Francium Science Report: Trapping and Studying the Rarest Element

Francium
Science report
By: Anthony white jnr
Introduction
Francium (pronounced FRAN–see–em;formerly known as eka– caesium and actinitium K) is a
chemical element that has the symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It is the second rarest naturally
occurring elements after astatine. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine,
radium and radon. As an alkali metal, it has one valence electron.
Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey in France (from which the element takes its name) in
1939. It was the last element discovered in nature, rather than being man made.
Outside the laboratory, francium is very rare, with trace amounts found in uranium and thorium
ores, where the isotope francium–223 continually forms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The atoms diffuse fast to the surface of the gold target and are released as atoms. The francium ions
are guided by electrostatic glass until they land into a surface of hot yttrium and become neutral
again. The francium is then injected into a glass bulb. A magnetic field and laser beams cool and
confine the atoms. Although the atoms remain in the trap for only about 20 seconds before escaping
(or decaying), a steady stream of fresh atoms replaces those lost, keeping the number of trapped
atoms roughly constant for minutes or longer. Initially, about
1000 francium atoms were trapped in the experiment. This was gradually improved and is capable
of trapping over 300,000 neutral atoms of francium a time. Although these are neutral
"metallic" atoms ("francium metal"), they are in a gaseous unconsolidated state. Enough francium is
trapped that a video camera can capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresce. The
atoms appear as a glowing sphere about 1 millimeter in diameter. This was the very first time that
anyone had ever seen francium. The researchers can now make extremely sensitive measurements
of the light emitted and absorbed by the trapped atoms, providing the first experimental results on
various transitions between atomic energy levels in francium. Initial measurements show very good
agreement between experimental values and calculations based on quantum theory. Other synthesis
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Failure Of The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster Essay
Executive Summary Thomas J. Watson once said, "go ahead and make mistakes. Make all you can,
because that 's where you will find success: on the far side of failure." Making mistakes or failures
are a part of life, as Watson puts it, it is vital to make mistakes and learn from them. Making
mistakes is an integral part of innovation. It is the ability to overcome these faults; faults allow
humans to grow and expand on the knowledge of the unknown so that in the future we are well
prepared for the unexpected. By understanding from previous failures, it stimulates innovation, new
ways to approach and triumph over obstacles. The purpose of this report is to highlight significant
engineer failures over history. Many of the disasters occurred in the latter half of the 20th and
beginning of the 21st century. Starting with the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, three aerospace related
accidents, Challenger, Apollo 13, and Mars Climate Orbiter. As well as the radiation machine,
Therac–25, and the more recent Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Each of the topics will go in–depth on
background information, how the incident occurred, way it could have been prevented, and future
implications, or measures taken due to these accidents to avoid future disasters. Nothing is perfect,
everything has flaws, this includes processes and people. There is not a final approach to solve
problems. Mistakes do not discriminate; it happens at some point in one's life. One of the most
critical take on mistakes is

Americium: Element 95 On The Periodic Table
Element 95 on the periodic table, Americium was recognised in November 1945 by a chemist Glenn
Seaborg who discovered the element as well as co–discovering ten other elements including
Plutonium.1 The chemical element americium has atomic number 95 and an atomic weight of 243.
Americium is a malleable, silvery white metal that tarnishes slowly in dry air at room temperature. .
There are several known isotopes of americium and all of them are radioactive, the most stable
being Americium –243 with a half–life of over 7500 years, although most common being
Americium –241 with a half–life of 432.7 years, .2, 3, 4. Some of the isotopes of Americium include
Am –237, Am– 238, Am –239, Am–240, Am–241, Am–242, Am–242m, Am–243, Am–244, Am–
245 and Am–246.

How Does Nuclear Decay Place
Discussion Question 1 Why and how does atomic nuclear decay take place? Explain. Atomic
nuclear is a phenomenon also known as radioactivity. According to NDE–ED the stability/instability
of the nucleus is linked with the paring of spins between neutrons and the pairing of spins between
protons. In a non–radioactive, isotopes are found that a nuclei having even numbers of protons and
neutrons to be more abundant. The even numbers help with spin paring as the odd numbers indicate
the unpaired spins. Nuclei with an odd number of neutrons or protons may indicate less stability
compared to a nucleus with even numbers. However, the isotopes that are considered the least stable
are the odd number of neutrons and protons (NDE–ED, 2016). The numbers ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Over a hundred radioisotopes have been utilized to facilitate in various diagnostic testing as well as
treatments. Radioisotopes make it convenient since they can produce gamma radiation, a short life,
and be eliminated after a procedure such as diagnostic testing or treatments are done. Radio
diagnostic procedures generally consist of radioactive tracers (monitor the biochemical elements in
the body) and iodine 131 (treatment for over active thyroids and detection of internal hemorrhages)
(World Nuclear, 2016). What are the future trends in healthcare with respect to the use of
radioactivity? In diagnostic techniques utilizing radioactive racers it generally produces gamma rays
with in the body. The tracers are typically short–lived isotopes connected to chemical elements that
allow a specific physiological procedure to be done. It may be injected, inhaled, or orally
administered. For instance, a procedure used to monitor the function of organs can be done with a
gamma camera that gives off images of the distribution of radioactivity with the combination of a
computer (World Nuclear,

Research Paper On Gallium
The discovery of such an element as gallium does not come as just any accidental discovery.
Gallium or Ga, atomic number 31 was in a long research process for fifteen years by Lecoq de
Boisbaudran. He had been meticulously studying the spectra of several chemical elements, Lecoq
knew that each and every element produces its very own and distinct pattern of lines when heated,
or spectra. As Lecoq de Boisbaudran continued his drive to learn more of the distinct element
spectra, he distinguished that the element on the periodic table between indium and aluminum was
yet to be discovered. Lecoq de Boisbaudran theorized that with gallium supposedly having an
atomic number of 31, it could be that gallium is contained within zinc, atomic number thirty. ...
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The beginning of a company in Utah was the sole recovery and refinery of gallium from scrap and
impure gallium metals. The entire U.S market value for gallium was priced at only $35 million
although most gallium is imported. The largest production comes from Germany, supplying 26% of
all gallium needs. In second comes Canada with 23%, china with 14%, Ukraine with 12% and 22%
from other sources with a combined total of, on average, 106 metric tons in 2010. Out of all this
production a massively substantial amount, 99%, is in the form of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and
gallium nitride (GaN) most commonly used in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cesium 137
Introduction:
Humankind in the modern world is strife with daily battles ranging from treating cancerous tumours
to finding out if oil is flowing in a trans–siberian oil pipeline. Radioisotopes seem to hold a solution
to these and many more serious and challenging issues.
Global Issue:
Being able to survive is the key to the existence of the Human race. In our endeavour to survive, we
now need to tackle Cancer; the untamed monster of the modern era. Radioisotopes can be crucial to
this survival. Very simply said; they can destroy any tumor. The isotopes are used as a source of a
specific type of radiation, which is delivered to the target tissue by suitable means, destroying the
tumor. The challenge in this kind of treatment would be not to destroy the organ itself in the bargain.
Cesium 137:
Cesium 137 is one such isotope which holds a lot of promise in the area of Cancer therapy. Caesium
is a soft silvery–gold metal; Naturally occurring Cs–133 is a stable isotope, while other Cs ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly,the advantage of using Cesium 137 of its long half life of 30 years, the source can give out
radiation for a very long time until its quantum of radiation decreases by half of its original amount
(Gould 156). Since cesium has a half life of 30 years the radiation source which is implanted next to
the tumour would not need to be changed repeatedly and repeated surgery would not be required.
Secondly, cesium also has a low range. This means that to affect the tumour and kill it, the source
would have to be placed near the tumour tumour to kill it. This acts as an advantage since when
dealing with radiation , it is vital to be aware of the negative consequences radiation can have on
other tissues and muscles of the human body. Hence having less range is an advantage since it can
affect the tumour only when placed next to it. This will be helpful since it will only affect the
tumour when placed next to

Mammography Case Studies
Literature Review
This paper will review four articles that examined which modality is better for diagnosing breast
cancer while maintaining low dose to the patient. Currently, mammography is the main modality
used in diagnosing breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Canadian women
and is currently the second leading cause of death among Canadian women (Komen 2015). Breast
cancer can occur in men but this is uncommon. According to Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation an
estimate in 2015 suggests that 25,000 Canadian women will be diagnosed with breast cancer and
that 1 in 30 women will die from the cancer. On average in 2015 the Canadian Breast Cancer
Foundation collected data that estimates 5,000 women will die of breast cancer in Canada annually.
However on the brighter side the Canadian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because there are other modalities that are available that can not only diagnose breast cancer but can
diagnose it better than mammography, these other modalities should be considered before resulting
to mammography (Raikhlin et al, 2015; Wise, 2015). A case study was conducted by Raikhlin et al
between July 2011 and January 2013. The study selected high–risk women, between the ages of 30
to 69 that underwent screening of breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Mammography.
The results of Raikhlin et al.2015 study was that malignancy was diagnosed in 13 patients, and of
those 13 cancers 12 were detected by MRI and 4 by mammography. Raikhlin et al research shows
that MRI can accurately diagnose breast cancer and can detect more than mammography can, and
MRI can provide this diagnosis without exposing the patient to ionizing

We Must Go Into Downtown Los Angeles
I'm in Anaheim (CA) and am trying to get into downtown Los Angeles. I have several options in
terms of which route I take. I can go through interstate 10 and go through the 605 straight into Los
Angeles, but their would be an astonishing amount of traffic. I can also get on I–05 and go through
the 710 and have to drive 1 mile locally then get to my destination. Lastly, I can get on I–05, take
and exit into Compton, drive through 2 miles locally, then get on the 710, and take an exit off to
downtown Los Angeles. This route would reduce my fuel consumption and would reduce my travel
time by over 90 minutes. This route may seem like the obvious route to take, but one step/risk
involved in this route is that one will need to drive through ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Nuclear energy path can lead to gargantuan devastation, colossal costs, and possible terrorism
threats, hence Nuclear Energy should be abandoned. Nuclear energy reactors can have devastating
consequences to its surrounding environment. Nuclear energy reactors can have a meltdown which
can cause its surrounding inhabitants to face dire consequences. A nuclear meltdown is when
nuclear reactor(s) have a severe accident which results in damage to the core/overheating. A nuclear
meltdown releases radiation into the atmosphere, and also releases extremely dangerous
radioisotopes into the environment. One of the many deadly radioisotopes released includes Iodine–
131. Iodine–131 has a half life of 8 days (the radioisotope functions for 8 days). Iodine–131
contaminates the water supply and the air (that we breathe). If one were to ingest this radioisotope,
it would incorporate into the thyroid and damage the tissue with beta and gamma radiation. This will
lead to the full decay of the thyroid gland and surrounding tissue. This causes thyroid cancer
(increases chance of cancerous cells forming by more than 70 percent), especially in children (those
who are still growing). Strontium–90 is also released during a nuclear meltdown. Strontium–90 is
released into the atmosphere, water supply, and surrounding plants and animals. Strontium–90 has a
half life of 28 years but has a biological

A Brief Note On Disasters, Vulnerability And Risk
SUBMITTED TO: DR. JANKI ANDHARIA
SUBMITTED BY: PARTHA DAS
ENROLLMENT: M2015DM040
COURSE: MA/MSC IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT (2015–17)
PAPER: MDM2 – Disasters, Vulnerability and Risk
Introduction:
Disaster has become the most emerging topic of recent times. But managing them totally is still not
being possible even by the developed countries. Different scholars defined the term differently. A
disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources. In contemporary academia, disasters
are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a
combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability
will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions. Developing countries suffer the
greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by hazards occur in
developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of
GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries. Disasters are again classified among
categories like Natural Disaster and Man–Made Disaster. A natural hazard is a natural process or
phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihoods and

High Energy X Ray Machines
It should also be noted that radium can naturally emit about one point two Megavolts (MV) (The
History of Radiotherapy). Higher energy x–ray machines began to be developed and advertised. By
1937 these new machines could achieve one MV of radiation. This greatly improved the success
rate of cancer treatments using radiation therapy. Inoperable cancers such as cervical and larynx
cancers were now able to be cured by using these high energy x–ray machines (Robison). In less
than fifty years a new treatment method for cancer had been invented and it was improving rapidly.
Along with this new treatment there would need to be new safety measures. Many scientists learned
quickly that exposure to radiation can cause side effects. One of the first side effects noted was what
appeared to be a painful sunburn. On account of so many professionals recognizing the danger of
radiation the British Roentgen Society decided to endorse recommendations to protect individuals
against radiation in 1915. The American Roentgen Ray Society followed suit seven years later. It
was also around this time that film badges were popularized so individuals working around radiation
could monitor their personal exposure. In 1928 the Second International Congress on Radiology
implemented a unit to measure radiation. It was called the Roentgen and was used in documenting
radiation exposure. The 1930's saw the introduction of several committees that worked to create
"scientifically based radiation protection

Jane Doe Research Paper
For many years, people from all over the world, have been coming to the United States because it is
considered the land of many opportunities. In this project, I was given the chance to interview
someone that's birthplace was elsewhere by asking many questions around the line of: why did they
move to the U.S, what is their culture like, etc. It just so happens, my friend, which will be referred
as, Jane Doe, is from Brazil and moved to the U.S. Of course, before introducing her it is important
to provide a brief history of her home town. On October 24, 1933, the governor of Goiás, Pedro
Ludovico, founded Goiânia. It is the capital of Goiás located in Brazil, which currently has a
population of 1.45 million residents. It was created to

Group 1 Lab Report
The physical properties of group 1: The physical properties of group 1 are that they have low
melting points and boiling points, in addition I would like to say that they all are alkali metals which
means that some of metals will have a lower melting point then the other one. Rubidium and
caesium have one of the lowest melting points which means that they will burn very easily.
However some of these metals have higher melting points than rubidium and caesium which
happens to be lithium.
The chemical properties of group 1: all the elements in the group one have only one electron which
happens to be outer energy level. However group one are white solids and this means that they will
easily dissolve in water. In addition group one are all on the left side of the periodic table which
means that they are all alkali and alkali metals form alkaline compounds. However this will mean
that all the metals have similar properties to one on other.
The physical properties of the 7 elements: The 7 elements are called halogens which mean that they
have low boiling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The metals in group 1 if they are melted the metabolic bond will get weaker and weaker this means
that the atoms can move freely, and can also be broken if the boiling point gets reached .Also In
group 1 as you go down the group the reactivity increases this is because the atoms get bigger also
the connection between the nucleus and the electron gets weaker. The only thing that can affect this
atom is the number of layers of inner electrons which will surround the atom. In addition if more
layers of electrons where added this will mean that more space will be taken this is because
electron–electron repulsion. In result, the atoms will increase in size down the

Chemicals and Pesticides Found in the Great Lakes Essay
The chemicals found in water can be dangerous toward our health. We live near the Great Lakes
which supplies 20% of the World's fresh water. It also has chemicals that threaten the life evolving
around the fresh water. There are medical drugs that are being introduced to the fresh water lakes.
Stuff like antibiotics and steroids. These pharmaceuticals are posing danger for the environment.
This could affect the lake life,s growth. Pesticides are also found in the Great Lakes. These
pesticides are made up of dangerous chemicals like toxaphene and chlordane. The rain transports the
pesticides from crops to bodies of water like the Great Lakes. They are then absorbed by
phytoplankton and it moves up the food chain from there. Pesticides ... Show more content on
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Cadmium is dangerous because it can cause kidney failure. It travels in the blood toward the liver
where it shares bonds with proteins. It then travels to the kidneys where it can gather. The most
polluted lake is in Russia. It is called Lake Karachay. It can kill within an hour of being near its
vicinity. It was the place where russia dumped all of its radioactivity. The lake now posses caesium–
137 and strontium–90. powder is produce from caesium because it can easily bond with chlorides.
Strontium–90 also produces a large amount of radiation with a half life of just under 30 years. Many
residents were uninformed of the radioactivity and drank the lake water. Leukemia risen over 40%
and cancer risen over 20%. This was around the surrounding vicinity. It also cause a rise in birth
defects.
The Yangtze river flows through Asia. It is the third largest river in the world. It sustains a
population of 400 million people. Its fish has been reported to contain alkylphenols and
perfluorinated compounds. These are artificial compounds that are no good for the environment.
Alkylphenols can disrupt sexual growth. Perfluorinated compounds can lower sperm percentages in
humans. These two compounds can be disguised as hormones which can be bad for the reproduction
process in animal life. These compounds can be spread throughout the animal kingdom by the
means of the food chain. These compounds can be found in animals and people

Nt1310 Unit 9 Final Lab Report
3.4 LITHIUM NICKEL MANGANESE OXIDE or LNM (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 ):
The Lithium Nickel Manganese oxide battery is still in its experimental stages. It consists of a 25%
nickel substituted in a LiMn2O4 spinel. This is because Manganese will have 4 electrons in its
valence shell which will avoid the Jahn–Teller distortion caused due to the Mn3+. Due to the
oxidation or reduction of Nickel ions which leads to the transfer of electrons which corresponds to
electric current. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 takes shape in two conceivable crystallographic structures
concurring the cationic sub lattice: the face–focused spinel (S.G. Fd3m) named as "cluttered spinel"
furthermore, the straightforward cubic stage (S.G. P4332) named as "requested spinel". This
addition allows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The doping iron increases the capacity of batteries, but this diminishes with extensive cycling. The
detrimental effect of iron can be avoided by annealing. Ruthenium is another transition metal which
can be used as a dopant which enhances the stability of the crystal structure. It also increases
conductivity and improve performance of the battery. Chromium is another transition metal that can
be used as a dopant. It reduces the ordering of lithium ions in LiMn2O4 spinel and this stabilizes the
spinel structure. It also increases capacity retention during cycling. Zinc is used as a dopant in
cathode materials as it has a stabilizing effect on the crystal structure. Addition of Zinc oxide also
prevents reaction between the electrode and electrolyte. Titanium along with cobalt also acts as a
stabilizer and also reduces dissolution of electrodes. Zirconium reduces reactivity levels between the
electrode and the electrolyte and performs the same function as titanium by stabilizing the crystal
structure. Aluminium is one of the most commonly used dopants in cathode materials. It performs
the function of increasing capacity of the electrodes. The addition of aluminium improves electrode
kinetics, structural modifications and microstructural effects. Some of the other dopants include
Magnesium and Lathanum which increases the lattice parameter and improves the stability of the
crystal structure and also

Francium Is The Most Reactive Metal Essay
Francium is the most reactive metal. When an atom reacts, it either loses or gains electrons. You can
compare the reactivity of atoms by observing how readily they react. The 2 most important things
that affect the reactivity of a metal are the atomic radius and the ionization energy. Atomic radius is
the distance between the outermost electron and the nucleus, and the ionization energy is the energy
required to remove the most loosely–held electron, turning it into an ion. The larger the atomic
radius, generally, the lower the ionization energy, and the more readily the atom will react. The
distance between two charges is more important to the strength of the attraction than the magnitude
of the charges. According to our lab, potassium sparked a violent fire in water, which was more ...
And since the energy level here (4) is less than that of the prior blocks (6 and 5) the electrons are
added to the inside of the atom, which will repel on the outer electrons, making the atom even
larger. You could say that with these electrons comes more than 30 additional protons. But like I
said, distance is most important than magnitude of the charges. Larger atom generally means lower
ionization energy, and higher reactivity. Chemical reactivity is important to life. Whether it's in
preparing food to make it taste good, or in taking the energy out of food so we can live, chemical
reactivity is everywhere. Bonds are often the natural state of all the atoms on the periodic table. It's
useful to know the most readily reactive metal, so we can study why that is, and what makes it the
most reactive. Francium is the most reactive metal, because of the logical extrapolation of the data.
Because of the layout of the periodic table, and the trends present, we can have a greater
understanding for the atomic structure of the elements, and what that means in relation to the other

A Report On Dehradun : Dehradun
Dehradun : Dehradun is located in the Doon Valley in the foothills of the Himalayas nestled
between two of India 's mightiest rivers – the Ganges on the east and the Yamuna on the west. The
Dehradun district has various types of physical geography from Himalayan Mountains to Plains.
Raiwala is the lowest point at 315 meters above sea level, and the highest points are within the Tiuni
hills, rising to 3700 m above sea level. The Doon valley has the Terai and Bhabar forests within it as
well as the Shiwalik hills and Lesser Himalayan Range containing hill stations such as Mussoorie
and Chakrata. The Pteridophytes are known as botanical snakes of plant kingdom. They are the
oldest land plants on earth, flourished so well in past and dominated the earth vegetation about 280–
230 million years ago. Although they are now replaced by seed bearing vascular plants of the
present day vegetation still they are considered as a connecting link between non–vascular and
vascular plants. Presently, Pteridophytes do not form dominant vegetation anywhere in the world
flora. They further grouped in to two broad groups Fern–allies and Ferns. Among these the ferns
constitute a major element of the Pteridophytic flora. They are most dominating and diverse group
of pteridophytes throughout the world and includes ca 300 genera and ca 12000 known species
(Chandra 2000). Most of the fern species are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas with
limited distribution in temperate regions. They

Elements In Groups
Carry on work
Chemical properties of the elements in group one
All of the elements in group one are highly reactive with both chlorine and water. For example: If
you mix lithium/sodium/potassium/rubidium/caesium/francium with chlorine gas, they will
immediately burst into a flame and they will burn brightly for a certain amount of time, this makes
chlorides. When you react these elements with oxygen, the outcome is pretty similar. It will also
burst into flame although it will burn slightly fiercer than chlorine. This reaction creates oxides.
There are different reactions for some of the elements when mixing with oxygen, lithium will show
a red flame, sodium will present a yellow flame and potassium will reveal a lilac flame. As you
move down the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chlorine If an element is high on the table, it indicates that it is very reactive. Meaning chlorine is
more reactive than bromine, iodine and astatine.
Bromine Bromine is in the middle of the elements in group 7, meaning that it is only more reactive
than iodine and astatine.
Iodine Iodine is the second last in group 7, meaning that it is overtaken in reactivity by fluorine,
chlorine and bromine.
Astatine Astatine is at the bottom of group 7. It is over taken by all the elements above it and is not
overly reactive with water.
Chemical trends in group 7 Bromine is the third element within group 7, It is also the third most
reactive in the group. Bromine displaces the elements below it: Iodine and astatine on account of
them not being as reactive as bromine. But it cannot displace chlorine and fluorine due to them
being more reactive than bromine, meaning that chlorine and fluorine can displace bromine within
chemical reactions.
Physical trends in group

Fukushima Earthquake Research Paper
On Friday March 11, 2011 at 2:46pm, an earthquake struck Fukushima, Japan. The earthquake had a
magnitude of 9.0 and did considerable damage in the region. This was a rare and complex double
quake that lasted only about 3 minutes. Some events that happened that occurred after the
earthquake are as followed: loss of power, loss of cooling, core damage, reactor pressure damage,
and hydrogen explosion. This earthquake caused a 15–metre tsunami to strike the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear power plant on Japan's Tohoku coast. The tsunami caused much more damage than
the earthquake. The tsunami resulted in 19,000 human deaths and destroyed millions of buildings.
Because the tsunami was so significant it caused the power supply to disable and thus causing a
nuclear accident. When the quake hit, eleven reactors at 4 of the nuclear power plants were shut
down immediately. The cores of operating units 1, 2, and 3 overheated and melted in the first 3 days
after the tsunami hit. Power from the backup generators were unavailable to run the cooling pumps
but eventually was able to achieve a 'cold shutdown'. (World Nuclear Association). The high
temperatures caused explosions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This report could have brought about changes before this significant earthquake hit. At 7:03 pm on
that Friday, a nuclear emergency was declared. At 8:50 pm the Fukushima Prefecture issued an
evacuation for people within 2 km of the plant. By Saturday March 12th, the prime minister
extended the evacuation zone to 20 km. This major accident was rated at a level 7 on the
International Nuclear Event Scale due to the high radioactive releases into the air. The main
radionuclide that was released into the air was volatile iodine–131. Another main radionuclide was
caesium–137. Cesium can be taken into the body but does not concentrate in any particular

Finding use in “spacecrafts, pacemakers, underwater...
Finding use in "spacecrafts, pacemakers, underwater systems, electric automobiles, and remote
monitoring systems" (source 6), the atomic battery has existed for over a century and is growing to
benefit our world. The atomic battery generates electricity from a nuclear reaction, utilizing the
radioactive decay of specific elements. The atomic battery is certainly not meant for households or
as a source of common battery use, but rather powerful equipment needing to run for long, extended
periods. Atomic batteries are quite expensive, but can provide an immense amount of energy that
will conduct over an extremely long life period. This paper will explain the basic functioning of an
atomic battery, investigate a brief history of the atomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now we will discuss a brief history of early atomic battery development.
Henry G. J. Moseley, known for developing the Atomic Number and numerous other contributions
to physics and chemistry, created the first known atomic battery in 1913 with his demonstration of
the beta cell. He experimented with a radioactive isotope of the element radium, and the respective
emissions of beta particles, to form the first atomic battery (source 5). This first crude battery saw
minimal success and effectiveness, and it wasn't until 1954 when the "Radio Corporation of
America (RCA) began studying atomic batteries for the use of small radio receivers and hearing
aids" that atomic batteries became practical and more potential was realized (source 6). Moving
forward to the 1980's, inventor Paul Brown developed an atomic battery that was much more
powerful than most thermal batteries out at the time. Brown used the emission of alpha and beta
particles in radioactive materials to create an extremely powerful magnetic field. As discussed
before, these alpha and beta particles contain kinetic energy to help collide atomic particles. The
energy produced from this system was so rapid and immense that controlling the cell was extremely
difficult. This proved to be a towering roadblock for most scientists to continue research for atomic
batteries, until Brown was able to invent an approach to encompass the uncontrollable magnetic
fields. "This battery was so powerful

The Long Term Health Risk For The General Population...
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 PURPOSE OF PROJECT To quantify the long term health risk for the
general population exposed to radiation by the Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear disaster in the aftermath
of the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. 1.2 BACKGROUND On the 11th March
2011, following a magnitude 9 earthquake in the Pacific, a fifteen meter tsunami hit Honshu, the
main island of Japan, killing over 19,000 people and damaging the Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear
Power Plant. Over the following days while workers worked to contain the accident days the
crippled Nuclear Power Plant released dangerous nuclear isotopes into the atmosphere resulting in
the biggest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl in April 1986. Experience from the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exposure to the radiation released will not only result in heightened risks for cancer in
populations, but may also result in other, non–cancer related health problems such as thyroid
diseases, visual impairment, circulatory diseases, hereditary disorders and teratogenic defects
(developmental defects in fetuses). It is important that exposure to radiation be estimated so that
cancer risks can be estimated and appropriate responses and health measures can be implemented by
governments to deal with future development in health problems related to the release of radiation
from Fukushima. In 2013 the World Health Organization released its health risk assessment for the
Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear disaster concluding that for the general population "the lifetime risk for
some cancers may be somewhat elevated above baseline rates for certain age and sex groups that
were in the areas most affected" and that disease attributable to the disaster is likely to remain below
detectable levels. In 2012 Ten Hoeve and Jacobson provided the first estimates of the health impact
of the Fukushima nuclear accident, estimating an additional 15 to 1100 (most likely 130) cancer
related mortalities for the general population. Both Sophisticated modeling to come to these
conclusions. This work to attempts to independently without reference to either's methodology

Nuclear Power Is The Best Efficient Power Production Method
Introduction:
Over the years there has been controversy over whether nuclear power is the most efficient power
production method in the world for the future. As global warming is increasing, the amount of
carbon dioxide emitted into the air is also increasing, and a global concern is arising about whether
the current power production methods using fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are long term, as
these power production methods are seen as temporary because these recourses are becoming
abundant. The most widely thought concern of the population is how long the systems we are
currently are going to last before the fuel for power runs out. There have been successful attempts to
use ecological systems such as hydropower, wind energy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Similarly, there are ethnic concerns about the production of atomic bombs, as these are a form of
fission but are an uncontrolled chain reaction unlike the controlled chain reaction of fission that
provides energy in nuclear reactors.
Nuclear energy allows one to produce energy without increasing the atmospheric carbon dioxide or
other greenhouse gases and does not stimulate global warming. There are two ways that this can be
achieved, either through nuclear fission or through nuclear fusion. Fission is known as the splitting
of large nuclei such as Uranium–235, resulting in a loss of mass and hence a release in energy in the
form of heat. This energy is used to produce steam, making a turbine spin, and then providing the
power for electricity to be produced. It is currently one of the strongest substitutes for power
production methods using fossil fuels as nuclear fuels could potentially last for about 2000 years.
Nuclear fusion, or the fusing together of light nuclei to form larger ones can create another form of
nuclear energy. Essentially, it is the exact reaction that occurs in the sun, as the sun's heat is created
by the bombardment of hydrogen atoms creating helium and a neutron during which energy is

Gene Knockdown
In order to stop the cow from producing BGL, the process of gene knockdown via RNA interference
or iRNA was used. Gene knockdown is a method of silencing a gene so that it can no longer
function or to minimise the expression of the gene. In this case the purpose of silencing the specific
gene was to stop the production of BGL. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) acts as a messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins. Gene knockdown is the technique
that involves disrupting the mRNA of a particular gene. In order to direct gene silencing a group of
mechanisms called RNAi use small RNA molecules. Inside the nucleus of a cell most genes,
including the one silenced in Daisy that encodes the BGL protein, are transcribed ... Show more
They were able to identify exactly what gene produced the protein but did not know what else that
gene was responsible for or how that gene might effect other processes or other things that the
particular gene coded for. This could have been over looked had the cow's milk not had an unusual
increase in other proteins such as caesium proteins which had more than a 200% increase. The cow
was also born without a tail and this could also be due to the reduced expression of the gene. Other
biological implications could also not have yet been discovered or realised and as there is a large
increase in caesium proteins this may not be healthy for the cow or its possible offspring. The
indication that levels of the caesium protein has changed could also mean decreases in others that
could dramatically effect the cows health. Whether it will live a regular, decreased or increased
lifespan has not yet been determined but unexpected or strange results of this could be due to the
lack or increase of proteins, gene function, process ability or many other biological functions that
would occur without the knockdown of the gene. BGL is not found in human breast milk and not in
many milk producing mammals. The exact purpose of it is still unknown which again but the
biological processes of Daisy or her off spring at risk. Gene

Physics Of The Mass Atomic Mass
An atom contains protons, neutrons and electrons; the protons and neutrons are I the nucleus of the
atoms and the electrons are in the outer shells of the atoms. There are different charges of protons,
neutron's and electron's: protons have a positive charge however, neutron have no charges and
electrons have a negative charge. The electron shells contain electrons a 8 electrons can make a full
outer shell however, the first shell has to always be 2 electrons in it In addition the periodic table is
table that represents elements as symbols e.g. (He) represents helium, each symbol have a number
above the symbols and one at the bottom of the symbols The number at the top represents the
relative atomic mass (protons plus neutrons) there is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As you go down the column an atomic orbital adds on. Similarities can be elements in group 1 have
all got low melting point and they are all soft and weak alkali metals. Each group number represents
the number of electrons in the outermost shell in every element in the group. Blocks Blocks that
separate elements (S, P, D and F block), the s block contains the elements which are on the left side,
the elements consist of alkali metals and alkaline earth elements. In addition is d block contains the
transition metals which are in the middle of the periodic table correspondingly, the p block contains
the noble gases such hydrogen the p block also contains halogens and metalloid's these are on the
right side of the periodic table. The F block contains radioactive elements. Trends in chemical and
physical properties in the groups and periods they belong to I am going to explain the trends of
chemical and physical properties by giving examples from group 1 and 7 elements, group 1
elements have similar properties as they are alkali metals and as you go down the group the
elements get more reactive e.g. lithium is more harder and less reactive than the element at the
bottom of the group which is the most reactive and very soft, also the melting points and The alkali
metals generally become more dense going down the group and they become softer, but the trend is
not perfect because potassium is less dense than sodium. All of the outer most shells in group 1

Causes Of The Chernobyl Disaster
Have you ever helped someone out when they needed it? What caused the first explosion was that
there was faulty in the reactor. Is there a time you can remember someone had your back when you
didn't expect it? Nobody was alarmed that the explosion had happened and the soviet put many lives
in danger. The cause of Chernobyl is very sad because this should have never happened.
The cause of the explosion was from a faulty reactor in the power plant. The reactor was not stable
when it was in use. Right before the explosion had happened there had been a sudden power surge.
Also, a huge steam pressure increase that leads to a series of multiple explosions. The first explosion
was at 1:24 am. 5 out of the 12 people that were there had died because of the explosions that had
happened. When the explosion was released the makers of the reactor blamed it on Dyatlov because
it was his shift to work. Another thing that happened was that they say dyatlov messed up on a few
of safety precautions. The cooling system was switched off when the explosion had happened. The
turbine water pressure was at 0. The pressure was increasing when it should have been decreasing.
They also were running an experiment when it happened and it was in close down when it
happened. The explosion was equivalent to 10 bombs of Hiroshima. Dyatlov had received a fatal
amount of radiation. Dyatlov was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the cause of the explosion.
Although Dyatlov was sentenced 10 years he got out 18

Gene Knockdown
Biological implications of modifying gene expression through gene knockdown
Health and or Survival of Individuals
When reducing the expression of the gene that is responsible for producing the BLG protein
scientists did not 100% know what exactly it was that they were reducing. They were able to
identify exactly what gene produced the protein but did not know what else that gene was
responsible for or how that gene might effect other processes or other things that the particular gene
coded for. This could have been over looked had the cow's milk not had an unusual increase in other
proteins such as caesium proteins which had more than a 200% increase. The cow was also born
without a tail and this could also be due to the reduced expression ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If many individuals of the same species are all genetically modified and breed with each other their
offspring should also have the same genetic modification within them. Instead of through natural
selection an implication of this gene silencing process is that humans are driving evolution of the
modified species. Only the genes that we are choosing not to knockdown will be inherited by the
offspring or will be shown in the phenotype. Whether this is a positive or negative thing on the
survival of the individual will depend on the effects of the silenced gene. In Daisy's case and
increase in caesium and a decrease in BLG are some of the visible discovered effects of knocking
down this particular gene. Eventually if enough cows were modified or new cows produced through
cloning or any other method where knockdown or gene silencing is possible then cows would no
longer produce this protein, they would have evolved. However by having some that produce it and
some that don't increase the genetic biodiversity and with an increase variety among the population
could make species more successful as it increases the ability for at least one member of the species
to be able to fight a disease or be immune to it stopping the species from becoming extinct. This
forced evolution is going against the natural evolution but the counteracts of this are yet to be
known. Any form of genetic modification in terms of gene silencing right now is not the safest way
to drive evolution of a population. Until the process of RNA interference is completely understood
and the effects of it confirmed and accurately estimated the risk of driving a species to evolve is a
dangerous for both the species and humans without having the power to reverse these silenced
genes. As Daisy had to be

Scnt Cloning Research Paper
Biological implications of SCNT cloning of the cow Genetic Biodiversity Genetic diversity refers to
the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. In terms of genetic
manipulation, producing multiple organisms via cloning that have an identical genetic make up can
be both an advantage and a disadvantage but either way has quite an impaction the genetic
biodiversity of any species. This impact being the reduction in genetic diversity. As Daisy is a clone
and carries identical DNA to the somatic cell donor there is no variation between her and the donor.
They have the same genome. All chances of a different combination of genes being produced in
Daisy is removed in the section of SCNT cloning when the nucleus ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Health and or Survival of Individuals The extreme inefficiency and 1–3% success rate of SCNT
cloning has a large biological impact on the survival of the individuals. In the specific case of Daisy,
she was a usually but happy success. One hundred blastocysts were transferred which resulted in 46
pregnancies. Five of these were carried through to 65 days and one, Daisy, made it to birth. The
percentage that made it to pregnancy was high compared to that of Dolly the sheep who was only
one successful of 227 attempts. 45 of the 46 embryos died however and speaking purely in numbers
this doesn't seem like much of a success. Many lives are lost in this process and even getting to the
stage where implantation into the mother is possible can be difficult. Reasons for the failures of
these could be due to multiple things, one being that the enucleated egg and the somatic nucleus
may not be compatible and the reprogramming of the nucleus by the gamete cell may not be able to
occur. It may not be

Fukushima Daiichi Essay
Not only the economic and society impacts, but also the environmental impacts that caused by the
Fukushima Daiichi disaster. The disaster will affect different aspects of the environment. Air, soil,
water, organisms were affected by this Fukushima Daiichi disaster. Those aspects are very important
for human life. Air According to Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) estimate of radioactivity
releases, 520,000 terabecquerels (TBq) of iodine–131, caesium–134 and caesium–137 was released
into the atmosphere between 12 and 31 March 2011.That affect the places nearby Fukushima
immediately and those residents who live in Fukushima need to move away that may affect
economic and society.On the other hand, The Fukushima Daiichi disaster caused radiation dust
release to the different places like China, Hong Kong, Northern America, and Northern Europe.
Even those places detected very little radiation like Iodine–131 and Caesium–137, those little
radiations do not affect residents in other countries. But those information may cause residents who
live in other countries afraid. Water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TEPCO not only released the total of 11,500 tons of waste water, but also used seawater to cool
down the damaged reactors.The release of this highly contaminated water led to radioactive
discharges directly into the sea. Those actions done by TEPCO lead the whole East Japan's marine
ecological catastrophe and seafood pollution and cannot eat or

Research Paper On Alzheimeria
1. The Context The radioactive exposure happened in Goiânia, capital of Goiás, in Brazil. The city
is located in the middle west of Brazil and is close to the capital of the country, Brasília, as we can
see in picture 1 above. Goiania have many farms, for both cereal and cattle. The mean annual
temperature is 21.9°C, but can reach more than 30°C in summer, and the climate is humid with an
annual rainfall of 1700 mm. Picture 1: Map of Brazil showing the contaminated area in Goiânia
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1988 Goiania is a large city with a population
of 1,302,001 people in 2010, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
(IBGE). The neighborhood where the accident happened was one of the poorest areas of the city,
with limited education from the population. 2. History of the Problem ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Without knowing that this object was use in the radiotherapy institute, the Institute Goiano of
Radiotherapy, the owner of the junkyard bought it and opened it. Inside he found a white power that
in the dark shine in blue color. He was enchant by the blue glow emitted by the substance and
decided to show it to his family, friends and part of the neighborhood. All believed they were facing
something supernatural and some even took samples to their homes. The display of fluorescent
powder took four days, and increased the risk area because the radiotherapy equipment also sold to
another junkyard, spreading even more the radioactive material throw the

Electron Radiation
Atoms are the microscopic building blocks of all matter in the universe. Everything around us are
made of atoms, including radiation. The centre of an atom is called the nucleus, it is made of two
particles: protons, which carry a positive charge and neutrons, which have no charge. Electron carry
a negative charge and it is outside of a nucleus. The attraction of these negative electrons to the
positive nucleus is what keep the atom together. All the atom of the given elements has a specific
number of protons and neutrons, but sometimes it will have too many of those and become
radioactive and an unstable atom is called a radioisotope. When radioactive want to be stable again,
they must release energy until they get back to a balanced state. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant leaks radioactive water into underground and to
sea. The effect cause earthquake in 2011. After the earth quake on June 2011, scientists measured
that 5,000 to 15,000 terabecquerels of radioactive material was reaching the ocean. Since the
incident in 2011, scientists measured levels of radioactivity in fish and other sea life. Several species
of fish from this area had caesium levels that exceeded Japan's regulatory limit for seafood.
Scientists say the groundwater leaks could become worse, but warn against drawing conclusions
about the impacts on sea life before peer–reviewed studies are completed. Secondly, gamma rays
can be used in medical treatment to kill cancer cell. However gamma can be extremely dangerous
because they are a very powerful source of power, if they delivered in an unmonitored and
uncontrolled way they can kill humans, animals and plants. Gamma rays however can also disrupt
the physical properties of materials. They can cause plastics and steel to become brittle and to
eventually break.
In conclusion, radioactivity has both negative and positive aspects. Negative impacts include the
radiation leaking and damage healthy organism or cell during treatment while positive aspects
consist of many different uses in medical science, security and daily life items. I support the uses of
radioactivity because the positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects and I believe that in the
future the radioactivity can be used positively in many other

Nuclear Accidents On The International Nuclear And...
Nuclear accident according to Article 1 of the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear
Accident was defined as any accident involving facilities or activities from which a release of
radioactive material occurs or is likely to occur and which has resulted or may result in an
international trans–boundary release that could be of radiological safety significance for another
state.1 In addition, International Atomic Energy Agency also sees it as an event that has led to
significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility.2 However, it is easier to discuss
nuclear accidents basing on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES)
introduced by the IAEA where each accident is classified based on a number of criteria and
indicator.3 There are seven nonzero levels on the INES scale, four of which starting from level four
to seven is specific towards nuclear accident where it range from accident with local consequences,
accident with wider consequences, serious accident and lastly major accident.3 Regardless of the
classifications, it is without a doubt that all of the accidents whether they can be called as minor
difficulties or fully deserve their place among the worst man–made disasters humanity has ever
experienced, they had various catastrophic impacts on human and environments. Each nuclear
accident poses serious acute and chronic risks towards the immediate environments and chronic risk
over a wider geographic area. Furthermore, the

Nuclear Power And Nuclear Energy
Nuclear power is harnessed from the energy retained inside of an atom's nucleus. This energy bindes
the atom together and, when released, can be used to produce electricity. In order for this energy to
be released, however, it must be subjected to either nuclear fusion, the combination of several atoms
to form one larger atom, or to nuclear fission, the division of larger atoms into several smaller
atoms. Nuclear power plants, first introduced in 1954, use this second method in the production of
electricity. Inside of a nuclear power plant, uranium atoms are split and their nuclear energy
released, creating the heat necessary to produce the steam that powers turbine generators and create
electricity. Nuclear energy is often referred to as a "clean" energy source because, unlike fossil fuels,
its production does not result in the generation of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide,
methane, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. Many endorse the use of nuclear energy because it is
efficient, providing large amounts of energy in exchange for small amounts of fuel, reliable, as it
can be produced almost all day and night, year round, and affordable, costing about 2.4 cents per
kilowatt–hour in 2012 compared to fossil fuels, which cost about 3.27 cents per kilowatt–hour in
2012. However, the use of nuclear power also has several significant disadvantages. Its main
downside lies in the threats nuclear power plants present in the forms of radioactive waste and
nuclear meltdowns.

Racism And Terrorism In The Movie 'Imperium'
Imperium is so far among the best movies whose major theme is about racism and terrorism is well
elaborated and brought out. Radcliffe, an ex–marine, reflects his views in a long declamatory way
using racial slurs, putting on a white power T–shirt being an undercover FBI agent Nate Foster and
giving Nazi salutes. White advocates of supremacy are brutal are there to hurt people. The movie
starts with scenes of Foster who helps in busting a jihadist to be. Angela Zamparo description "Just
because you are not looking at something, doesn't mean it's not there." Holds a lot being violence
committed by racist white extremist groups, inspiring terrorist through the secret language. Among
other numerous evident themes in this movie include credible threats, especially to the government,
intelligence, by exploring how best the FBI can work, fascism and Imperium, where power is used
to counter opposition and criticism, western liberalism, diversity, white genocide, surveillance and
contradiction of freedom. The plot starts when an undercover FBI agent, Nate Foster who is
working to find a suspected extremist group plot. After some illegally obtained radioactive isotope
of caesium–137 is taken away, Foster is enlisted by agent Angela Zamparo, who feels that the white
supremacist groups are involved. Zamparo's links ensured that Nate is made known to a growing
group led by Vince Sargent, who happens to be vastly informed about their key suspect, who was an
acceptable talk

The Potential Storage Methods For Caesium And Strontium...
1. Introduction.
A typical 1000 MW nuclear power plant generates less than 100 m3 of low and intermediate waste
(LILW) and 30 t of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) [1]. Although nuclear facilities generate much less
waste relative to conventional power sources such as coal, gas and oil, the hazard associated with
radioactive wastes is much greater, in particular waste arising from SNF. Therefore, it is important
that any intensely radioactive waste produced by any facility is secluded from the biosphere for
extremely long periods of time; up to a million years [2]. This report will consider the current and
potential storage methods for caesium and strontium from SNF, discussing environmental and cost
advantages of each technique. Present techniques of disposal involve converting wastes in a solid
form and burying within the Earth. In the UK and France current storage techniques of SNF
involves vitrifying solid nuclear waste into borosilicate and phosphate glasses [1]. However, a
second treatment option using Synroc ceramics, which hasn't been commercialized, has proven to be
comparable to the vitrifying process when storing waste.
2. Immobilisation
The International Atom Energy Agency (IAEA) defines immobilisation as the "conversion of waste
into a waste form by solidification, embedding or encapsulation" with the purpose of reducing
migration and/or dispersion of radionuclides [3]. Current immobilisation techniques involve the
incorporation of radioactive waste into a suitable

World War II
"Boom...", the atomic bombs hit the ground. People cried, ran, bellowed for help, but they could not
escape from being vaporized by the massive power of this nuclear weapon. Casualties are inevitable
in wars, but casualties can be reduced. Throughout the history, one of the most massive destructive
actions was when the United States dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
in Japan.
World War Two started in 1939 and lasted until 1945. It was triggered when Adolf Hitler, the
dictator of Germany at that time, took over Poland, a country that was supported by French and
British who warned him not to. France and Great Britain then declared war with Germany and its
allies on September 3, 1939 (Perry 688). At that time, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Behind the Iron Curtain, the Russia or the Soviet Union were building nuclear weapons because of
seeing how powerful the nuclear bombs could be. The US and Soviet Union both competed with
each other in building nuclear bombs. One built the A bomb, the other built H bomb, and they
continued to top another bomb with a new bomb. Neither side wanted to come out looking like a
loser. Eventually, the US and the Soviet Union emerged as the superpowers of the world, with the
nuclear weapons guarded on their sides. The Cold War was starting to peek its head into the war
(Bullock).
The world could be gone and the human race would end sooner if nuclear weapons were abused.
Everyone was living under the fear that the they could be bombed with nuclear bomb at any second.
While in the Caribbean, the problem with the use of nuclear energy was evident. Fidel Castro, the
dictator of Cuba during the Cold War period, had befriended Nikita Khrushchev and the US, as a
democratic, was scared of the spread of communism. The US invaded the Bay of Pigs in Cuba on
April 17. 1961 to try to make a change in the Communist system of Fidel Castro, but it failed (The
Cold War Bay of Pigs). At the beginning of 1962, the Soviet Union started to install nuclear missiles
in Cuba, but the US was not satisfied with that decision. On October 22,

Compare Neighbours and One Other Poem in Place
Compare the ways poets show the relationship between people and places in "Neighbours" and in
one other poem from place.
In the poem neighbours by Gillian Clarke, the narrator reflects on the effects of the Chernobyl
disaster. At first she begins pessimistically describing the widespread damage, but then goes on to
say how it made people come together to become "neighbours" ,ending the poem in a more hopeful
note. In "Price we pay for the sun" by Grace Nichols, the narrator also starts pessimistically by
challenging the stereotypical view tourists have of the islands. In comparison the narrator ends the
poem in a more serious note by expanding on the poems title–poverty is the price paid by the
islanders for the sun.
In Neighbours, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She also uses enjambment between lines 9 and 10 which suggests that the poet's thoughts might be
disturbed or agitated.
Conversely, Price we pay for the sun is written in three stanzas with three distinct ideas. It has short
lines with non–standard grammar and not much punctuation; this makes it sound like the speech on
the islands. There's some rhyme but its irregular perhaps this shows the irregular thought of the
tourists seeing islands as a place of haven instead of thinking about what really happens behind
closed doors.
In conclusion, both poems use form and language to portray the relationship between the people and
the places in them, but while the price we pay for the sun ends negatively, neighbours ends with a
more hopeful note towards the people. I enjoyed both poems. Neighbours is very effective in
conveying the relationship between the people and the place by using innocence as an image of the
people and contrasting it with the after effects of the Chernobyl Disaster. However, although Price
we pay for the sun ends negatively, it is interesting to think how we crave for the sun just for the
warmth can be surprising to the inhabitants of the islands as they say poverty is the price we pay for
the sun, a sudden unexpected message– the sun keeps the islanders poor. This is said effectively
because it then makes the readers empathise with the people on the islands, and makes them realise
how hard it can be for

Nuclear Power Is Too Dangerous and Should Be Phased Out Essay
Just a few years ago there was a significant catastrophic nuclear failure. This failure caused huge
amounts of radioactive materials to be released into the environment. The Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear disaster quickly became the largest nuclear incident since the 1986 Chernobyl accident
while both have affected the environment immensely with radiation. Due to the potential safety
issues, the risk to the environment, and the dangers of nuclear power, the use of nuclear facilities
must be called off to prevent meltdowns and irreparable damage to the surrounding area.
One reason why nuclear power must be eliminated is due to the fact that it does not justify the
danger it creates. According to Malik Imran's blog entitled "Nuclear Power Not ... Show more
. . .Despite [that advantage,] nuclear power generation has some disadvantages in [the] post
producing process. Radioactive waste can not be recycled and has to be kept under strict repository
until its half–life ends its radioactivity.
Even though nuclear energy makes more electricity, the cost of storing dangerous radioactive waste
for the number of years it takes for it to reach its half–life is preposterous. In short it is clear that
nuclear energy produces more energy, but more does not mean that it is an efficient energy
production process or delivery system. Another reason why nuclear power needs to be eliminated is
because it is too dangerous considering the threat of short term potential for meltdowns. According
to "Chernobyl Accident 1986" as published on the World Nuclear Association website, "The April
1986 disaster at the Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine was the product of a flawed Soviet reactor
design coupled with serious mistakes made by the plant operators [and] was a direct consequence of
Cold War isolation and the resulting lack of any safety. . . .[Though] it led to major changes in safety
culture and in industry cooperation[s]." Even though the Chernobyl accident has inspired safety
changes, the risk of meltdowns are still too high to continue the use of nuclear energy. More
evidence shows the dangers created by nuclear power plants due to meltdowns caused by accidents.
"Chernobyl Accident 1986"

Clean Up After Chernobyl
Have you ever heard about the Chernobyl accident? Lots of people, plants, and animals were
affected, even people were from cancer and diseases. The clean up took a lot of time and money to
do. People, plants, animals, and land are still affected today by Chernobyl.
The Chernobyl accident was an accident that affected a lot of people. On April 25, 1986, there was a
big accident called the Chernobyl accident that affected a lot of people and places. It happened
beause a crew was doing a test and hot fuel had combined with cold water and that created rapid
steam, which started the explosion. Belarus had received 60% of the contamination that had fallen.
There was over 200,000 km of caesium that had cover Europe. The 3 places that were affected ...
It took over 2 decades just to clean up the mess. The clean up cost the Soviet hundreds of billions of
dollars to pay. The Soviet union had 200,000 people of 300,000 – 600,000 people clean up the mess,
help treat pasture, provide clean fodder for farm animals, and treat decontamination settlements.
They made Chernobyl a tourist attraction in 2011 and plan in 2028 to have equipment into safstor
condition, in 2046 to have the equipment removed, and in 2064 to destroy the place.
Chernobyl had caused a lot of people, plants, and animals to be affected. 2.5 million people were
affected. Of those people, 330,000 were relocated, 28 workers were killed from radiation and
thermal burns, and out of those workers, 19 died between 1987 and 2004, 1,000 rescue workers had
gotten radiation, and 100,000 people were disabled after the disaster. Birds had gotten smaller brains
from radiation, the Bumblebees, butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and spiders populations had
decreased since the accident, but some plants and animals can live in the radiation.
Please consider being careful when you are around gas and smoke. Chernobyl is still today affecting
lots of people, plants, animals, and land. People today still remember the Chernobyl accident and
how bad it was. The disaster had affected lots of people, plants, and animals, but people are still
getting affected from cancer and

The Severity Of The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
The severity of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) accident on the 26th April 1986, led to
the unforeseeable environmental and human health impacts over most of Europe. The extent of
these impacts, predominantly over Ukraine, Russia and Belarus, were later recognised by the world
as being the worst nuclear accident to occur of all time (Balonov and Bouville 2011; Alexakhin et
al. 2006; Saenko et al. 2011). The reactor explosion of unit four ChNPP, Ukraine, a former member
of the Soviet Union, was caused primarily by design errors and negligence of safety procedures by
staff operators (Frot, N.d. & OECD–NEA, 2000). As a result, caused a sudden power surge and
steam explosion that ruptured the reactor cap and fuel channels to implode, releasing radioactive
material and gases to the atmosphere (Frot, N.d.) The fire and explosion from ChNPP, resulted in
the release of large quantities of volatile radionuclides (Iodine131, Caesium134, Caesium137, and
Strontium90), noble gases (Xenon and Krypton), and fragmented fuel and debris up to the
atmosphere (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2012).
Consequently, the negative environmental and human health impacts associated from the radioactive
fallout required remedial actions, to re–sustain the environment and human health, and prevent
further recontamination of the source pathways. For these reasons, this essay will delineate and
comprehend multiple studies that have been, or are being

Francium Science Report: Trapping and Studying the Rarest Element

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