoma Neurofibrosarcoma, which is spinal cancer. Joseph's life is slowly turned upside down.
After multiple treatments, he engaged with a therapist who helped him deal with his illness. At first he
was in denial of having cancer, but as time went on, he grew to accept it. Through many counseling
sessions he realized the value in living life. In the end, he pulls through cancer. I realized a position
helping people with cancer can be really rewarding because I am able to give assistance to those who
going through a delicate time in their

The Fenian Movement Essay
The Fenian Movement
Fenian Movement, which was organized 1858, started as a secret revolutionary society in Ireland and
the United States. This movement was created in the honor of the Fianna, known as the ancient Irish
warriors. Fenians wanted to achieve Irish Independence from England by force. This movement was
also known as the Fenian Brotherhood, Fenian Society, Irish Republican Brotherhood, and Irish
American Brotherhood. The Fenians also had a very strong military force located in Ireland. The reason
for a strong army in the society was to gain independence from England. This movement was led by
James Stephens from 1825 to 1901. He founded the party, the Irish People, in Dublin 1863. The Fenian
Movement mostly appeals to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
O'Brien and Meagher were charged with having made seditious speeches at a meeting (D'Arcy, 67).
This situation helped to the irritation and anger of the Irish people creating a tense atmosphere was
many rebellions took place. During this period Mitchel was an important figure that was fighting for the
Irish Independence like many other people in this era. One of the causes for this terrible events was that
"Mitchel had been imprisoned in Dublin's Newgate on 13 May, charged under the new Act, and was
tried on 25 May. He was convicted and sentenced to 14 years transportation" (D'Arcy 69). Then his
friends helped him escape prison to Spike Islands. Then he regained the confidence to appear in front of
the magistrate were he said to them: "I have come to tell you that I will no longer be a prisoner on
parole, I take back my word"(D'Arcy 71). Before the magistrate got the chance to arrest Mitchel, he
escaped. As Mitchel there are many important figures that are disappointed, because they didn't have the
opportunity to express themselves and make a difference fighting for the Irish Independence. Dublin
was a place in which things don't seem to get better. It is compared to a place in which people can
escape their destiny.
The Great Potato Famine truly affected the Fenian Movement reflecting the lost of supplies, money, and
military force. During the Great Potato

Crime And Punishment In The Elizabethan Era
During Queen Elizabeth's rule, the poor were in a plight where they were both mistreated and in need of
economic support which Elizabeth provided as well as corrected the mistreatment of the poor. In "Crime
and Punishment in the Elizabethan Era" punishments were usually reserved for criminals who broke a
law. The homeless and beggars, however, regardless of why they are homeless were abused. They were
rounded up by constables who tried them before a court and they were whipped until they left town or
they might have been placed in stocks to be publicly humiliated. This blatant abuse of the poor did not
stay throughout the entirety of Elizabeth's reign as in "Elizabethan Class System" a law was passed that
legally distinguished the differences

The Elizabethan Poor Law
The Elizabethan Poor Law was passed in 1601 as a state response to the dire need of the poor in British
North America and acted as "measures for the relief of destitution" (Fowle, 1881, p.55). Previously, the
Catholic Church was Britain's state church, but on the decision of Henry VIII, the state would become
the source of aid for the poor (Finkel, 2006). Simultaneously, the feudal system was winding down in
England along with the societal norm that serfs were the responsibility of landlords so as the textile
industry grew, tenants were evicted to create space for sheep due to the demand for their wool (Finkel,
2006). As the changes in structures and industry took place, Finkel (2006) notes that there was an
increasing number of homeless ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(p. 57)
A formal eligibility system would be enacted to establish who were the "poor in very deed" and the
Elizabethan Poor Law would be born.
Poor Laws, Politics, and Ideologies
Fowle (1881) notes that "at no time were the vagrancy laws more severe or more severely administered
than in the reign of Henry VIII" and this was also a time of great social and religious hardship (p. 56).
The change in the role of the Church in terms of aiding the poor as well as the decline of the English
feudal system, and the growing textile industry, created an increasing number of poor and the need for
inexpensive labour. With the varying societal changes as well as the shifting relationship between
Church and state, inevitably this caused a strain between labour and profit. The ideas which influenced
the Poor Law were that of a laissez–faire style government, the idea of "less eligibility", and the
principle of the "perception of needs". It was deemed that "state–aided workers should earn less than
privately employed workers...so as to avoid any upward pressures on wages in the private sector"
(Finkel, 2006, p. 50). The discrepancy between the wages of state labourers and privately employed
workers was supported by the laissez–faire government as well as neoliberalist ideals. There was also
the

The Aims and Principles of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act...
The Aims and Principles of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act
In the decades prior to the national reform of the Poor Law in 1834, the characterisations of the
administration were of variety rather than uniformity. The social and economic changes at this time
produced many problems for those that were responsible for the social welfare. Many areas throughout
the country though found solutions to this problem within the legal frame–work of the Elizabethan Poor
Law of 1597–1601.
In the initial stages the amendment act was set up to reduce the amount of poor rates that were being
paid. In the first ten years of the amendment act the amount of relief being paid was reduced to a
national average of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way to stop this from happening was to reduce the fifteen thousand parishes into six hundred Poor
Law unions. There was a great willingness to keep the poor in one place and so by 1843 there was one
hundred and ninety seven thousand one hundred and seventy nine poor incarcerated into the
workhouses. The workhouses were often described as bastilles.
"I do not agree with those who say that every man must look after himself, and that intervention by the
state, will be fatal to his self–reliance, his foresight and his thriftâ€¦. It is a mistake to suppose that thrift
is caused only by fear; it springs from hope as well as fear. Where there is no hope, be sure there will be
no thrift". (Winston Churchill, Liberalism and the Social Problems, 1909, p. 209).
Many administrators were outraged at the idea of Central Government becoming involved in the
Amendment Act because as far as they were concerned the old system was more than sufficient for the
needs of the poor. The Poor Law Guardians then set about obstructing the Poor Law Amendment Act, as
they thought it was an unnecessary addition to the current act. The worst of the activities to block this
new act was in Huddersfield in the West Riding of Yorkshire. (As was).
The Amendment Act was supposed to help the poor but instead all it did was alienate those

Social Work And The British Welfare Society
With reference to changes in government policy and ideologies of welfare, debate the significance of the
shift from the Victorian 'Mad pauper' to the 21st century 'Mental health service User' and its impact on
social work practice and values.
Since the 19th Century, professional social work and state allocation of resources has gone through
endless evolutions and revolutions, from deciding on the future of the Victorian's 'mad paupers', those
insane, idle, disabled or recipients of poor relief, (Thane, 1996), to supporting the 'service users' of today
to take charge of their own care. This essay will explore this evolution of social work and the British
welfare society, paying particular attention to the theories of Anti–discriminatory Practice (ADP) and
Anti–oppressive Practice (AOP), two fundamental aspects of modern day social work; illustrated by the
example of this shift in societal perceptions and treatment of the mad poor to the mental health service
user and consider throughout whether social work has maintained, or lost its way from, its grounding
philanthropic values.
The origins of the social work as a profession is typically accredited to the Victorian 19th Century as a
means of helping the those in need, whilst simultaneously easing the anxiety of social disorder at that
time (Payne, 2005b); however, the practice of social work can be seen much earlier on. If social work is
the compassionate response to an individual or group's need, crisis or problem

Essay on The Emergence of the Chartist Movement
The "People's Charter," drafted in 1838 by William Lovett and Francis Place was at the heart of a radical
campaign for parliamentary reform of the inequity remaining after the Reform Act of 1832. The charter
contained six points that were to be presented to parliament, these where:
<ol>
<li value="1"> Universal Suffrage
<li value="2"> No Property qualifications
<li value="3"> Annual Parliaments
<li value="4"> Equal representation (constituencies of equal size)
<li value="5"> Payment of members
<li value="6"> Vote by ballot
</ol>
Two national petitions incorporating the six points above were presented to parliament in May 1839 and
May 1842, the first signed by 1.3 million people and the second signed by 3.3 million. The ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the reform act emerged the working classes where dissatisfied as the act which promised so much
delivered very little.
The act did not enfranchise the working classes and the attitude of the Whig government in power
offered little hope to the working classes of them achieving the right to vote, this split the working class
and set the working class against the government.
Hostility between the working classes and the government intensified further with the implementation
of the poor law in 1832. The aim of the poor law was to reduce the burden of costs to the ratepayers,
remove inefficiency and end the giving of relief to those
in their own homes and insist that they enter the workhouse if in need of help or support. This new act
led to fear and suspicion as the workingman was being punished by the upper class as well as a
distinction between the `deserving' and `undeserving' poor. They saw this as being punished for being
poor.
The Poor Law Amendment act Passed Stated That:
No able–bodied person was to receive money or other help from the Poor Law authorities except in a
workhouse;

Conditions in workhouses were to be made very harsh to discourage people from wanting to receive
help;
Workhouses were to be built in every parish or, if parishes were too small, in unions of parishes;
Ratepayers in each parish or union had to elect a Board of Guardians to supervise the workhouse, to
collect the Poor Rate and to send reports to the Central

Purpose of the Construction of Wanstead Infant Orphan...
Purpose of the Construction of Wanstead Infant Orphan Asylum in 1841
Andrew Reid was born in the year 1787. He was a Congregational minister and he was a non–
conformist, which meant he was not part of the Church of England. He was very hardworking and
committed. He started 7 charities which meant he was a very generous man. His farther was a watch
maker therefore he came from a lower middle class tradesman family. His first Asylum he opened was
in Dalston, Hackney. He attended the site everyday and got royal patronage which helped him to raise
funds. This shows that he is a very dedicated and caring person.
The Asylum in Hackney was for children over the age of seven which meant if there ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
So as the New Poor Law states people were extremely cruel and discriminated the "undeserving poor"
they said it was god who decided if you were poor or not even though the church did try to help. For
example the hymn all things bright and beautiful, includes the lines " The rich man at his castle, the poor
man at his gate, God made them high or lowly, and ordered their estate". However most people felt pity
on the 'deserving poor' an example of this was rich women that used to make themselves look generous,
in front of their rich women friends, these were the types of people that Andrew Reid was particularly
interested in and that was because they were the people that donated the most money.
Andrew Reid put together many Asylum meetings where he would do speeches to rich people and make
them feel for the poor. An example of his speeches was one he done on the 3rd of July, 1927 at the
London Tavern "Let it be remembered that the case is for the infant orphan for which charity has a yet
done nothing; yet this case embraces a period of life in which innocence, helplessness and misery are
strangely commingled and most touchingly call for our aid". This speech was truly inspirational to many
people and was used just before the people choose who they wanted to vote for using the voting system
(explained in paragraph 6). Also he was respected for the work that he did. Andrew

Sympathy For The Poor In The Late 17th Century
Throughout the mid 14th–to late 17th century, almost half of Europe's population was considered poor.
Many different standpoints on the poor were taken. Some felt that there should be a distinction between
those that were poor and idle, and those that were poor but unable to find a job. Others felt that alms
(charity), along with sympathy should've been given to the poor. An alternate view was that those who
were poor wanted to remain poor. Of the many opinions towards the poor, many took the stance that
alms and sympathy should've been given to the poor. A Catholic priest during a sermon in France (1)
stated that in heaven, it is worth more for every penny you give to charity when you are healthy, then
when you are sick or dead. Giving charity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
William Turner, an English doctor in his book New Booke of Spiritual Physick (6) stated that he
could've healed the poor so that they could work again, but instead they would have rather remained
unhealthy so they did not need to work. He felt that the idle wanted to maintain their life style, so they
did not need to earn a living through great pain and labor. In the Poorhouse regulations in Suffolk
County, England (7), anyone that was a member of the house had to receive whippings to identify
themselves of poor. Anyone that was stubborn received heavier shackles and harder labor. The poor
house demonstrated that people would rather be whipped, behave well in the poorhouse, and remain
poor than try to find a job and work to support themselves. Lastly, Jean Malliefer, a wealthy Merchant in
his letter to his children in Reims, France (11) made a strong claim that the poor wanted to stay the way
they were. "They have no cares, pay no taxes, and have no losses to fear. They are independent, warm
themselves by the sun.. Grown accustomed to this life and cannot leave it." He strongly believed that the
poor wanted to remain the way they were because they have no worries, and no

Causes Of The Fabian Movement
The economic climate of the latter half of the 19th century was one of upheaval. London was quite
influenced by several socialist thinkers during this time including Karl Marx. Marx passed away in
1883, leaving behind many radical socialists who influenced the burgeoning Fabian Movement. H.M.
Hyndman and Henry George were two important figures who wrote pivotal pieces of literature. Henry
George published Progress and Poverty in 1879 and greatly influenced many of the socialists who came
into the Fabian Society (Fremantle, 1961, p.20). Two years later, H.M. Hyndman wrote England for All
and later that year went on to found the Democratic Federation (later called the Social Democratic
Federation) (Fremantle, 1961, p. 22). Both George and Hyndman were fans of Marx and believed in his
violent revolutionary ideology yet, what helped form the Fabians was their dislike of this particular
tenet.
Laissez–faire Liberalism and its twin Capitalism were major sources of disproval for the individuals
who would go on to create the Fabian Society in 1884. Laissez–faire liberalism was seen to be the
source of much unrest and unhappiness among the impoverished in the world. They saw the system of
Capitalism to be an oppressive, tyrannical system. W.L. Phillips, the Society's only working class
member said the following, "The workers must and will shake off their blind faith in the Commercial
god Competition, and realize the responsibility of their unused powers" (Pugh, 1984, p. 5).

Elizabethan Poor Law 1601
Elizabethan Poor Laws
The Human Services world we know today is based on a law that started back in the 15th century.
Before the Reformation, it was considered a religious duty to assist the poor. However, after the
establishment of the Church of England, those duties seemed to slowly decimate. Queen Elizabeth I,
also known as the Virgin Queen, started the Poor Act of 1601 These laws were implemented in English
society to assist those in need of help. Thus, giving human services a foundation.
Queen Elizabeth I was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. After Anne was beheaded,
Elizabeth lost the title of Princess and became a lady after she was deemed illegitimate. It was not until
Catherine Parr married her father that Elizabeth got her education. After her father died, Elizabeth's
nine–year–old brother became king. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After twenty–five years, the Parliament created the post of the Overseer of the Poor. It was not until four
more years later in 1601 that all the prior laws were lumped together created the Elizabethan Poor Law
of 1601.
This law required two Overseers of the Poor to be selected by each parish. It was the Overseer's job to
see what the financial needs wherein their parish, then they would have to set up a poor tax. Thus
collecting it from landowners in the said parish. Then they would be overseeing the money or food is
giving to the poor and supervising the almshouses.
The system that the Poor Law of 1601 has brought has greatly established the human services here in
modern America. To be specific, the system for food stamps and cash assistance is the very same way.
In order to be granted food stamps, you must show that you are in one of the three categories, idled
poor, able–bodied poor, or impotent poor. With the proof, the people within the offices are able to
determine how much you can get and if you can find a job to help you get back on your

The History Of Social Work
The history of social work demonstrates how statutory and voluntary agencies adapted to the changing
social conditions and increasing societal problems as a result of influence of industrialization and
urbanization (Red). Social and economic changes such as the Black Death that severed the British
populations, the closure of common land for self–profit in the 1530s, and unrest and riots during the
1700s left many people in need alone and without care from their families (lecture). Industrialization
and urbanization created a widespread movement toward cities, separation over wealth and classes, and
caused challenges which established systems of care could not longer cope with (lecture). During the
late 16th century, the population in the United Kingdom increased by 25% and widespread famine
contributed to the increasing poverty rate, which called for a new system of help for the poor (black).
Over almost a 400–year period, poor laws were established in the United Kingdom to provide
systematic help for those facing poverty.
Within the United Kingdom, there was a division of approaches to address rising social problems
(lecture). England and Whales created the Elizabethan Poor Law Act of 1601 to classify the poor into
categories and allocate responsibility of care and control for these classifications. The poor law
separated those who could not work versus those who would not work in three ways: the 'impotent
poor', the aged, chronically sick, or mentally ill; the 'able–bodied poor', those who could work but didn't;
and the 'able–bodied poor' who absconded or refused work (red). The 'impotent poor' were housed in
voluntary institutions under the care of parishes and churches whereas the 'able–bodied poor' were sent
to statutory workhouses or 'house of correction' punishment facilities (red). The Poor Law Act of 1601
sought to make a distinction between individuals who were poor by no fault of their own and
individuals who were to blame for there poverty, and thus putting them in the care of either the state or
private sectors (red).
Workhouses were some of the most inhumane aspects of history and a "dark space in the public
imagination" (red). Under public authority, these institutions had harsh conditions,

An Objectivists View on a Charles Dickens´Christmas Carol...
Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol is considered by many to be a classic for all the ages, if an
objectivist point of view is used to analyse the social and political undertones of the story they will
agree with most of it, if not all of it. One of the major parts that an objectivist would agree with in A
Christmas Carol is how scrooge thinks of and how he treats the poor and infirm. Scrooge further
develops his objectivist ideology by being completely self–interested in both his personal and
professional life. After Scrooge is visited by the three apparitions he is radically changed from a self–
interested, objectivist, to a positive and uplifting altruist. In Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol, an
objectivist would agree with Scrooge's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another instant where Scrooge shows an objectivist behavior towards people poorer than he is when,
"the clerk's fire is very small the clerk's fire was so very much smaller that it looked like one coal. But
he couldn't replenish it, for Scrooge kept the coal–box in his own room; and so surely as the clerk came
in with the shovel, the master predicted that it would be necessary for them to part. Wherefore the clerk
put on his white comforter, and tried to warm himself at the candle; in which effort, not being a man of a
strong imagination, he failed" (7). Scrooge sees even the tiniest of waste or usage of materials a
meaning for dismissal, even if the usage of materials is being used to better or help out another human.
This shows Scrooges objective character because, he does not believe any materials should be used on
the poor and everything thing should only be used for his own self–interest. Expanding on Scrooges
ideology of objectivism is when "No beggars implored him to bestow a trifle, no children asked him
what it was o'clock, no man or woman ever once in all his life inquired the way to such and such a
place, of Scrooge. Even the blind men's dogs appeared to know him;

Tenant Farmers in Ireland and their Struggle to Survive
Ireland 1845, food was suddenly scarce, money was hard to earn, and what little was earned was
immediately spent for survival. The people of Ireland had grown up used to missing meals due to crop
failure. However, previous crop failures couldn't compare to the potato famine of 1845. For the next five
years, the blight destroyed nearly all the potato crops and killed many Irish. About one million people
died during this time in Ireland because of the starvation and disease. About two million fled the lands
of Ireland in hopes of escaping the starvation, disease, death, and poverty that had taken over Ireland
since the famine. The tenant farmers, who suffered would farm land that belonged to the absentee
landlords. They would grow many crops, most of which were very successful. They were only allowed
to keep the potato crops for their own; the rest of the crops would be harvested and exported to England.
The absentee landlords lived like kings while the tenant farmers were forced to sell everything they
owned so they could have money to purchase food to stay alive. When they ran out of things to sell they
were then forced to scavenge for food scraps just to escape death for a while longer. The starvation and
struggle of the Irish tenant farmers could have been avoided if the absentee landlords hadn't been so
greedy with collecting the rent. England could have come to the aid of the Irish people sooner than they
did if they weren't so interested in staying true to their

Social Policies In The Poor Law ( 1834.
Social policies the fundamental principles in which a society is based. Created to tackle poverty, protect
society addressing issues such as social welfare, justice and individual wellbeing. By 1834 the
government were under fierce criticism due to rising and mounting costs of looking after the poor, it
became clear a change was needed to fix problems in society. The government brought in an amendment
act titled the Poor Law (1834) which was designed to reduce the cost of looking after the poor, passed
by parliament this new law meant anyone seeking relief from poverty had to now enter a workhouse
(BBC–Bitesize, 2017). In the early 1800's the population was rapidly rising, an industrial revolution, the
development of towns and the first experience of modern unemployment caused problems within British
society (Spicker, 2017). There was suspicion from middle and upper–class taxpayers that their money
encouraged the poor to be lazy and avoid work, Squandering money on alcohol and tobacco. In
addition, this encouraged the poor to have more children in which they could not afford to support
causing resentment and dividing society (Murray, 2013).
Prior to the Poor Law Amendment Act there was the Elizabethan Poor Law 1601 which was more
generous towards the poor. It was becoming impossible for the government to sustain this law due to the
growing costs. Statistics show that in 1802 the expenditure on poor relief was costing the government
£4,078,000, this figure continued to

The Elizabeth Poor Law
Elizabeth Poor Laws: Why were they so important in the development of social welfare in North
America?: The Elizabeth Poor Law advocated and placed responsibility of the poor to the churches and
government. If parishes could not meet the responsibilities, counties were required to assume relief–
giving functions. The government became the chief enforcer of poor relief. However, the local parishes
fulfilled their welfare responsibilities in several ways. They provided outdoor relief to persons in the
homes; provided indoor relief to person in special institutions that came to be variously known as
almshouse, poorhouses or workhouses; or required person to become indenture servants or apprentices.
It also required relatives to care ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like England , North America had to create a social welfare system that would benefit all immigrants
and citizens. North America today has welcomed millions of immigrants from different cultures and
political views. Tylor, said that culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art,
law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man and woman as a member of
society." Without a social welfare act, it would be impossible to function in a society that embraces so
many cultures with different political and social beliefs. It is unrealistic to believe that North America is,
or was equipped and prepared to provide financial support, employment, health care, education and
other types of support with equal distributions to society as a whole. The Elizabethethan Poor Laws,
puts emphasis on the group of people who cannot protect or provide for themselves. North America
imitates, The Elizabethan Poor Law, as North America had to develop a social welfare system that
would acknowledge that North America, does not have equal distribution of wealth. For example, North
American had to create the TANF program to assist those who are poor and cannot work, and have no
money to take care of their families. Families who receive fund through TANF program are consider to
be very poor families who need cash assistance in order to maintain support themselves and their
families.

Public Health Policies In The 19th And 21st Century
This essay will describe public health policies within the UK from 19th, 20th and 21st century, to show
the development over these time periods to the health policies. The 19th Century The poor law (1834 )
This was a law set up by the government as of many commissions made as recommendations. This law
stated that no one who was well able was allowed to receive any money or any help from the authorities
unless the person worked within a workhouses. However the workhouses were in such poor conditions
and harsh environments. In order of these harsh conditions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The NHS would provide free services for all people and everyone can be privileged for care. The NHS
would be funded by the everyday general taxation and not by the national insurance. Moreover the aims
of the NHS would be to provide hospital services, a primary care and community services like walk in
clinics. However Donald Acheson (1997) was requested to review the un–equivalence within the health
and was to analyse area of priority for the development polices. Acheson report came to conclude 39
different health inequalities. Therefore the main areas in which were identified as the most important are
that every policy that has an effect on the health can be evaluated in how they can have their impact in
the health unfairness. Another area that was a main concern families containing children should be
prioritised within health. 'Saving lives: our healthier nation (1999)' was a health approach made by the
labour government after the Acheson report. They made link in which Acheson proposed about tackling
ill health like the air pollution, poor housing and unemployment. This lead the government to spotlight
are main problems and kills like cancer, heart problems like strokes and mental

Poverty in Britain Essays
Poverty in Britain
When the Liberal government came to power in 1906 they had no stated intention of government
intervention of social policy. Between the years 1906 and 1914, the Liberals took steps to improve the
health, living and working conditions of the groups of individuals their policies were designed for.
The victory for the Liberals was a surprising landslide which left the Liberals with 401 seats and Labour
with 53 seats. Even though Labour owed their seats partly to the Liberals as they made a pact to prevent
anti–Conservative votes being wasted they showed no gratitude as liberalism was about tariff reform,
taxation and foreign policy but labour had always concentrated on equal ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Liberals still had an `old' Liberal wing antagonist to social reform; and they were also conscious of
the hostility to social reform of the Conservative dominated House of Lords.
The Boer war of 1899–1902highlighted the physical deterioration in the British people. The war fought
to preserve the Empire. It revealed the fact that the British people were weak and unhealthy. Fears were
expressed that generations of urban living, in often appalling conditions, were leading to degeneration of
the national physique. Commentators pointed to the fact that Britain was the most urbanised society in
the world with nine out of ten of its population living in towns and cities. The call for medical
inspection and meals was sounded by the interdepartmental committee on Physical Deteriorationin 1904
but the first real enactment of the Liberal government's social policy was the 1906 provision of meals
act. This act meant free school meals for children but the significance of it was it had no stigma
attached, it treated all school children equally. It came under opposition from the Charity Organisation
Society as they felt the supply of free school meals was inadequate and 'the want was found to be due to
many different causes, and could only be removed by thorough treatment at the home.' (Charity
Organisation Society;

The Church Played A Huge Part Of A Christian Duty
Alternatively, It can be seen that the church played a huge part in philanthropy during this period. The
church advocated charity, regarding helping others as a Christian duty. Protestants, especially
evangelicals, believed that social conscience demanded social action, 'Religious philanthropists believed
that by helping the needy, they were helping their own kin because everyone was a child of God. Good
works were, and are part of the foundation of Christianity, and pave the way to salvation'. One such
philanthropist was William Booth, the founder of the Salvation Army. Booth, born in Nottingham in
1829 to a relatively large family, of his father said 'My father was a Grab, a Get. He had been born into
poverty. He determined to grow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only using harmless red phosphorus, the workers were soon producing six million boxes a year. A
competitor paid its workers just two pennies a gross, while The Salvation Army paid their employees
twice that amount'. The very act of paying their employers 'twice that amount' would have possibly been
enough to keep destitution at bay. By opening a match factory, The Salvation Army were in effect using
philanthropy as a discrete form of relieving poverty. They were not just handing out money to
whomever needed it, they were providing the poor with a way to help themselves. By providing work
they decreased reliance on the state for poor relief. Moreover, by providing better pay the welfare of the
poor was improved therefore possibly lifting them out of extreme poverty.
Philanthropy was thriving in the private sphere during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There
was a multitude of privately funded hospitals being established, one example being the foundling
hospital in London which was established by Royal Charter in 1739 by philanthropist Thomas Coram as
a refuge for abandoned children. Foundling children had since 1552 been cared for by Christ's Hospital
up until a decision in 1676 to exclude illegitimate children was applied. Thereafter, the only option for
illegitimate children was the parish poorhouse. Coram 'was appalled at the numbers of dead and dying
babies he saw in the streets of London, and the failure of the

Source Analysis Sample
Source Analysis This source is an extract from a report written by W. L. Laurie, MD in 1841 regarding
the labouring population in the town of Greenock, one of the sixth largest towns in Scotland in 1831.
There was a myriad of reports on different towns in Scotland, so that the Poor Law Commissioners
could perform a sanitary inquiry. The final compilation, Reports on the Sanitary Condition of the
Labouring Population of Scotland, was presented to both houses of Parliament in July 1842. Twelve of
the eighteen documents that the Poor Law Commissioners received were from doctors and surgeons.
This shows that a medical background was deemed an important factor in those who were judging the
condition of the labourers. Not only were they well educated men, they had plenty opportunities to come
in contact with these poor and desperate people. If they had the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
L. Laurie lets us get a glimpse at the town from 174 years ago. While we have to account for some
exaggeration, this primary source is very important to how we view the process of urbanisation in
Scotland. From this document and the Sanitary Inquiry as a whole, we can view how the different towns
adapted to and were affected by the huge influx of people that came to the towns and cities of Scotland
in the late eighteenth century. It shows part of the transition from churches to government in the
question of who is responsible for the care of the needy in the population. We also see the role that
charities played in the life of the citizens of each town. This source also gives us insight on the effects
urbanisation had on the people of the towns. The values that were becoming more important to people
like teetotalism and philanthropy. We see from Laurie's report that urbanisation was not completely
horrible for everyone at the time and some families did well and were able to help support others who
were not as fortunate in the process of Scotland becoming what it is

Essay on The Poor Law
The Poor Law
The Poor Law was a system established since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, about two hundred years
before the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. In this system the able–bodied poor should be set to
work, whilst the others had to be provided for by their parish of birth. By 1795 when the whole system
was under strain, an attempted solution was the Speenhamland system also know as the allowance
system that was devised in 1795. This was devised to relieve the acute distress of the poor by giving
money to families calculated according to the number of children and the price of bread.
As the Poor Law was becoming increasingly costly throughout the years, there had to be change in order
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was obvious that the same new measures were needed primarily to save money on the rates but also
possibly to tackle the causes of poverty. No solution appeared other than the complete abolishment of
the poor allowance, which few wanted. Under the allowance system, one could work and receive
outdoor relief in the form of cash payments as long as you resided in the parish of your birth. This
system was said to encourage laziness as the poor would have no incentive to work hard or to respect
their employers as they knew that their parish would look after them. The allowance system was
regarded by the ruling class as an 'unmitigated evil'. Payment of allowances was thought to encourage
reckless breeding and immorality and the inflated poor–rates were a grievance burden on agriculture,
hindering investment and enterprises, crushing the small tenant or freeholder. Farmers no longer had to
pay their labourers decent wages when they could get relief from the parish.
The administration of the Poor relief and contracts for Poor Law work for supplying food, were awarded
to local tradesmen rather than put to open tender. Overseers were the ones who would determine who
was 'deserving' and who was 'undeserving'. But concerned ratepayers suggested that these two sections
were one way in which vested interests were exploiting the system. This led to criticisms towards these
as it was believed that

How The Growth Of Cities And Scotland Influenced The...
If time travel was possible and one could somehow travel from Scotland nineteenth century to Scotland
twentieth, a dramatic difference would be noticed. In those one hundred years much in Scotland
transformed. This essay shall look at the changes that took place and how the growth of cities in
Scotland influenced the development of social welfare.
During the 1760s Scottish economy started undergoing some important transformations. There was a
shift from agriculture to industry which did not happen overnight and some effects of this were not seen
until sometime later. The change started within the linen industry. Cotton soon started to take over as it
turned out to be more adaptable to the new textile machines that came in to use in the last 1700s. A
number of revolutionary inventions changed how the productions of textile goods were produced in
Scotland. The Spinning Jenny in 1760s allowed steam power to be introduced in the 1780s to mule
spinning. Steam power changed everything about production. At this time the size of the cities
compared to the outer parts such as villages and highlands expanded hugely. The population in Scotland
almost doubled in fifty years from 1.625m in 1801 to 2.896m in 1851, with this rapid growing
happening mostly in the industrial cities. Glasgow's population went from 77,000 to 275.000. Dundee
from 26,000 people to 166,000. Even smaller industrial towns were expanding; Paisley had only 4,000
people during the 1750s and rose to 24,000 in

How Did Workhouses Help Poor People Were Treated In The 1800s
During the Victorians period, around 1800, poor people were taking care by buying food and cloths
thanks to money collected from land owners and wealthy people. But when the Poor Law Amendment
Act were proclaimed in 1834, everything changed. The Poor Law mentioned that no poor people could
get help unless they went to live in special workhouses. The idea behind workhouses was that poor
people were helped and that they eventually supported themselves by working in there. Poor people
worked at workhouses in order to have food, a place to live, clothes, education and medical care. In
workhouses lived poor people, orphaned and abandoned children, physically and mentally sick people,
disabled ones, elderly people, widows and unmarried women. Workhouses used to be very large. The
idea sounded good: help poor people. But the reality was different. In that period, people couldn't
understand poor people. They couldn't realize why they were poor, and poor population growth very
fast, so, in order to control this situation, they created the workhouses. They didn't wanted more poor
people, so they made sure that people feared the workhouses and that they would do anything to keep
out of that places. And poor ones were right to fear workhouses, because life in there was terrible. ...
They were punished if they tried to communicate with their relatives in there, so most families never
saw again their relatives once their entered to workhouses. They had to wear a uniform in order to
outside people knew that they were poor. They even were stripped and bathed under supervision.
Education for children was poor and they couldn't learn to read and write, and some child were sold to
work in factories and mines. Workhouses were a tool to humiliate people, and most of this people never
get out of that places (at least not alive or

Social Work Case Study Essay
Ms. Apple is a 45 year old African American woman who has been a widow for about 4 years. Ms.
Apple has three children, whose ages range from 5–12 years old. Ms. Apple has been struggling to keep
her family afloat since the death of her husband. Ms. Apple convinced herself that she would not require
the extra assistance. However, she realized in attempting to provide alone has not only become very
strenuous, but also quite costly. Expenses have become overwhelming for Ms. Apple to maintain, since
her husband took care of the finances and was the breadwinner for the family. Ms. Apple has minimal
education as she is able to read and write at grade school level. Ms. Apple also has never been employed
as she was a home maker. At this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Jansson, (2009), the confidence of the African American women became more prevalent
than the Caucasian women, as they took initiative in developing crucial programs for their fellow peers.
The women's effective efforts included programs such as providing education and vocational skills to
the women (Jansson, 2009). The efforts were demonstrated by the significantly large number of
members in the society (Jansson, 2009). The Charity Organization Society was recognized for
attempting to rationalize and systemize philanthropy (Oyen, 2006). The Charity Organization Society
cut relief costs and cut able bodied individuals from relief. The Charity Organization Society wanted to
pass a clear message that relief was not a right, but an act of charity. Also, the society recruited
volunteers who were white upper class females known as the Friendly Visitors. The purpose of the
friendly visitors was to provide motivation and encourage the destitute. The organization was primarily
run by white men who believed the poor were in need of upper class role models. According to Schram
and Mandell (1997), "The roots of social work were nurtured by two major wellsprings: the Charity
Organization Societies (COSs), from which pioneered group work, community and social change,
advocacy, and the all–around societal gadfly. The COS first began in England, expanding later to larger
cities in the Unites

Essay about The Poor Law Amendment Act and Tackling Poverty
The Poor Law Amendment Act and Tackling Poverty
The Poor Law of 1601 was the first to codify the idea of the state to provide for the welfare of its
citizens. It distinguished between the 'deserving' and the 'undeserving' poor; relief was local and
community controlled.1 The 1834 Poor Law Act Amendment Act was an amendment to the Act for the
relief of The English Poor Law of 1601.
The Speenhamland System
The Speenhamland System first saw light of day in 1795. It was introduced by the magistrates in the
Berkshire village of Speenhamland in an effort to relieve the extreme poverty, which existed and was
adopted widely. It offered any one, or several forms of relief including:
(a) Allowances to supplement earned wages.
(b) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was a direct violation of the poor person's right to pursue the principle of pleasure; to exercise mans'
right to freedom and liberty. The Act was too narrow and far too severe in its remedies. Unlike the more
humane Speenhamland System the New Poor Law was inflexible and could not adapt to differing
situations. The most devastating remedy was that of the Poor Houses, which were atrocious hellholes.
The Poor Law failed to represent the expectations of the poor community, when most members of the
Victorian working classes were likely to be in poverty at some point in their lives. It was accepted that
poverty was a natural part of the circle of their lives because of the fluctuations of the environment that
had a direct effect on the majority of employment available. Prior to the New Poor Law, relief was seen
as an expected right, when unemployed, to keep the able–bodied person fit and well and able to resume
expected work when trade resumed.
Victorian Class Structure
The belief systems of the classes need to be examined to explain some of the principles behind the New
Poor Law Act.
The Gentry, (Upper Class) usually by right of birth, the upper crust of society owned a large proportion
of the lands, held powerful positions within government and were rich. A central belief system that this
is their rightful place in society, to pursue and enjoy the pleasures of life, including education and
materials. To

How Charles Dickens’ Life Influenced Oliver Twist Essays
How Charles Dickens' Life Influenced Oliver Twist
"The range of his creative activity is, in the first place, limited to the world of his youth" (Cecil 169).
This quote explains many people. What has previously happened to a person has a tremendous impact
on them. It can affect their decisions, emotions, and life. The life of a person can sometimes be seen
quite easily through what they do. Artists often reveal what their life has been like through the works
that they create. The same can be said about writers. Events in authors past often show up in his works.
The above quote is, in fact, made in regard to Charles Dickens.
Dickens had several real life experiences of poverty and abandonment in his life that influenced his
work, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eventually, they saved him from the factory. Charles grew up and put himself through the education he
could manage to find. He got a job as a lawyer's apprentice, and then he worked as a parliamentary
reporter. Dickens began to do some freelance writings for several magazines. He eventually became the
editor of a magazine and an author of his own novels.
Throughout Dickens journey through life, the poor laws of Great Britain were closely intertwined. The
first major impact that his childhood experiences had on him was his exposure to the factory system.
The Industrial Revolution created large urban areas with a central factory that employed most of the
area's people. The factory was full of lower–class people in unsanitary conditions. In the days of
Dickens' factory experience the old poor laws were in effect. This helped Dickens' situation greatly. His
father lived in a fairly nice and sanitary prison, and was given time to find the money he owed. The old
poor law system of giving aid to the poor helped to save the Dickens family. When Dickens grew up and
was a parliamentary reporter, the new poor laws were about to be passed. Dickens realized that the new
poor laws would bring doom to many families. The new poor laws did not help the poor but worsened
their condition in order to drive them to work.
Dickens' experiences of living in abandonment and working in Warren's Blacking Factory, coupled with
his

British Leaders: John Snow, Edwin Chadwick and William...
John Snow
John Snow born on the 15th March 1813 – 16th June 1858 grew up in the poorest region of York and
subsequently specialised his life establishing the link between the cholera infection he had first
encountered in 1831 in Newcastle and water as its vector. Snow's most famous attribute was his research
relating to the cholera outbreak in the London Epidemic of 1854. 'On proceeding to the spot, I found
that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the [Broad Street] pump. There were
only ten deaths in houses situated decidedly nearer to another street–pump. In five of these cases the
families of the deceased persons informed me that they always sent to the pump in Broad Street, as they
preferred the water to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chadwick believed that using scientific reasoning and justification as a means for social improvement
would work and in 1832 he was asked to investigate the effectiveness of the Poor Laws – A system of
social welfare put in place by Elizabeth I in 1601. Chadwick along with a commission of nine passed
the new Poor law Amendment Act of 1834 governed by two overarching principles; less eligibility and
the workhouse test. Whilst carrying out his investigations into the living conditions in which the poor
live Chadwick became concerned about sanitation conditions. Edwin Chadwick believed in the ancient
miasma theory dating back to before 1AD, The theory stated that disease was caused by miasma
(Ancient Greek 'Pollution') because of his beliefs he was convinced that measures such as cleaning,
drainage and proper ventilation would help people's health and put less strain on welfare. In 1842
Chadwick publicised his findings of the influenza and typhoid epidemics in The Sanitary Conditions of
the Labouring Population. In his publication Chadwick used methods to show the direct link between
disease, illness and life expectancy and the poor living conditions the individual was exposed to.
Sponsored by the Poor Law Commission the Movement sold over 30,000 copies but as it was published
in

Poor Law Amendment Act Research Paper
What, in your view, was the short term significance of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act?
The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act changed the law that was already in place, to centralise the relief
given, and bring in more regulations. Outdoor relief was abolished for the able–bodied, and workhouses
were to be established in parishes, or within unions of parishes. Under the Act, ratepayers in each union
or parish elected a board of guardians to supervise the workhouse and send reports to the Poor Law
Commissioners, who were appointed by the government and responsible for overseeing the
implementation of the Act across the countries. Furthermore, the Act aimed to create workhouses as a
last resort, and make the regulations and conditions dismal enough ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Nottinghamshire Guardian in 1849 reported an inquest at the Southwell Union Workhouse due to
the death of a 4 year old girl, due to her being with her mother in the workhouse and becoming injured
by the boiling water her mother was using. This shows how segregation was not being practically used,
even though it was outlined in the Act. This could show that there was not as much of a significant
different following the act, in many ways because of the lack of regulation and the small amount of
overseers. This source can be considered a more truthful representation of how workhouses truly were
than from the idea given by the official documentation that was published in order to make the
workhouses look successful. However, this is an independent event and does not represent the
conditions in every workhouse, and furthermore the conditions in the whole of the particular workhouse.
Therefore, segregation could have been apparent in many other places and aspects, but not at this time,
showing a potential lack of regulation and following of the rules outlined by the Poor Law

Poor Law Amendment Act
Poor Law was the why in which poor people of the 19th century got help to survive either by receiving
money or recourses. Additionally, in the 19th century there was a prevailing emphasis on individualism
and non–intervention by the state. The way in which they received help was either from the help of local
parishes, churches or through self–help. Additionally, Poor Law was in place to help people who could
not work due to health or disability, and these people were considered the 'deserving' poor.
Also, people who chose not to work but could work, were classed as the 'undeserving' poor. Yet they
both still needed help to get the means they needed to get by in life. A royal commission was set up in
1832 to investigate the Poor Law system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, many local officials felt that the old system worked better and that there was no need for a
new one. Furthermore, the taxes that upper and middle–class people had to pay to look after the poor
were minor and the system was adapted to the local area. Likewise, people felt very disconsolate with
what they examined as interference by people from London. This led to Anti–Poor Law committees
being set up to dispute against the Poor Law Amendment Act. The committees formed meetings and
petitions calling for the act to be

English Poor Laws
1. Name one concept from the English Poor Laws and early responses to poverty that seem similar to
concepts in contemporary social service programs? Explain how it is similar. (150 words) The concept
of "worthy poor and unworthy poor" subsists within contemporary Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (TANF) programs today. According to the conditions of the English Poor Laws, certain
individuals (e.g., widows, children, ill, disabled, etc.) are considered dependent and thus in need of help,
whereas others (e.g., lazy, able–bodied adults, etc.) considered voluntarily poor (Stern & Axinn, 2012).
Today, each state has their own eligibility requirements for TANF assistance, however most funds are
dispersed according to qualifiable needs. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bureau, under the direction of the U.S. Army and General Oliver O. Howard, served to provide
freedmen with basic human necessities along with an equal opportunity to obtain and maintain
economic gain. However, the bureau failed to provide such promising provisions for several reasons.
First, aside from the negative disposition of White southerners towards black freedmen, the bureau's
leadership and their paternalistic views are responsible for its failure (McFeely, 1971). More
specifically, General Howard's lack of direct experience working with blacks and the conservative views
of senior army men (i.e., their harsh aversions toward blacks) contributed to the bureaus inability to
perform (McFeely, 1971). Second, the nations mood toward the Freedmen's Bureau was of disdain as it
interfered with the underlying agendas of white southerners to immobilize blacks from gaining
economic stability through land ownership. As a result, agent of the bureau were plagued with
difficulties and thus lacked support in securing an upward economic base for freedmen. Third, President
Andrew Johnson's opposition toward the Freedman's Bureau contributed to its inefficiencies by limiting
its resources and pardoning White farmers restoration of their property (McFeely, 1971). This is political
and economical leverage allowed the white farmers regain

1601 Poor Law Essay
In the 16th century the Welfare State was non–existent in Britain. The result of this was the increase in
people subjected to living in absolute poverty due to them not having the basic living requirements.
They also had no access to services such as health care, or education as these were not free institutions.
The ruling era of Queen Elizabeth I identified that the paupers required some form of help and as a
result introduced the 'Act for the Relief of the Poor' in 1601. This was the beginning of state
intervention. It was a national policy set up, that was governed at local level. The purpose of the act was
to prevent the poor from becoming vagrants. This meant local parishes dealt with providing a minute
amount of support for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The conclusion on the '1601 Poor Law' was that the outdoor relief which was provided by through local
parishes was increasing and creating a generation of workers to endure an idleness attitude. So
consequently the 1601 Act was abolished after 200 years due to the effect of the Industrial Revolution. It
was then replaced with the 'Poor Law Amendment Act 1834' that was created to reduce expenditure on
aiding the poor apart from those in exceptional circumstances. The concept of the act was to create a
system based upon the workhouse. A workhouse was an institution built to provide the paupers with
accommodation, clothing and food in exchange for long hours of manual labour. The families who
entered the workhouse were segregated from one another, forced to oblige by strict rules and wear
uniform provided. The conditions within the workhouse were deliberately inhumane and workers were
treated terribly. However this was the only alternative for the poor as they had no other means of
receiving finical support. This was part of the procedure to reduce the number of paupers from seeking
support from the state and create

The Influence of Ther Catholic Church on Iriish Social Policy
Name: Aoife Dunne
Student No: 112732149
Class: BSW
I hereby declare that all the work is my own , when I have referred to the work and ideas of others, I
have referenced it accordingly.
Aoife Dunne
Essay 2013 Title: Discuss the influence of the Catholic Church on Irish Social Policy
This essay examines the influence of the Catholic Church on Irish Social Policy. This essay will focus
on the Church's role as a provider of charity. It seeks to address the following questions: How does one
define social policy? Why did strong ties exist between The Catholic Church and the Irish State? Why
did the Catholic Church endorse the principle of subsidiarity? What key policies are evident of Catholic
influence? How does one define Social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The general attitude towards poverty was that it was self–inflicted.
In 1845–47 one million people died as a result of the famine, yet the response of the Irish government to
the famine was minimal. "The famine years witnessed the workhouses become overcrowded centres of
disease and destitution – in March 1851, 250,611 people were paupers receiving poor relief in the
workhouse" (Feriter,2004,p.52) .Voluntary groups such as the Quakers emerged nineteenth century and
established soup kitchens.
The Catholic Church took on a more significant role as a" provider of social services from the mid–
nineteenth century"(Considine and Dukelow ,2009,p.15. The Church strongly endorsed the principle of
Subsidiarity, supporting the belief that areas concerned with provision should be managed at local level,
by various community based groups.
The wording used in the papal encyclical Quadragesimo Anno in written by Pope Pius X1 in1931 as
cited by (Ibid) illustrates this endorsement. The language used in the encyclical reflects the dominance
and

The First English Poor Law Legislation
16th century – The first English Poor Law legislation.
According to Spicker (2014) the English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief which existed until the
emergence of the modern welfare state after the Second World War. These laws purpose was provision
for 'setting the poor on work '. The parish was the basic unit of administration. People were tied to
particular locations. If they tried to get relief outside the parish of their birth they could be 'removed'
which means not given relief or transported to another parish. The Poor Laws relief did not generally
include accommodation but in 17th century first few workhouses were established. In Scotland they
were called 'houses of correction'.
Workhouse is 'a building where very poor people in Britain used to work, in the past, in exchange for
food and shelter' (Cambridge Dictionaries Online, 2015, available online at
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/workhouse, retrieved on 07 June 2015).
19th century – The increase of poor and working class population due to mass industrialisation and
capitalism leaded to development of more central and state–controlled but still basic welfare system.
1834 – The Poor Law Amendment Act sets up a national Poor Law Commission which was a start point
to state education and health care system.
1839–1840 – The Poor Law Commission enquiry identified disease as a major cause of 'pauperism'.
1842 – The Poor Law Commission report identifying sanitation as a principal issue for

Elizabethan Poor Law & Supplemental Security Income Comparison

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