Essay On Effect Of Ethanol On Beetroot Membrane

Essay on Effect of Ethanol on Beetroot Membrane
Biology Coursework
Hypothesis: To investigate the effect of different concentrations of ethanol on the permeability of beetroot cell membranes.
Prediction: By exposing a membrane to a solvent, ethanol, it will increase its permeability. So the higher the concentration of the solvent, the more
permeable the membrane will be. But if the concentration of the ethanol is beyond a certain limit, it may break down the cell membrane to the point
where there is in fact no overall effect as the ethanol would disturb the lipids in the membrane.
Therefore, more of the red pigment in the beetroot would leak as the lipids control the substances that enter and leave the cell membrane.
However the ethanol might also impair particular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When beetroot is sliced or cut, the cells are also sliced, causing the pigment to spill out. The thinner the slices are, the larger the surface area, which
would increase the rate of pigment leakage. But if the membrane is destroyed and the phospholipid bilayer and are changed, more pigment, betacyanin
leaks by means of diffusion.
The basic structure of betacyanins
Betacyanin
Betalaines are the red pigments of beetroot. They are water–soluble and exist as internal salts in the sap vacuoles of plant cells. Betalaines are made up
of red betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins. Betacyanines include about 90% of beetroot betalaines. The most important betacyanin is betain. This
makes up 75–95% of the total colouring found in the beetroot. Jm
Ethanol:
C2H5OH :
[pic]
Generally ethanol is an alcohol found in alcoholic drinks. At 100% concentration, it is pure and a colourless liquid with a strong odour (due to weak

Van der Wall forces :D. Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates in yeast cells and is used frequently as a solvent.
Proteins which make up about 70% of cell membranes are affected by the pH of ethanol. Proteins are made of amino–acids which can form hydrogen
bonds with the many hydrogen atoms found in the molecule.
The position of some of these hydrogen atoms formed change when the pH of a solution changes.
Therefore the shape of the protein molecule alters due to the change in pH.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay about Permeability of Beetroot Cell Membranes
Permeability of Beetroot Cell Membranes
An experiment to investigate how temperature affects the
Permeability of beetroot cell membranes
Interpretation of Results:
0В°C
20В°C
30В°C
40В°C
55В°C
0.24
0.28
0.75
0.79
0.22
0.26
0.35
0.41
0.81
From 0В°C to 30В°C there is a gradual increase of absorbency which shows that as the temperature increases it is denaturing the cell wall and cell
membrane and allowing the beetroot pigment to leek out into the distilled water.

As soon as the sample of beetroot is placed into the distilled water diffusion occurs naturally, which is the net movement of molecules from a region of
high concentration (beetroot sample) to a region of low concentration (distilled water).
From ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within my data which I collected I have found one anomaly. The anomaly is taken from my second row of results (highlighted in red).
At the temperature 40В°C, the first result I collected from this temperature was 0.75 arbitrary units and from the re–test results at the same temperature
I got 0.41 arbitrary units. This is a difference of 0.34 arbitrary units.
This piece of data is not what I would have expected due to the first set of results, although the data at 55В°C on the first and second tests are relatively
the same.
Evaluation of Practical Work:
The anomaly which I have identified at 40В°C is 0.41 arbitrary units this could be due to the size of the sample of beetroot used, if the sample was
smaller than the other samples it was have less pigment which would suggested why the result is lower than expected. Another suggestion for why the
result is lower than expected could be due to the loss of pigment in the preparation process, or from where the sample was taken from on the beetroot.
If the sample was taken from the centre of the beetroot the sample may have had more pigment contained within the cells, but if the sample was taken
from closer to the surface of the beetroot it

Biology Beetroot Lab Report
Investigating Effects of duration of heating on permeability of beetroot cell membrane
Introduction: Cell membranes contain many different types of molecules which have different roles in the overall structure of the membrane.
Phospholipids form a bilayer, which is the basic structure of the membrane. Their non–polar tails form a barrier to most water soluble substances.
Membrane proteins serves as channels for transport of metabolites, some act as enzymes or carriers, while some are receptors. Lastly carbohydrate
molecules of the membrane are relatively short–chain polysaccharides, which has multiple functions, for example, cell–cell recognition and acting as
receptor sites for chemical signals.
The plasma membrane is a permeable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus it forms holes, disrupting the membrane of the beetroot core which essentially prevents the betacyanin pigment from leaving the cell. Also, when
exposed under heat, the cholesterol, glycolipids and phospholipids expand, putting pressure on the membrane from inside. The lipid part of the
membrane will become liquid, making it open to leakage. The proteins in the membrane will denature, increasing the permeability in the surface. The
combination of vibrating molecules and a denaturing membrane would disrupt the organized structure of the membrane. And eventually with a
disrupted membrane, betacyanin pigment in the innermost compartment will leak out.
When the beetroot sample is heated for a longer period of time, it is exposed to the vigorous and frequent vibrating molecules for a longer duration.
This further disrupts the cell membranes making them more fragile, thus more pigment will leak out into the external solution. With more leakage of
the betacyanin pigment, the % transmittance should be lower, indicating that the % of light that is able to pass through the beetroot solution should be
less as duration heated increases.
(Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what–is–membrane–permeability.htm)
Based on previous knowledge, research and the above prediction, I would expect to get results similar to:
The data collected of % transmittance can then be used as an indication of changes in membrane permeability of

Beetroot Juice Supplementation Experiment
The goal of this experiment was to determine whether or not beetroot juice supplementation could impact performance of elite track athletes. It has
already been shown that nitrate supplementation can increase whole body exercise economy by increasing steady state VO2, however, this effect had
been relatively diminished when the treatment was administered to elite level athletes. This is because elite trained athletes have higher plasma NO2
levels than ordinary individuals, therefore the difference between their natural level and their peak tolerance for NO2 is a lesser range, resulting is
less room for supplementation. Finally, trained athletes have higher capillary densities, which may decrease the reliance on the production of NO from
NO3 during exercise, as well as reduce development of hypoxic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subjects were given their treatment of either beetroot juice or placebo ninety minutes prior to commencing the examination. Then, they began the
treadmill portion of the exam, where VO2, VCO2 and RER data was collected at each varying intensity of the test. After completion of the treadmill
test, subjects were then taken to an indoor track to complete the 1500m TT. This began 2.5 hours post–supplementation. After completion of the TT,
subjects were then briefly quizzed to confirm the anonymity of the treatment they received. There were four experimental trials performed, with blood
sampling occurring at the conclusion of each for plasma NO3 analysis. Throughout the course of the experiment, dietary standards were set in order to
reduce confounding variables that would potentially alter the accuracy of the experimental procedure. Additionally, the supplementation blinding used
by the experimenters was very successful, as subjects were only able to correctly identify the treatment they received 50% of the

The Membrane Of A Eukaryotic Cell
A eukaryotic cell not only has a plasma membrane as its external boundary, but it also has a variety of membranes that divide its interior into discrete
partitions, separating processes and cell mechanisms (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012). The complex and varied design of the
phospholipid bilayer allows the membrane to serve the variety of specific functions required by different types of cells. Moreover, one of the most
significant properties of membranes is selective permeability; permitting the passage and movement of ions and molecules to pass freely through the
membrane, but excludes others from doing so (Ek–Vitorin and Burt, 2013). One type of membrane–bound vacuole is found in plant cells, the tonoplast
is quite large and contains water (Dee, 2000). Within Beta vulgaris cells, the membrane bound vacuole also contains a red, water soluble pigment,
known as betacyanin, that provides the beetroot with its characteristic colour (Nottingham, 2004). As the pigment is water soluble, it remains in the
vacuole of the cell, however if the integrity of the membrane is disrupted (through direct chemical damage, channel damage, injury via viruses, etc.) the
contents of the vacuole will diffuse out into the surrounding environment (Andrews, Almeida and Corrotte, 2014). Through practical analysis, the
effects of various chemicals on membrane permeability in B.vulgaris was observed through the utilization of various concentrations of ethanol – 0%,
35% and 70%

The Effect Of Acid Concentrations Increases Permeability...
Change in pH concentrations increases permeability of beetroot (вЂЋBeta vulgaris) cell membranes indicated through color intensity using the
spectrophotometer
Joshua Elekwa
Introduction to cell Biology, Fall 2014
Mount Royal University
ABSTRACT
The cell membrane (Plasma membrane) functions to provide cell support, cell stability and control entry and exit of materials from the cell. This study
was conducted to test the effects of environmental conditions such as the on beet root cell membrane (Beta vulgaris). Five trials using varied pH
concentrations were tested and absorbance rates were monitored. The experimental results showed that the protein function decreased sequentially
when the pH decreased. This allowed the betacyanin dye to leak out which created the color that was needed to determine the intensity and therefore
the effect of the circumstances. This supported the hypothesis that the more acidic or basic the environmental condition around the beet cell, the more
permeable the, membrane indicated by color intensity. Pigment leakage in the solution was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer.
INTRODUCTION
Plant cells have selectively permeable membrane that allows selective substances to penetrate into the cell. Cell membranes are consisting of lipid
layer that are made up of phospholipids. (Essays, UK.2013). These phospholipids are amphipathic in nature, which have phospholipids head and tail
respectively. Phospholipids heads are hydrophilic and tails

Essay on The Effects of Temperature on Beetroot Cell...
Effects of Temperature on Beetroot Cell Membranes
Background Information: A cell membranes is a thin structure that surrounds the whole cell. It contains the cytoplasm of a cell. The cell membrane is
made up of hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. The hydrophilic region likes water, it is on the outside of the cell, the hydrophobic region is
the inside of the cell where its protected from H2O. The cell membrane's outer surface lets larger molecules into the cell. The inner surface deals with
proteins that are important for development and cellular function. The cell membrane contains specific proteins and lipid components that enable it to
perform its roles for the cell or organelle. A cell membrane can perform many different... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 90 seconds the test tube was removed and the water in the test tube was tipped out. 10ml of tap water was then added to it and then left to stand
in the test tube rack.
The beaker was then heated to 65c. The burner was then turned off and the water's temperature was left to rise to 70c. 5 beetroot slices where then
added to the test tube labelled 70c, then water was added to the slices just to cover them. The 70c test tube was then placed into the beaker with the
water's temperature at 70c for 90 seconds. After 90 seconds the test tube was removed and the water in the test tube was tipped out. 10ml of tap water
was then added to it and then left to stand in the test tube rack.
The beaker was then heated to 75c. The burner was then turned off and the water's temperature was left to rise to 80c. 5 beetroot slices where then
added to the test tube labelled 80c, then water was added to the slices just to cover them. The 80c test tube was then placed into the beaker with the
water's temperature at 80c for 90 seconds. After 90 seconds the test tube was removed and the water in the test tube was tipped out. 10ml of tap water
was then added to it and then left to stand in the test tube rack.
After 30 minutes the test tubes were shook and then held against a white background in a well lit room. The colour of each solution was recorded.
Results:
Colour Intensity Scale 1 2

Investigate the Effect of Temperature on Cell Membranes...
Investigate the Effect of Temperature on Cell Membranes and Membrane Structure
If you read a recipe for cooked beetroot it will usually recommend that you don't remove the outer skin of the beetroot and don't cut off al the stalk
and root if you want to avoid getting lots of red dye in the cooking water. Beetroot contains red pigments called betalains, located within the cell
vacuole. Normally the pigments can't pass through membranes but they leak out when the beetroot is cooked.
Aim – The aim of this practical is to use beetroot to examine the effect of the temperature on cell membranes and relate the effects observed to
membrane structure. To function correctly a cell needs to be able to control transport across the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The polar heads lie at both surfaces, the kind of three–dimensional enclosed structure shown above can form. The real shape tends to be globular
(minimizing surface to volume ratio), and there are so many more bipolar molecule pairs than shown here that the radius of curvature lacks the kind of
strain and distortion shown at the corners of this drawing.
A membrane is a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins, polysaccharides and other sorts of lipids. This patchwork of molecules is like a mosaic.
Because the molecules move about within their respective layer, the membrane behaves like a fluid. This is why the model is called the Fluid–mosaic
model.
There have been many theories as to the nature of the cell membrane.
In 1935 Daniellie and Davson put forward a possible structure, which was widely accepted. Their model was composed of a double lipid layer coated
on each side by protein. They Estimated that the membrane was so thick, with the introduction of the electron microscope, membranes could be clearly
seen for the first time. Plasma membranes of both animal and plant cells showed a characteristic three–layered
(trilarninar) appearance.
As we apply heat on to the beetroot, this denatures the proteins creating "holes" in the membrane allowing pigment to be leeched out.
The denaturing of the proteins incorporated with the added kinetic energy added to the polysaccharides allows pigment to be

Lab Report On Plant Cell Walls
Introduction:
Plant cell walls are composed of: Pectin matrices, cellulose microfibrils and branches of hemicellulose. Cell walls give plant cells their rigid oblong
shape (in morphogenesis) and its strength aids the plant cell's maintenance of osmotic stability–preventing lysis and crenation when exposed to
hypertonic or hypotonic environments respectively. The apoplast pathway in the cell wall is also completely permeable to ions and small particles–while
preventing the entry of toxic macromolecules.
Second to cell walls, plant cell membranes contain a variety of different lipids (made of fatty acids), proteins and carbohydrates. The two–molecule
thick–layered structure of membranes is made of a bilayer of amphipathic phospholipids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tonoplast is similar the external plasma membrane–in that there are also intrinsic transmembrane proteins which govern the movement of a variety
of ions and the one–way entry of betalain molecules–produced via the flavonoid pathway in the cytoplasm.
In fig.1, the absorbance values of the resultant beetroot solutions show a clear increase with increasing temperature, this is gradual from 23В°C to
60В°C, but this steeply increases until 70В°C–which was the last data point. Extrapolation may show an exponential increase, until all the red pigment
has been liberated from all of the beetroot cells, and the trend line would thus plateau horizontally.
In fig.2, the absorbance readings of H2O and chloroform are relatively very small–almost negligible, IMS has the second highest reading and Rapid
freezing did the most damage to the beetroot cells' membranes with a very high absorbance reading. This was so high that it couldn't be detected by the
monochromatic light from the spectrophotometer–dilutions were made as a result and the absorbance was multiplied to its true value.
Discussion:
The monochromatic light of the spectrophotometer was set to a value of 540nm (the green region of the visual spectrum). This is essential because the
betacyanin pigments present in the vacuoles of beetroot cells are what give the vegetable its distinctive red colour (light transmitted), so the
'compromise' green wavelength is absorbed in the greatest

Beetroot Essay
The reason why we got these results can be explained, when alcohol interacts with the cell membrane is affects the normal formation of the lipid
chains that form in a bilayer, it is believed that alcohol binds underneath the charged head of the lipid and displaces water that is originally there [1]
this breaks up the membrane allowing more of the red pigment to diffuse out of the beetroot. [2] The ethanol forms temporary bonds with the
phospholipid heads in the bilayer as they are opposite dipoles causing the phospholipids to move out of place causing gaps to form which allows large
molecules such as betalain to diffuse out of the cell. As well proteins, like enzymes, can become denatured by the ethanol due to the same affect as with
the phospholipids this can disrupt the hydrogen bonds, which maintain secondary structure. The negative ethanol molecules cause the bonds between
the amino acid chains R–groups to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cholesterol in the membrane is not soluble in water but in ethanol it is soluble, at high concentrations it actually begins to dissolve, as the cholesterol
is no longer present and is used to hold the phospholipids together, the bilayer comes more fluid, cholesterol helps provide stability so once removed
there becomes larger gaps in between the phospholipids causing larger molecules to be able to diffuse out, such as betalain, therefore the cell membrane
is increasingly more permeable [3]. This is what caused the results that we got, as the concentration increased so did the gaps in the membrane in size
increase, allowing more pigment to diffuse out, especially at higher concentrations when cholesterol too dissolved, then as the concentration got higher
at 60% the results leveled off as the effect stayed

The Effects Of Environmental Stress On Cell Membranes
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment was to indirectly study the effects of environmental stress on cell membranes. Watercourses have been with discarding
of domestic and manufacturing, for centuries. Alarms have only escalated about the ecological alterations in the recent years of what would be the
consequences. Scientists have developed a thorough investigation in search of various man harmful waste that is damaging the environment of
watercourses.
The cell membranes are the utmost essential organelle that surrounds all living cells. Its purpose is to control what goes in and out of the cells and is
accountable for the various other properties of the cells as well. The nucleus and other organelles also have membranes that are practically
indistinguishable. Membranes are organised in a mosaic arrangement, comprised of carbohydrates, proteins and phospholipids. This can be seen in
Figure 1. The objective of this indirect examination is to study the causes of various solvents and conducts on live beetroot cells. The reason why
beetroot cells have been selected for this experiment is because they have a big membrane–bound central vacuole, as seen in Figure 2. The red colour
anthocyanin, which provides the beetroot its bright colour is located in the vacuole. The cell membrane encloses the whole beetroot cell. The
anthocyanin cannot leak out if the membranes stay unharmed. The red colour can escape if the membranes are hassled or broken.
Abstract:
Ethanol disrupts

To Study the Effect of Different Brands of Mouth Rinse on...
Practical Assessment Planning
AIMз”њиЏњж №зґ°иѓћдёеђ«жњ‰зґ…и‰Ізґ пјЊйЂ™ж Їе„Іе ењЁзґ°иѓћж¶ІжіЎе’Њж¶ІжіЎи†њпјЊд»Ґй ІжўйЂ™зЁ®жґ©жјЏе‡єдѕ†зљ„зґ°иѓћ
Beetroot cells contain a red pigment, which is stored in the cell vacuole and a vacuole membrane to prevent this leaking out of the cell surrounds it.
жњЂе¤–е±¤зљ„зґ°иѓће‘ЁењЌд№џз”±и†њпјЊйЂ™е†Ќж¬ЎеЏЇдЅїи‰Ізґ зґ°иѓће…§гЂ‚ The outer of the cell is also surrounded by a membrane,
which again helps contain the pigment inside the cell.
ењЁйЂ™еЂ‹еЇ¦й©—дёж€‘з
љ„з›®жЁ™ж Їж‰ѕе‡єй—њдї‚зљ„жјЏеѕћз”њиЏњзґ…и‰Ізґ зґ°иѓће’ЊиЎЁйќўйќўз©ЌгЂ‚ In this experiment I aim
to find out the relationship between the leakage of red pigment from a beetroot cell and the surface area.
и¦ЃеЃље€°й
Ђ™дёЂй»ћж€
ђеЉџпјЊж€‘й
њЂи¦Ѓж”№и®ЉиЎЁйќўйќўз©Ќзљ„з”њиЏњж №зґ°иѓћпјЊз„¶еѕЊжє–зўєењ°жё¬й‡ЏпјЊе¦‚жћњжІ’жњ‰е
To do this successfully I will need to alter the surface area of the beetroot cells accurately and then measure if any and how much dye is let out.... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
и®Љж•ёпјЊйЂ™е°‡иў«ж”№и®ЉпјЊиў«зЁ±з‚єи‡Єи®Љй‡ЏгЂ‚ The variables, which will be altered, are known as independent variables.
и®Љж•ёпјЊйЂ™е°‡ж ЇиЎЎй‡ЏпјЊиў«зЁ±з‚єе› и®Љй‡ЏгЂ‚ The variables, which will be measure, are known as dependant variables.
ењЁйЂ™еЂ‹еЇ¦й©—дёзљ„и‡Єи®Љй‡Џж ЇиЎЁйќўйќўз©ЌпјЊйЂ™е°‡жњ‰ж‰Ђж”№и®ЉгЂ‚ In this experiment the independent variable is
the surface area, which will be changed. е› и®Љй‡Џж Їжґ©жјЏзљ„жџ“ж–™пјЊйЂ™е°‡ж ЇиЎЎй‡Џж‰ѕе€°е…©и
Ђ…д№‹й–“зљ„й—њдї‚гЂ‚
The dependant variable is the leakage of dye, which will be measured to find a relationship between the two.
д№џжњ‰е…¶д»–е› зґ ењЁжњ¬еЇ¦й©—дёпјЊйЂ™е°‡йњЂи¦ЃйЂІиЎЊжЋ§е€¶п
јЊд»Ґй Іжўе®ѓж€
ђз‚єдёЂеЂ‹дёЌе…¬е№ізљ„жё¬и©¦пјЊе®ѓеЂ‘
– There are also other variables in this experiment, which will need to be controlled to prevent it becoming an unfair test, these are: – жє«еє¦ –
з”±ж–јйЂ™дёЂдє‹еЇ¦пјЊеЌіи†њж Їз”±и›‹з™ЅиіЄпјЊжє«еє¦ж ЇдёЂеЂ‹йќћеёёй‡Ќи¦Ѓзљ„е› зґ гЂ‚ Temperature – Due to the fact that membranes
are made of proteins, temperature is a very important factor. ењЁжє«еє¦й« ж–ј 50 В°
Cи›‹з™Ѕй–‹е§‹иў«ж‘§жЇЂпјЊйЂ™е°‡еўћеЉ йЂЏж°ЈжЂ§пјЊе› ж¤й›™ж–№зљ„зґ°иѓћеЈЃе’Њж¶ІжіЎз‰†гЂ‚ At temperatures above
approximately 50В°C proteins begin to get destroyed; this would therefore increase the permeability of both the cell wall and the vacuole wall.
йЂ™е°‡дЅїж€‘е
Ђ‘з„Ўжі•е€†и
ѕЁе®ѓж Їеђ¦ж Їж”№и®ЉиЎЁйќўз©Ќж€
–жє«еє¦йЂ ж€
ђд»»дЅ•ж”№и®Љжџ“ж–™жґ©жјЏгЂ‚ This would make
it impossible for us to distinguish as to whether it was the change in surface area or the temperature that caused any change in dye leakage.
з”±ж–јйЂ™еЂ‹еЋџе› пјЊз”Ёж°ґе°‡ењЁе®¤жє«пј€23В°е·¦еЏіпј‰пјЊе°‡ењЁеђЊдёЂе¤©йЂІиЎЊпјЊи®“жІ’жњ‰д»»дЅ•е·®з•°дїќи‰й‡‘гЂ‚
For this reason the water used will be at room temperature (23В° approx) and will be performed on the same day to allow no margin for any
discrepancies. ж™‚й–“ – ж™‚й–“ж ЇдёЂеЂ‹й‡Ќи¦Ѓе› зґ гЂ‚ Time – Time is an important factor.
з•¶й›ўй–‹з”њиЏњж №ењЁи©¦з®ЎдёпјЊеї…й €з
ўєдїќе®ѓеЂ‘ењЁж°ґдёж•ґж•ґ20е€†й
ђ гЂ‚ When leaving the beetroot in the test tubes it must be

ensured

Nitrate And Its Effects On Exercise Abuse In The Human Body
Nitrate (NO3–) supplementation has been widely researched for its effects on exercise performance since Larsen et al 2007 found that it decreased the
oxygen cost of submaximal aerobic exercise. The effect of NO3– in the body is tied to the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is an endogenous gas
that plays a regulatory role in many processes in the human body, including; blood pressure, calcium handling, mitochondrial biogenesis,
excitation–coupling contraction, oxidative stress, regulation of blood flow to muscle tissues, and skeletal muscle repair (Stamler & Meismer 2001). NO
is produced in the body via the L–Arginine pathway, where NO is synthesized by NO–synthase enzymes (Stamler & Meismer 2001).
However, studies have discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This increase in exercise tolerance may be able to increase the performance of both moderate and high intensity exercise, but the research is conflicting
regarding nitrate's effectiveness on high–intensity exercise. Nitrate supplementation seems to be a useful ergogenic aid that could help increase the
performance in diverse types of exercise.
The most widely researched and documented effects of nitrate intake been its ability to decrease the oxygen cost of submaximal aerobic exercise, at
least in moderately trained or sedentary individuals. The first study to discover these findings was conducted by Larsen et al in 2007. They found that
the oxygen uptake of moderately fit males while cycling at a moderate intensity (45%–85% VO2max) was reduced by an average of 0.16 L/min–1. The
most shocking result of these findings were that it happened without an increase in the formation of blood lactate levels or any changes to heart rate,
meaning that the nitrate supplementation did in fact increase muscle efficiency (Larsen et al, 2007). These effects have been most commonly noted
in cycling (Larsen et al, 2007; Baily et al 2015, 2010 and 2009) and running (Porcelli et al, 2015). Reducing the oxygen cost of exercise during aerobic
activities would benefit greatly in competition, as it would allow an individual to maintain a faster pace at a lower percentage of their VO2max than
they previously could, thus theoretically delaying fatigue.
This effect of oxygen cost on

Plasma Membrane Lab Report
The Effects of Temperature and Detergent on the Plasma Membrane
Introduction
The Effects of Temperature and Detergent on the Plasma Membrane
Introduction
The fluid mosaic model developed by S.J Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972 explains the structure of the membrane. It shows this through the
explanation of the phospholipid bilayer which contains hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic heads as well as the peripheral and integral proteins which
help to hold the structure. The fluid mosaic model also says how the membrane is in a fluid form rather than solid because of the constant movement
within the membrane (Biology Online, 2008).
The cell membrane is a semi permeable protective layer which protects the cell from the outside environment by only allowing in and out of the cell
only what is needed in order to survive. The cells that make up the red beetroot contain a compound called betacyanin which is the cause for the red
pigment of the beetroot (Carter–Edwards, 2011). The betacyanin is found within the vacuoles of the cell and is soluble in water (Cellular membrane
structure and function, n.d.). The proteins within the membrane of the cell denature when subjected to high temperatures which causes the membrane
to break apart allowing the betacyanin within the cell to release causing a red pigment to release from the beetroot. The higher the temperature and the
longer at which the beetroot is exposed to it, causes more pigment to release ("Beetroot Cell

Lab Report Osmosis on Potatoe
Practical Work NВє2: "Different methods to control osmosis"
Aim: observe and test the process of osmosis through different kinds of methods: the weigh (potato), the density (beetroot) and under the light
microscope (onion).
Hypothesis: according to the encyclopedia definition osmosis is the diffusion of a liquid (most often assumed to be water, but it can be any liquid
solvent) through a partially–permeable membrane from a region of high solvent potential to a region of low solvent potential. Thus, this is what will
happen.
Teacher's instructions: в–Є We shouldn't forget to include the experimental error in the results exposed in the recollection of data. в–Є How to prepare
a dilute solution from a more concentrated one: Vf . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Loss or gain of the potatoes' mass and its water potential.
[pic]
Conclusion:
Within this experiment we could verify the passage of water from a region of high concentration through a region of a lower concentration for when the
potato was surrounded by a concentrated environment (lower water potential) the potato lost mass, and when it was surrounded by a dilute
environment (higher water potential) it gained mass.
We could also estimate, with the graph, the concentration at which the potato neither loses nor gains mass, that is when the water potential inside the
potato is equal to the one outside. This equilibrium occurs at 0,345M.(aprox.)
вќ– BEETROOT:
Materials: a raw beetroot, boiling tubes with stoppers x 14, boiling tube rack, distilled water, sucrose solutions (0.0M, 0.1M, 0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M,
0.3M, 0.5M), cork borer, scalpel, pipette (В±0,1ml), Pasteur pipette, ruler (0.1mm) and marker for writing on glass.

Teacher's instructions:
в–Є After cutting the pieces of beetroot, wash them to remove the superficial pigment.
в–Є Place the pieces of beetroot on 7 test tubes.
в–Є Deposit a drop of solution where the beetroot was in the

Tonoplast Experiment
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Even though alcohol does not actually kill brain cells, it still can damage the brain. It does this by damaging the dendrites (Krucik, 2013) which are the
branch–like ends of the brain cells. Dendrites are used for passing messages from one neuron to another, therefore damage to dendrites can cause
severe cognitive problems. (Lexton, 2016)
Alcohols:
Ethanol is found in alcoholic beverages and is a two carbon molecule. (Wilmar, 2014)
Methanol, sometimes referred to as wood alcohol, can cause blindness and death and it is also a one carbon molecule. (Turnon, 2016) Propanol is fatal
if consumed and is a three carbon molecule. One reason why they are so dangerous to living organisms is that they can damage dendrites, as
mentioned before. However, many studies have come to conclusion that this is only possible if a human consumes a certain amount and concentration
of alcohol. This is the reason why I am testing the effects at different concentrations: (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%).
Methanol, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tonoplast is quite large and typically contains water. In beetroot plants, this membrane–bound vacuole (Tonoplast) also contains a water soluble red
pigment, betacyanin, which is what gives beetroot its colour. (Bjarnadottir, 2014) Due to the fact that the pigment is water soluble, not lipid soluble, it
remains in the vacuole when the cells are healthy. However if the integrity of a membrane is disturbed, then the contents of the vacuole will release into
the surrounding environment. (Bjarnadottir, 2014)This usually means the cell is dead. If beetroot membranes are damaged–– red pigment will leak out
into the surrounding environment. Although these cells are not the same as the dendrites they can still act as a model for a cellular damage analysis.
This is why I have chosen beetroot to serve as my 'biological membrane'. As well as this beetroot contains thiamine. (Bjarnadottir,

Betacyanin Lab Report
In figure 1, the Betacyanin are treated with different levels of sodium chloride. Most of these graphs with different concentrations seem to have a
deceleration curve. The concentrations of 0%, 1%, 5%, and 10% seem to have a deceleration curve and that maybe due because they reached a point of
equilibrium so they start to level off. You can also see that the absorption is proportional to the concentration, because it increase due to it concentration
and that may be due to the ethanol that the beetroots where in. Since the beetroots sat in ethanol while the time being it made the membrane more
permeable, allowing the salts to either increase the diffusion of the betacyanins or decrease it. The concentrations of 2.5% and 7.5% seem to have a
direct proportion. This could occur because it had yet not had equilibrium, and the betacyanins were still being diffused. In the graph of 0%
concentration I received the value of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At lower concentration level sodium chloride would have a lower diffusion rate compared to magnesium chloride. However at a higher
concentration level sodium chloride would have a higher diffusion rate compared to magnesium chloride. The higher the concentration level is for
sodium chloride the faster the rate betacyanin is diffused. The lower the concentration level is for magnesium chloride the faster the rate betacyanin
is diffused. The same salt can be cause different diffusion rates based on its concentration. The concentration of a molecules can be too high that the
diffusion has to be release faster that it usually would, or they have to little of it that the membrane cannot get enough. In other words one salt can
help the membrane stabilize itself or it can either make it worst by weakening it. My R2 for sodium chloride was equal to 0.02479 and my R2 for
magnesium chloride was 0.13685. Both my R2 were below .7, so it probably was not the best

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the...
Aim: In this investigation I will be measuring the effects of temperature on the membrane permeability of beetroot. I will be measuring the amount of
anthocyanin that will diffuse out of the beetroot. The way in which I will measure the anthocyanin is to check the light absorbency of the solution
using a colorimeter. The higher the reading on colorimeter the more anthocyanin present in the solution To find out the permeability of the beetroot
membrane I will firstly cut out cylinders of beetroot using a cork borer, I will slice them into a certain width and then place them into distilled water at
different temperatures. Using a colorimeter I will measure the anthocyanin that will diffuse into the distilled water, the higher the reading... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
BeetrootA beetroot will be used to investigate the affect of temperature on the cell membrane permeability. I will ensure that all the beetroot pieces
used have the same surface area. I can do this by using equal sized cylinders of beetroot giving a large membrane surface for the anthocyanin to leak
out from. Also to ensure a fair test the beetroot should be from the same batch as different beetroots may have different membranes but if they are all
from the same batch the membranes should be the same, so I should use beetroot from the same batch. Water bathThere will be several water baths at
different temperatures in order to do the tests on at different temperatures. The water baths may not provide accurate temperature e.g. (20 ВєC may be
21 ВєC) so I will carry out each test at each temp on the same day to ensure a fair test. So I will be measuring the actual temperature (using a
thermometer) and the precision of the thermometer is to 1d.p which is 0.5 ВєC. White tileA white tile will be placed underneath the beetroot pieces
when cutting them to give me a flat surface to cut the beetroot on in order for me to be accurately cut the beetroot pieces at a 90 Вє angle. Also the
white tile will prevent any damage to surface of the beetroot and any stains to the table. Thermometer I will use a thermometer to measure the
temperature of the water in the water baths. This will ensure the reliability of my results, as it will allow me to make sure the water

Research Paper On Beetroot
Fruits and vegetables are often credited as powerful performance enhancers that are completely natural and help people increase their performance
levels. Beetroot is among those natural ingredients that are packed with power. According to many researchers, Beetroot juice can act as a serious
energy drink because it contains nitrates.
Beetroot juice is a low cost solution that triggers the body into action. It produces nitric oxide in the body which causes vasodilation. This allows the
body to get more blood to the muscles therefore increasing the athletic performance. Some experts also suggest that it improves the function of
mitochondria therefore allowing it to produce more power by using less available oxygen.
A study was carried out over this theory and found that athletes given the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can produce nitrosamines when nitrates and nitrites react with certain proteins.
Beetroot juice however is free from such chemicals and therefore does not expose the body to the risk of cancer due to the presence of nitrates. Let us
look at some of the nutritional elements that it contains and then study its benefits in detail that are so many that experts are in awe of this natural
stamina booster.
Nutritional Values
A single cup of beetroot contains around 58 calories. It also contains a lot of 13 grams of carbohydrates while having 2 grams of protein. It also has
trace amounts of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, calcium and iron.
Beetroot also contains folate, Vitamin B6, choline and miners such as magnesium, potassium and zinc. The additional elements of thiamine, riboflavin
and betaine all have excellent health benefits. Many of these ingredients contain nitrates which are the main chemical responsible for most of the
amazing health benefits adhered to the beetroot juice.
Benefits of Beetroot

Beetroot Lab
Abstract The main objective of this experiment was to study the effects of ethanol has on a cell membrane. A beetroot was cut into pieces and put into
tubes filled with 10,20 and 30% concentrations of ethanol. They were left submerged for one hour. At the end point time the solution were transferred
into different test tube to be first analyzed for relative concentration of pigment by comparing it with different test tubes and later for statistical analysis
by using a spectrophotometer. The result showed that the ethanol does play a role in pigment release and higher the concentration of ethanol more
pigment is released.as the spectrophotometer findings proved it as the mean absorbance of 10,20 and 30 % was determined to be 0.128,0.197 ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then choosing one from the three different treatments available such as temperature, detergent and ethanol multiple concentration of tubes were
prepared .one piece of beet was placed in each concentration for a time decided by the lab group. At the end point time the solution were transferred
into different test tube to be first analyzed for relative concentration of pigment by comparing it with different test tubes and later for statistical
analysis by using a spectrophotometer. As an experimental design for this experiment. We choose ethanol as a treatment and prepared three different
concentration of ethanol 10,20 and 30 %. To prepare 10,20 and 30% ethanol 1 ml,2 ml and 3 ml of of pure ethanol was used. Later the beetroot was
cut in to equally sized pieces and were merged in the one of the each concentration for one hour. Two other samples were prepared of 10,20 and 30%
ethanol for statistical comparisons.At the end point of 1 hour relative comparison of each solution was done and later each solution was one by one
was transferred into a new test tube for statistical comparison by the spectrophotometer. Before using the spectrophotometer. Spectrophotometer was
warmed by for ten minutes and was set to the desired wavelength. Later the Spectrophotometer was set to zero by adjusting the amplifier knob. Before
stating with the

Effect of Detergent Concentration on Membrane Permeability...
Aim: To investigate how effect of Detergent Concentration (cont.) has on Membrane permeability of Beetroot cells.
Hypothesis: I predict that as detergent concentration increases, the solution will become less clear, plus mass increases. The increases in mass will
indicate that the water potential of the Beetroot cell is lower than that of the surrounding sucrose solution. The Beetroot discs will become flaccid and
decrease in mass if the water potential of the surrounding solution is lower than the water potential inside the beetroot cell. I predict that Osmosis will
not occur (at 0% cont.) if the water potential of the sucrose solution (detergent) and the water potential of the cell's cytoplasm are equal. I also predict
that an increase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has been shown by a steady increase in Anthon cyanine leaked out of plant cells as the concentration and temperature increases.
The purpose of a cell membrane is to control the transport of substances moving into and out of a cell. The membrane is an extremely thin layer (8
to 10 nanometers (nm)) thick, which is partially permeable. It consists mostly of lipids and proteins. The lipids found in cell membranes belong to a
class known as triglycerides, so called because they have one molecule of glycerol chemically linked to three molecules of fatty acids. The majority
belong to one subgroup of triglycerides known as phospholipids.
The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. The hydrophobic tails of the detergent molecules are taken up by this bilayer. The detergent's
hydrophilic heads will then repel (Micelle, an electrically charge particle built up from polymer molecules or ions and occurring in certain colloidal
electrolytic solutions like soaps and detergents) the individual phospholipids and this will mean they are 'disrupted'. The detergent will then enter the
cell, and the tonoplast surrounding the membrane. Therefore, the higher concentration of detergent, the more detergent molecules, and this means there
is more chance of the extra detergent molecules being taken up by the cell membranes. If more detergent is taken up by the cell membranes, more

Physiological Response To Exercise Analysis
Marathon running has been associated with a number of physiological lapses that occurs when the body and the organs can no longer sustain itself.
Specifically ultra–marathon running especially in the heat. Exercise in the heat is a physiologically challenging for the function of the cardiovascular
(GonzГЎlez–Alonso & Calbet 2003), thermoregulatory system (Johnson 2010; GonzГЎlez–Alonso et al. 2008; GonzГЎlez–Alonso 2012). Thus
exposure to prolonged exercise in the heat that increases the body temperature increases the risk of heat illnesses (Armstrong et al. 2007) such as acute
heat exhaustion/syncope which range from acute to chronical which can eventually lead to death such as heat stroke. Heat also impairs the capacity of
performance, subsequently, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2014), due to its high concentration in nitric oxide (NO). There is research evidence suggesting that NO plays a vital role within the coronary and the
peripheral hemodynamic by increasing the peripheral perfusion control and metabolic regulations during exercise (Pinna et al. 2014) and therefore
reduces the physiological responses to exercise. Specifically NO has been reported to assist in the thermoregulation system, by increasing the blood
flow and muscle contractibility and maintaining glucose level (Cermak et al. 2012). Clementi & Nisoli (2005); Nisoli et al., (2004) reported that
exposure of cells to NO stimulates mitochondria biogenesis (Kingwell, 2000). Ingestion of ~500ml per day of beetroot juice has been reported to
reduce pulmonary oxygen uptake (VМ‡Oв‚‚) during submaximal exercise and increase tolerance of high–intensity work rates (Pinna et al. 2014),
suggesting that nitrate can be a potent ergogenic aid. However, research is still missing regrading effect of nitrate ingestion on athletic performance
(Lansley, et al. 2011) study found that the when 140ml of beetroot juice was ingested per day for six days during a 60 minute cycling time trial had,
and 10km time trial; the beetroot group performed better compared to the placebo group which was administered with nitrate–depleted beetroot juice.
However, the efficiency of beetroot juice ability to be able to improve performance still lacking and current studies are not certain how much beetroot
juice an ultra–endurance athlete will need to ingest in order to improve

Beetroot Lab Report
The effect of increasing temperature on the permeability of the cell membrane on Beetroot
Introduction
To study the effect of different temperatures on the cell membrane structure of beetroot, an experiment took place. The cell membrane on beetroot stops
the transport of any substances moving into and out of the cell. The molecules move in and out by diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Diffusion is
the net movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Hypothesis
Beetroot contains red pigments called betalains, located within the cells vacuole. In the cells of a beetroot plant, a substance called anthocyanin is
contained in the plasma membrane. The anthocyanin gives the beetroot its purple look. When the cell

Beetroot Lab Report
The Effect of Temperature on the Light Transmission on the Permeability of a Beetroot Cell
When the bathing solution is between 3В°C and 60В°C the light transmission decreases. The light transmission decreases more rapidly when the
bathing solution is over 60В°C. The amount of beetroot pigment released does increase as the bathing temperature increases. The light transmission
average was 85.8% when the bathing solution was 3В°C so less pigment was released. At 80В°C the light transmission was 33.0% which shows that
more pigment was released from the beetroot cell at a higher temperature.
The cell membrane increases in fluidity as the temperature begins to increase (3В°C to 60В°C). The phospholipids have no bonds and begin to move
around more which releases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would be difficult to keep the temperature constant for this amount of time so we put the boiling tube with the bathing solution into a beaker of
water at the required temperature. This insulted the bathing solution so that it stayed at the right temperature for the full 2 minutes. Some groups did
not do this so over the 2 minutes the temperature was not exact. If the bathing solution was not at the correct temperature the results may not be as
reliable. Using an electronic thermostatic water bath would keep the temperature of the bathing solution constant during the 2 minutes and therefore
the results would be more reliable.
For the lowest temperature, 3В°C, we used ice. The highest light transmission is 97% and the lowest is 77%. This large range could be because as th
experiment went on the temperature of the ice increased. The 97% could have been measured in the beginning and the 77% measure at the end. The
results for 3В°C could be taken again all at the same time. The results taken at 20В°C have the smallest range. This could be because it was the closest
to room temperature and therefore easier to maintain the bathing solution

The And Its Effects On The Cell
The transport through the selectively permeable membrane is necessary for the cell to survive as it receives vital molecules such as oxygen from the
extra–cellular environment and being able to expel waste products, like urea and ammonia, of the cell processes (4). The transport across the
membrane can involve or not the use of energy, provided by the scission of ATP molecules into ADP+P. In the first case, we are talking about active
transport. Energy is required in this kind of transport because it happens against concentration gradient and therefore the substance has to be moved
against its natural tendency of diffusion (2). Active transport is also necessary when large molecules or large quantities of substance are required into the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diffusion can be defined as the movement of certain molecules down to their concentration gradient (from the side with higher concentration of solute,
to the side with lower concentration of solute) through a selectively permeable membrane. However, the movement of substances through the cell's
cytoplasm must be analysed as well since, after they have crossed the membrane, they will have to reach the organelles. The dimensions of a cell are
deeply influenced by the rate of this process, because bigger cells will have a less immediate and efficient access to those substances. When the
molecules are small enough to get through the pores between the phospholipids, a simple diffusion can happen. On the other hand, when the aid of
channel or carrier proteins is necessary, we are talking about facilitated diffusion (5). Facilitated diffusion can happen both because the molecules are
too big and because they are lipid–insoluble or ions. In these cases, the substances are not allowed to cross the phospholipids bilayer and need the help
of some proteins present in cell membrane (6).
The process of osmosis is an example of diffusion: the water molecules move down to their concentration gradient through a selectively permeable
membrane (1). In fact, when the cell membrane is impermeable to a solute, the solvent molecules (in biological systems, water molecules) move from

The Effects Of Salinity On Crops By Denielle Walters
The Effects of Salinity in Crops
By Denielle Walters
Team Members; Iona Millen, Jade McMillan, Kiara Stone
Teacher– Mrs Dean Contents: Abstract:
In this experiment it was found that the higher the salt concentration in a solution, the lower the mass of the Beetroot. As water travels out of the
extracellular environment by Osmosis, the Cell began to dehydrate and signs of cell Lysis occurred. Though Colorimeter reading results were recorded,
they did not align with the mass of the Beetroot data and were classified inaccurate. Reviewing the results there was no consistent trend in the data (eg.
as the salt content increased by 1% the mass loss decreased by 0.5g). It could only be stated that as the salt concentration was increased the mass of the
Beetroot decreased. This experiment is related to the Salinity issues currently occurring in Australia. It has been established that the rising levels of salt
in soil affects a number of things like; Agricultural production, Water quality, Ecological health of streams, Terrestrial biodiversity, Soil erosion, Flood
risk, Infrastructure and fixtures, irrigation. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/soil/salinity/impacts/
If the effects of salinity continue, crops would not be able to grow therefore farmers would not be making an income and the fresh healthy Fruits and
Vegetables that are displayed in supermarkets would be practically non–existent and the salt could potentially move into fresh water meaning the fresh
water

Beetroot Research Paper
It seems the health benefits of beetroot juice has made its nutritional way around for some time now. With many still jumping on the bandwagon.
Does drinking organic beet juice really live up to all the noise it is making?
Beet juice is rumoured to be one of the healthiest foods you can juice. It is, of course, a superfood.
I have no doubt beetroot is a superfood as it is full of goodness. I just question if it can live up to all the fuss it still continues to make.
Many websites I found promoting this food for juice had lots of wonderful things to say about it.
I am sure it does offer the body some health advantages. However, I wouldn't rely on beet juice as the answer, rather as something else you can add
along with many of the other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, it is often called a liver–protecting food.
I read somewhere once studies on rats given beet juice show a support and improvement in liver function.
On the other hand, excessive drinking of beet juice may cause a build up of iron, phosphorus, and magnesium in the liver (3).
Stomach and colon cancer are two which may respond well to beet juice, by helping inhibit the mutation of cancer cells.
Drinking beet juice regularly may also help with piles, constipation, anemia, diarrhea, and gout.
You may find relief from varicose veins and spider veins, drinking organic beet juice. It is good for improving blood circulation.
Because of its rich source of vitamins and minerals, making beet juice a part of your anti–aging diet will be good for improving skin tone.
Organic Beet Juice Nutrition

The thing that makes this juice so popular is a natural chemical found in beets called nitrate. Nitrates are also found in spinach and celery.
Nitrate converts to nitric oxide and will improve blood flow and oxygen to the muscles (4).
The health benefits of beetroot juice do make it a wonderful antioxidant

Effect of Temperature on Permeability of Cell Membrane
To investigate the effect of variation in temperature on the permeability of cell membranes using fresh beetroot
Aims
In this investigation, you will subject fresh, washed beetroot discs to different temperatures to investigate the effect of temperature on the permeability
of the plasma membrane.
Overview
The beetroot discs will be placed in distilled water at different temperatures. You will compare the intensity of the beetroot pigment that has leaked out
from the cells subjectively and possibly objectively using a colorimeter. You can relate the findings to the effect of different temperatures on the
permeability of cell membranes in beetroot (as well as in other organisms).
Features of experimental design
The investigation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assemble the bench mat, tripod, gauze, water bath and Bunsen burner. Do not light the Bunsen burner yet.
6. Add 5.0 cm3 of distilled water from a beaker to each of the seven test tubes E25 to E75 and C25. Put all seven test tubes into the water bath.
7. Check the temperature of the water in the water bath. Use the Bunsen burner to gently warm its towards 25 В°C. Stop heating just below that
temperature at about 23 В°C since more heat will be conducted from the hot glass of the beaker. Measure the temperature in the water in the test tube
labelled E25. When it is the same as that of the water bath, record it in the table.
8. Add three beetroot discs to E25. Start the stop clock. After sixty seconds, use a test tube holder to remove the test tube. Put the bung into it. Shake it
ten times over 30 cm. Pour the liquid into the receiving test tube (RT)and the discs into the waste beaker. Then pour the liquid back into E25 and put it
into the test tube rack for later examination.

9. Carry out the same procedure with the control tube C25.
10. Carry out the same procedure for the other temperatures. Use the Bunsen burner to raise the temperature towards 35(C and carry out the same
procedure with 3 more discs, as at 25(C. In the same way, subject the beetroot discs in the various experimental tubes to sixty seconds at each of 45(C,
55(C, 65(C and 75(C. Use a paper towel for insulation or a

Beetroot-And-Lunch Ideas
Chapter 4: Quick Salad and Lunch Ideas Recipe #6: Beetroot, Carrot and Radish Salad on Watercress with Walnut Dressing Serves 2 Ingredients: For
the dressing пѓ 4 Tbsp. extra virgin olive oil пѓ 2 Tbsp. freshly squeezed lemon juice пѓ 1 piece, small garlic clove, grated пѓ 1 tsp. Dijon mustard
(for a spicier mix, substitute English mustard) пѓ ВЅ tsp. honey пѓ salt, to taste пѓ white pepper, to taste пѓ Вј cup walnuts For the salad пѓ 1
piece, large raw sugar beets пѓ 1 piece, small carrot пѓ 1 piece, large radish пѓ 4 slices halloumi (or any grilling cheese like: kefalotyri, queso
panela, or provolone) пѓ 2 handfuls, generous watercress, rinsed, drained Directions: 1. For the dressing: in a dry skillet, toast the walnuts until
slightly brown and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a mason jar (or any container with a tight–fitting lid,) add in the remaining ingredients. Seal the jar and shake well to combine. Set aside. 3. For the
salad: place two generous handfuls of watercress on a serving plate. Place in the fridge to chill. 4. Peel the beetroot, radish, and carrot. Using Blade C,
turn the vegetables into thin zoodles. Place in the fridge to chill. 5. In a non–stick pan, gently grill the halloumi slices until brown on both sides, about
3 to 4 minutes. Allow the halloumi to cool before slicing into thin strips. 6. To assemble: pour in 2 tablespoons of the dressing into the bowl of
vegetables. Add in the chopped walnuts and sliced halloumi. Toss well to combine. Place salad on the chilled plate of watercress. Add more
dressing, if desired. Serve immediately. Salad tip: always dress your salad greens at the last minute, then serve immediately. This prevents vegetables
and fruits from turning limp and soggy. If you are not sure if the salad will be eaten right away, you can toss the salad at the table, and serve the
dressing on the side. Another tip to preserve the crunchiness of leafy greens is to spin–dry (use a salad spinner) the vegetables after rinsing. This
quickly removes most of the moisture without damaging the fragile

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the...
Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Membranes
The permeability of membranes can be altered in several ways. From previous preliminary work I know that reagents, for example detergents and
alcohol alter the arrangement of the phospholipids in the membrane allowing substances to leak out of the cell. Temperature also affects the membrane.
As membranes relay on protein molecules to allow molecules to enter and leave the cell through facilitated diffusion the temperature must not exceed
the approximate temperature of 50В°C as at roughly this temperature proteins are denatured. This is due to an increase in kinetic energy making atoms
in the protein to vibrate more; this breaks hydrogen and ionic bonds. These proteins ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will be used, as it will provide me with a set of figures that a mean and standard deviation can be taken from in order to produce more accurate
results.
11.Samples to set the colorimeter, a sample of clear liquid, water and a liquid containing a deep colour will be needed to set the scale of the
colorimeter, the water will have a high transmission and set it to 100% and the deep colour will give a low transmission and set it to zero (0%)
12.Syringe, to measure out volumes of water, this will be used as it provides a more accurate measurement than a beaker.
13.Test tube rack, to store the samples of beetroot when they are taken from the water baths to ensure nothing is spilled.
14.Tongs, to remove the test tubes from the water baths to minimise the risk of burns from hot water.
Risk Assessment
Care will need to be taken when cutting lengths of beetroot with a scalpel. Beetroot should be cut in a direction away from the body to minimise the
risk of cutting yourself. A cutting mat should be used as not to damage surfaces underneath by cutting or stained by any of the leaked pigment as a
result of cutting the beetroot. Plastic gloves and apron may be used to avoid the staining of hands and clothes with beetroot pigment. Care will also
need to be taken when placing and removing samples of beetroot in hot water, tongs should be used to avoid burns.
Diagram

Method
Firstly the equipment needed should be gathered in order to carry out the

Beetroot Cell Membrane Permeability Experiment
Practical Assessment
Planning
AIM
Beetroot cells contain a red pigment, which is stored in the cell vacuole and a vacuole membrane to prevent this leaking out of the cell surrounds it.
The outer of the cell is also surrounded by a membrane, which again helps contain the pigment inside the cell. In this experiment I aim to find out the
relationship between the leakage of red pigment from a beetroot cell and the surface area. To do this successfully I will need to alter the surface area of
the beetroot cells accurately and then measure if any and how much dye is let out. I can hopefully then look at my results and then find a relationship
between the two factors and be able to explain exactly why any changes took place.
PREDICTION
For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason the water used will be at room temperature (23В° approx) and will be performed on the same day to allow no margin for any
discrepancies.
Time – Time is an important factor. When leaving the beetroot in the test tubes it must be ensured that they are in the water for exactly 20 minutes
each. This will make sure that the same period of time is given for dye leakage to occur. To control this, putting the beetroot into each test tube two
minutes apart will give enough time for them to be removed before the next test tube is ready to have its contents removed.
pH – pH can affect the structure of a membrane and therefore cause it to be unable to function efficiently. The pH's, which cause this affect, would be
those that are acid or alkaline. Therefore we must use water as our substance as it has a pH 7 and this is neutral and will have no affect on the leakage
of pigment.
APPARARATUS

В·Safety goggles
В·Cutting mat
В·Test tube holder
В·5 test tubes
В·2 x 25 ml beaker
В·Raw beetroot
В·Mounted needle
В·Cork borer or scalpel
В·Stop watch
В·Colorimeter
METHOD
1.Collect all the equipment required.
2.Use a cork borer to cut cylinders of raw beetroot. Ensure that all cuts made are at a vertical angle and that each individual slice of beetroot is
exactly 3mm in thickness. Cut five discs, as this will provide a good enough range of results to draw a graph and also to make conclusions as to why the

Photosynthesis Lab Report
The purpose of this investigation was to see and understand the relationship between the effect of temperature and the rate at which the amount of
anthocyanin leaves the cell. This was achieved by using the colorimeter calculated through the Data Logger, and assessing the absorption of blue light
of the solution. In both the data collection tables, results were achieved to understand how the absorption of blue light (470 nm) increased as the
temperature increased as well. On Table 1, results varied for each group but more or less gave accurate results. For example, the temperature was
20В°C for group 6, the absorption of blue light was 0.027 and when the temperature increased to 30В°C, the absorption of blue light was 0.031. It was
understood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average absorption for 50В°C needed to increase, as other outside sources acquire, since there is a relationship between the increase of temperature
and the average amount of absorption of blue light. This was most likely due to manipulative errors achieved while doing the experiment. Regardless of
that result, calculations for the correlation between the two variables, demonstrated that there is a positive correlation, as shown on Table 3. A 95%
confidence statistical analysis also verified that the results were not due to chance, and the standard deviation demonstrated accurate results. 95% was
used to demonstrate that there is a relationship between the two and that it is not specifically due t chance.
My hypothesis stated that "An increase in the temperature of the water, in which beetroot tap root cylinders are bathed for one minute, from 20В°C to
70В°C at increments of 10В°C, will cause an increase to the amount of anthocyanin that leaves the cell and, consequently an increase in the absorption
of blue light by the pigment in the solution as measured by the colorimeter.". In Graph 1, it was understood that the absorption of blue light increases as
the temperature increases, supporting my

Effects of Temperature on Cell Membranes
Investigating the effect of temperature on plant cell membranes
The purpose of this activity is:
to practise experimental and investigative skills to investigate the effect of temperature on cell membrane structures
Procedure
SAFETY: Always carry scalpels clasped to a tile and with the tip pointing away from you.
Beetroot cells contain pigments called betalains that give the tissue its dark purple–red colour. The pigment is contained in the cell vacuole.
Investigation
a. Collect 3 or 4 beetroot cores from the beaker provided. Cut each core into 2 cm sections until you have enough for one core for each temperature of
water bath that you will be using. Put your 2 cm sections into a test tube with plenty of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that the vacuole contents will more readily leak into the water in the test tube. The higher the temperature, the greater the disruption to the
plasma membranes and the more pigment will leak out in 30 minutes.
2. The factors controlled in this test are the ones that are the same from one group to another – the size of the beetroot cores (their surface area and
volume), the advance treatment of the beetroot cores, the volume of water in the test tubes, the pre–heating (or chilling) of the water in the test tubes
using the water baths, the length of time the cores spend in the water baths, the treatment of the cores after heating. The experiment could be made
more reliable by using more samples of beetroot, and by maintaining the temperature with thermostatically–controlled water baths.
3. The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of pigment released from the

The Membrane And Cytoplasmic Membranes
The plasma membrane and cytoplasmic membranes of plants, like those of animal cells, are composed of lipids and proteins that are often
glycosylated. Likewise, the composition from one membrane type to another is highly diverse. There is some evidence to suggest that the composition,
particularly of the lipid component, may change in response to environmental conditions such as temperature, water stress, etc. as well as during
growth, development and ultimately senescence of the cell. It is believed that these changes are required to adjust the physical characteristics of
membrane structures so that they may perform their necessary physiological tasks when environmental factors change. If the environmental conditions
are altered beyond the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this review the importance of lipid phase behaviour is discussed in the context of membrane stability at different temperatures.
The dark red and purple pigments in beetroot are located in the cell vacuole and are chemical compounds called 'betalains'. The pigments cannot pass
through membranes, but can pass through the cellulose cell walls if the membranes are disrupted – by heat (for example cooking) or after a long
period pickled in vinegar.
Method:
First collect a cylinder of beetroot by pushing the corer into the beetroot and withdrawing it. The cylinder remains inside the corer– so push it out with
the end of a pencil.
Collect 6 cylinders, with the pieces of 5 cm long with a segregated knife.
The beetroot was cut to 5cm. Because the beetroot has been cut some of the cell membranes had been broken, which means some anthocyanin will leak
out. This must be completely washed off in order to maintain the reliability of the results.
The water must then be heated to 70oC (the first temperature for the experiment)
Once the water is at the correct temperature (measured using the thermometer), one piece of beetroot is placed into the hot water, in a test tube, directly
and left for exactly 2 minute (using a stopwatch).
This procedure will be repeated with the other 5 pieces of beetroot and the temperature should be changed accordingly. The temperatures will be

The Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Beetroot...
The Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Beetroot Membrane
Analysis
The graph shows the colorimeter readings increase as the temperature increases, they increase by the most at higher temperatures. This is shown by a
smooth curve.
This means that the beetroot samples release more dye at higher temperatures. This is because higher temperatures cause the membrane structure to
break down.
The membrane structure:
Membranes have two layers of molecules called phospolipids to make up their structure. Phospholipis consist of a glycerol molecule plus two
molecules of fatty and a phosphate group, this looks like a head with two legs, their head is attracted to water, this means ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Intrinsic proteins occur across the whole width if the protein allowing the intake of substances into the cell. Extrinsic proteins occur only in the outer or
inner phospholipid bi–layer, but not through both. These proteins are usually receptors.
Intrinsic channel proteins allow water soluble molecules to pass through it by forming a tiny gap in itself, this is large enough for the substances.
Intrinsic carrier proteins carry water–soluble molecules through the membrane, this method is called Г‚'Active TransportГ‚'
Extrinsic proteins recognise and bind on specific molecules, eg. hormones. Membranes can also be embedded in the inner membrane
The reason why the membrane structure breaks down at higher temperatures is because the proteins are not very stable and break down with heat, called
denaturing. An enzyme denatures because the heat changes the shape of the active site o the substrate can not fit into it. Enzymes are always
denaturing, but at higher temperatures this occurs more rapidly. But at higher temperatures there are more collisions between the substrate and the

active site so this would increase the reactivity, so a good balance must be found. The optimum temperature is about 43Г‹ЕЎC, this is called the
optimum temperature. As the proteins start to break down, there is no longer a

Beetroot Lab Report
The cell membrane is the boundary barrier for every cell, it selectively allows organic molecules and substances in and out of the cells. During this lab
we were specifically looking at the flow of water across the cell membrane in sheep blood cells, Elodea (waterweed) cells, and brewer's yeast. We also
looked at what damage could be caused by physical and chemical stress to the cell membrane by examining beetroot cells that were exposed to a
variety of temperature treatments.
Water molecules are far too small to be seen with a brightfield microscope but the cells themselves can give indications that water is moving in or out
of the cell. This allows us to observe osmosis, much easier. While viewing the red blood cells, we were able to view ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both the membrane and the solute concentration are factors in how a cell operates in a solution. The tonicity will then depend on how that
concentration is able to flow across the membrane. We discovered that cells without a cell wall typically fare best in an isotonic environment, where
the water will stay at the same rate in both directions, keeping everything stable. Plant cells, or any others with a cell wall, use the cell wall to
expand a bit further by applying a back pressure called turgor pressure to oppose any further water uptake. This allows the cell to get fat and happy in
a turgid state, which most plant cells find to be the healthiest for them. We also learned how both physical and chemical stress can damage the cellular
structure. Something as simple as a change in temperature to the complete breakdown of a protein structure can have far reaching

How Different Temperatures Effect The Cell Membrane Of A...
How different temperatures effect the cell membrane of a beetroot
Hypothesis: The more betalain is leaked when the membrane is in higher temperatures
Abstract:
The experiment which was conducted was to identify the effects of temperature of the beetroot discs. Majority of the pigment from the beetroot is
found within the vacuole which is called anthocyanin and each of the vacuole is surrounded by a tonoplast membrane. Externally the cytoplasm is
surrounded by the plasma membrane hence the foundation of the experiment depends on the temperature which will rapture the membrane and lead
to a leakage of the pigment. The experiment consists of several different temperatures and same sized beetroot discs, the beetroot discs will be
placed in 3 sets of discs in a tube test tube which will be placed in the distilled water in same test tube. Using a colorimeter once the beetroot have
been exposed to the temperatures the colour of the distilled water will change therefore leaving a coloured water to be measured by a colorimeter, this
is because the colorimeter measures the light being passed through the solution.
Introduction:
The experiment is conducted to find out how the membrane is affected by different temperatures. Betalain pigment increases with high temperatures
because most mammalian proteins denature and tertiary structure unravels because the strong covalent bonds between the R groups of amino acids in
the polypeptide chains are destroyed at temperatures over 45В°C.

What Are Superbeets?
Superbeets
The world is becoming more health conscious and beetroot is not a common food found at the dinner table but it should be because it has a lot of
health benefits. Superbeets is a beetroot extract and when it is taken regularly it has shown an improvement in stamina, energy and improved blood
circulation. The powder is made through a low heat drying process and the founders of the product claim that it will provide the highest percentage of
Nitric Oxide concentrate. This is the ingredient that is required for good blood circulation and taking the recommended dosage is the same as eating 3
beetroots or drink a 1/2 liter of beetroot juice
The Company
Superbeets is made by a company HumanN and it was started by Nathan S Bryan PhD, John L Ivy PhD and started as Neogenis labs. The owners are
dedicated to making ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because the beets are specially selected and each crop is carefully tested to make sure that they will give all the nutrient and oxide levels required to
have healthier blood pressure levels.
Superbeets does not have any other ingredients like caffeine but will help you have healthy circulation, improved energy levels naturally because
there are no stimulants added. This will in turn also make sure that blood pressure level will be healthier and this is all due to Nitric Oxide levels in
the blood stream.
The other advantages of using Superbeets is
в—ЏYou have healthy energy and by not using stimulants there is no shaking experienced.
в—ЏThe health of the heart is promoted due to all the compounds and vitamins that are present in Superbeets
в—ЏIt assists blood pressure levels because of the better blood circulation that is associated with Nitric Oxide
в—ЏIt helps the digestive system and is also known to work as a diuretic which assists the liver getting rid of

How Does Temperature Affect The Permeability Of The Plasma...
Introduction
Membranes contain phospholipid bilayer these are two layers of phospholipids which are facing in opposite directions to each other. The non–polar
tails are hydrophobic which are water–hating, what makes it difficult for polar molecules/ions to pass through them are the fatty acid tails which also
act as a barrier to water–soluble substances. These molecules move in and out of the cell by diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Diffusion is the net
movement of particles down a concentration gradient for example when gases move about and will move from where there is a high concentration to
where they are in lower concentration. By osmosis, the diffusion of water through the plasma membrane is possible because the lipids bilayers are
water–resistant to important molecules and small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide, these molecules and ions diffuse freely across the cell
membrane. By active transport, ions and molecules are forced using metabolic energy to move against their concentrated gradient. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will lead to a higher reading on the colorimeter. At about 59В°C proteins start to become denatured losing their shape preventing the normal
movement of substances in and out of the cell. Above 60В°C proteins become totally denatured. At these temperatures the fatty acid melts leading to a
reduced stability of the membrane.
Betalain are the red coloured pigment which happens in the vacuoles of the beetroot cell, a membrane called the tonoplast is what surrounds each
vacuole. The leakage of the beetroot red coloured pigment which is the Betalain, out of the cell will determine how permeable the cell membrane is at
a certain time. As the water gets darker by the dye more light is

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