Assessing Water Quality Using Chlorella Vulgaris

Case Study Of Chlorella Vulgaris
Introduction
Water pollution has been one of the factors that affect life in the aquatic environments, toxic
chemicals as well as human wastes are thrown in the river ways causing unbalanced and
unsustainable ecosystem to most organisms. This manner does not only harm other species but also
affect the human beings, it has caused diseases and the river banks were abandoned. In this case, the
researcher observed that this problem is still continually rising even though there have been a lot of
projects concerning the cleanliness and healthiness of the river banks.
Before, native Filipinos praise nature as their god, a belief that people should somehow take care of
the environment to avoid angry gods that cause calamities. This belief is also known as karma
wherein you take consequences from your actions. Today, this belief is still imparted to the younger
generations yet not practice by everyone.
Nevertheless, advanced technology can help solve this incessant problem through the process of
bioremediation, a way of using an organism to remove, alternate or enhance certain ... Show more
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Central Problem
Is the Chlorella vulgaris capable of improving the water quality of the samples taken from the Estero
de San Miguel?
Statement of the Problems
1) What are the preliminary physico–chemical characteristics of the sample taken from Estero de
San Miguel in terms of:
1.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 1.6 pH
1.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 1.7 Phosphate Content
1.3 Dissolved Oxygen 1.8 Nitrate Content (Kjeldahl)
2) After the introduction of the organism, what are the changes to the physico–chemical
characteristics of the samples taken from Estero de San Miguel in terms
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Environmental Assessment Of Wastewater Drains
Environmental Assessment of Wastewater Drains Outfalls Points into River Mouri at Khulna: An
Application of GIS S. Hasan , K. M. Hassan and S. K. Sarkar Abstract Rivers are the blessing on
earth as they serve humans with ample fresh water supply. The purpose of the present study focuses
on the combination of the GIS mapping, to indicate the status of pollution status in the sketch of
River Mouri, downstream to the wastewater outfalls. The GIS mapping of the eleven wastewater
study parameters reveals that the high concentrations of BOD5, COD, DO, Color, Turbidity, TDS
and TSS exceeding the permissible limits is present throughout the study portion of the river. In
addition, it highlighted the portions where only few parameters such as PH, Chloride, Nitrate and
Sulphate are deteriorating the riverine ecosystem. The GIS application in pollutant load assessment
of the study further indicates that although few pollutants, discharged into river are relatively low in
concentrations at one wastewater outfall point as compared to other but may have high pollutant
load that may leads to significantly higher ecological impacts. The possible application of this study
is for the decision makers to introduce optimum treatment engineering controls at points of interests,
prior to its disposal into River Mouri to prevent the ecological damages and protect human health.
Keywords: gis mapping, mouri river, water quality, wastewater outfalls 1. Introduction Water is
essential

Assessment Of Bod, Cod As Organic Pollution Indicator...
ASSESSMENT OF BOD, COD AS ORGANIC POLLUTION INDICATOR LEVELS OF
VARHALA LAKE ABSTRACT Lakes are of great importance both from the natural and economic
point of view. Lake water is a source of drinking and domestic water supply for people living in and
around the area. The present study was conducted to assess the organic pollution indicators like
BOD, COD and DO. The sampling of water was based on human and aquatic activities around the
lake. Water from five sampling stations of Varhala Lake was monitored for seasonal variations from
May 2011 to April 2012. The BOD was positively correlated with COD of 0.609, as both are the
products of oxidation. The correlation between DO and BOD, gave a negative relationship of 0.517
between two variables. Keywords: Water quality monitoring; pollution indicators; Varhala Lake
INTRODUCTION Most of our water resources are gradually becoming polluted due to the addition
of foreign materials from the surroundings. Rapid urbanization and industrialization has put a lot of
pressure on the existing water bodies (Waziri et al., 2009; Sawant and Telave, 2009). Anthropogenic
development and changes around lakes affects their ecosystems (Mouri, G et al 2011). Lakes have a
complex and fragile ecosystem, as they do not have a self–cleaning ability and therefore readily
accumulate pollutants (Abida et al 2008; J.C Akan et al 2012). Continuous water quality monitoring
is essential for efficient management of lakes and for control of pollution. It is

Water Temperature And Its Influence On Water Chemistry
Water Temperature Water temperature is important as it influences the water chemistry. As the
temperature increases the amount of oxygen held begins to decrease, this decrease in oxygen may
not be sufficient for aquatic life. Water temperature also affects the photosynthesis of aquatic plants,
sensitivity to pollutants, and the organism's metabolic rates. A measured water temperature of 22℃
is within the ideal water temperature range. Water temperature varies due to air temperature, shade,
and deeper water temperature.
Air Temperature Air temperature affects the water temperature which impacts the dissolved oxygen
levels and presence of aquatic life. The measured air temperature of 22.7℃ allows for the water
temperature to remain in the ideal range as well as promote good dissolved oxygen levels and
photosynthesis.
Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved oxygen is essential for the aquatic life and vegetation. The warmer the
temperature, the less amount of oxygen dissolved in the water. Dissolved oxygen also decreases
with the increase of decomposition of organic material. Dissolved oxygen levels below 6 mg/L can
be detrimental to aquatic life, causing risk for fish kills. The measured DO level is 4 mg/L, meaning
the water temperature may be too high or there are algal blooms.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used
by decomposing organic matter. An excessive amount of organic material, such as sewage, manure,
and dead algae,

Energy Neutral Wastewater Treatment : Myth Or Reality?
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Energy neutral wastewater treatment: myth or reality?
by
Lu Liang
26826453
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of
MSc in Civil Engineering
Supervised by: Dr. Yongqiang Liu
September 2015?
SUMMARY
Sewage treatment plants have been notorious for intensive energy consumption and large amount of
chemical addition for decades. With the more stringent water discharge standards implemented for
environment protection and the rapid urbanization with more than half of the world?s population
living in urban areas, the energy consumption for sewage treatment is expected to be more than
before. However, it has to be noted that there is great potential energy or resources embedded in
wastewater in the forms of organic carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus, which is now realized as a ?
misplaced resource? with 23W/capita total energy potential in domestic wastewater. With the further
development of emerging technologies for energy reduction or energy recovery, could wastewater
treatment plants be towards energy neutrality? How does energy neutral wastewater treatment
contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emission? This project will thus review the novel and
promising wastewater treatment technologies for energy reduction or energy recovery. Based on
this, the relevant main factors technically influencing the application of these technologies will be
evaluated. In addition, a

A Report On The Buffalo Creek Basin
Geographically, Greensboro is located at the headwaters of the Cape Fear River Basin, the largest of
the 17 major river basins in North Carolina. The Reedy Fork Creek and Buffalo Creek basin (Figure
1) in Greensboro are formed from rainfall that runs off of streets and rooftops, and from water that
seeps up from local springs. This water ultimately ends up in the Atlantic Ocean, just south of
Wilmington, NC. The basin is located in a transition zone between warm–temperate and sub–
tropical climates and belongs to a warm–temperate, semi–moist continental climate with cold and
arid winters and warm and humid summers. Its annual high and low temperatures are 69.3°F to
48.8°F. Its average annual precipitation is about 42.36inches (City of ... Show more content on
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Data collection Water quality data (fixed–interval sample) collected bimonthly from 1999–2008 and
monthly from 2009–2013 for all 18 monitoring sites within the Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek
basins over a 15–year period were obtained from The City of Greensboro Stormwater Division,
North Carolina. The sampled data were grouped in range of years from 1999–2002, 2003–2008,
2009–2010 and 2011–2013 so as to obtain a detailed analysis on the data. The sampling sites in the
study area were numbered for simplicity of result presentation. Bluff Run (1), Fleming (2),
Friendship Church Rd (3), Old Oak Ridge Rd. (4), Pleasant Ridge (5) and Battleground Ave. (6), are
located in the Reedy Fork Creek basin (Figure 1). Whereas Aycock (7), North Church St. (8),
Fieldcrest Dr. (9), McConnell (10), Merritt Dr. (11), 16th St. (12), Randleman Rd (13), Rankin Mills
Rd. (14) West JJ (15), White St. (16), Mcleansville (17), and Summit Ave. (18) sites are located in
Buffalo Creek basin. Twelve water quality parameters were selected for statistical analysis. The
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), is the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria in the
decomposition of organic material. It also includes the oxygen required for the oxidation of various
chemical in the water, such as sulfides, ferrous iron and ammonia. While a dissolved oxygen test
tells you how much oxygen is available, a BOD test tells you how much oxygen is being

Unit 5 Energy Metabolism
Unit 5
Outcome 2 – Energy Metabolism Booklet
The Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and lungs. These provide a passageway to allow air in and out of the body. Every
cell in the body requires oxygen to survive.
The primary function of the respiratory system is the exchange of gases. The respiratory system
allows oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, this is necessary to sustain life. During the process of
breathing air is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled, this change of gases occurs in the alveoli. The
inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses into arterial blood. The waste rich blood
from the veins releases carbon dioxide into the alveoli which is ... Show more content on
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The esophagus receives food from the mouth after swallowing and then delivers it to the stomach.
The stomach holds food which it is being mixed with enzymes which continue the process of
breaking down the food into a useable form. When the contents of the stomach are processed they
are released into the small intestine. In the small intestine food is broken down by enzymes released
from the pancreas and bile from the liver, the food is moved through and mixed with digestive
secretions. The small intestine is made up of three segments the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum,
the jejunum and the ileum are mainly responsible from the absorption of nutrients in to the
bloodstream. These contents start out semi–solid and end in a liquid form after passing through the
organ. Water, bile, enzymes and mucous change its consistency, one the nutrients have been
absorbed it then moves onto the large intestine. The large intestine connects to the rectum and is
specialised in processing water so that emptying the bowels is easy.
The pancreas is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes into the duodenum. These enzymes then
break down protein, fats and carbohydrates. The pancreas is also responsible for making insulin and
secreting it directly into the bloodstream. The livers main function within the digestive system is to
process the nutrients which are absorbed from the small intestine. Bile is secreted

Nuclear Rocket Research Papers
July 20th, 1969. The day man landed on the moon. At 20:18 UTC Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
made their historical landing on the lunar Sea of Tranquility and made the first footsteps on our
celestial neighbour. Almost eight years prior President John F. Kennedy made his proclamation to
the American people, that we would land on the moon. Despite the success the task was an
enormous one. To launch a fiveteen ton capsule, send it to the moon, and then land it back on Earth
was very costly. Even now, half a century later, launching any chemical rocket is very costly and
very inefficient. There have been a multitude of ideas that have been proposed to alleviate the cost
and increase the efficiency of the rockets and one of the more promising, albeit risky, methods is the
use of nuclear power.
A rockets is more or less a controlled explosion. This explosion is directed through a nozzle that
accelerates the super hot gas and creates a huge amount of thrust. This thrust is what lifts super
heavy rockets into space. This is basically how a chemical rocket works. Unfortunately, do to the
nature of an explosion there are two very important materials that are required for any explosion to
occur. These components, fuel and oxygen, are combined to create a combustion and thus thrust.
There is a major drawback to this. Spacecraft operate in space and ... Show more content on
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This could not be further from the truth. Nuclear power production is a dangerous field that could
have extremely negative side effects if it is used wrong, but over that past five decades we have
greatly honed our skill of harnessing the atom to accomplish more productive tasks than negative.
There are various forms of nuclear power that run at an assortment of efficiency level; however we
humans only really have access to one form and it so happens to be the worst. It is known as nuclear

Essay on Asthma
Asthma is a disorder of the respiratory system in which the passages that enable air to pass into and
out of the lungs periodically narrow, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This
narrowing is typically temporary and reversible, but in severe attacks, asthma may result in death.
Asthma most commonly refers to bronchial asthma, an inflammation of the airways, but the term is
also used to refer to cardiac asthma, which develops when fluid builds up in the lungs as a
complication of heart failure. This article focuses on bronchial asthma.
More than 17 million Americans suffer from asthma, with nearly 5 million cases occurring in
children under age 18. In the United States, asthma causes nearly 5,500 deaths each year. Asthma ...
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Asthma Attacks
Asthma attacks occur when the bronchi and bronchioles become inflamed, reducing the space
through which air can travel through the lungs. This causes the asthmatic to work harder to move air
in and out of the lungs. Asthma attacks usually begin with mild chest pressure and a dry cough. As
an attack intensifies, wheezing develops and increases in pitch; breathing becomes difficult; and
coughing produces thick, stringy mucus. As the airway inflammation prevents some of the oxygen–
rich air from reaching the alveoli, the cells of the body start to burn oxygen at a higher rate, actually
increasing the body's demand for oxygen. The frequency of asthma attacks varies considerably
among asthma suffers. Some people have daily attacks, while others can go months or even years
without having an attack.
Inflammation of the airway occurs when an irritant–such as pet hair or cigarette smoke–comes into
contact with the airway walls. Upon detecting the irritant as a harmful invader, the body's immune
system sends special cells known as mast cells to the site of irritation, in this case the airway walls.
The mast cells release histamine, a chemical that causes swelling and redness in a process called the
inflammatory response. Histamine also causes bronchospasms, in which the muscles lining the
airway walls contract repeatedly, causing the airways to narrow even more. In addition, cells that
lubricate the airways with mucus–called

Importance Of Artificial Photosynthesis
Ashley Baum and Desta Tekle–Wold
BIOL 219 Extra Credit Assignment
September 18, 2017
Artificial Photosynthesis
Abstract
There are vast applications to the biomimetic process of artificial photosynthesis including the
generation of clean, sustainable, and large–scale energy resources; moreover, this water–splitting
process allows the production of renewable chemical fuels.
Introduction.
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that seeks to replicate the steps in the natural process
of photosynthesis seen in plants. This process imitates the way that plants absorb light, water, and
carbon dioxide in order to convert the materials into energy that will be consumed by the plant. "The
goal of artificial photosynthesis is to mimic the green plants and other photosynthetic organisms in
using sunlight to make high–energy chemicals but with far higher efficiencies and simplicity of
design for scale–up and large–scale production (Concepcion 2012)."
Natural vs. Artificial.
In order to understand the importance of artificial photosynthesis, the process of natural
photosynthesis must be fully understood. Natural photosynthesis consists of light and dark reactions
that can be simplified into the chemical expression:
6CO¬2 + 12H2O + energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
This reaction indicates that plants use the process of photosynthesis to take carbon dioxide
molecules, water molecules, and light energy via the sun to produce materials within the plant. The
materials produced are

Water Pollution
Effects of Water Pollutants on Different Parameters: Effect of water pollutants on different
parameters most commonly associated with water quality are: (i) Colour (ii) Taste and odour (iii)
Hardness (iv) pH (i) Colour: As the colourless pure water travels through nature, it becomes
coloured by various impurities. The tannins, humic acid etc. present in the organic debris water is
aesthetically unacceptable and unsuitable for bathing, laundering, beverage manufacturing, food
pro¬cessing etc. (ii) Taste and Odour: The causative agents that impart perceptible taste and odour to
water include minerals, metals, soil salts, iron, manganese, phenols, free chlorine, unsaturated
hydrocarbons, hydro¬gen sulphide and end products from biological reactions. Water tastes bitter
when contaminated with alkaline impurities and salty when the impurities are metallic salts.
Biological decomposition of organic debris impart a characteristic taste and odour of rotten eggs
which is mainly due to hydrogen sulphide. Growth of algae, micro–organisms, hydrogen sulphide
and ammonia give an obnoxious odour to water making if unfit for use. The unpleasant taste and
odour is aesthetically unacceptable even though it may not pose any serious threat to health. (iii)
Hardness: Hardness is the property of water on account of which it consumes soap without form–ing
lather freely. Multivalent metallic cations, (Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Manganese, Strontium,
Aluminium) in solution contribute to hardness in

Water Pollution in Canada Essay
The industrialization of Canada is severely affecting the nations lakes, streams, and rivers. If
something is not done to improve the situation it is going to have some severe environmental
problems in its future. The following essay will be looking at the factors that cause pollution, and
the effect that pollution has on the environment of Canada. It will also explore some of the methods
used to treat and clean–up wastewater, and oil spills.
Today pollution is very high in both inland and marine waters. All different types of water pollution
are contributing factors in this problem. Here are some things that are associated with pollution:
Pathogens: Pathogens are disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. They usually come ...
It affects ecological processes and blocks the migration paths of fish. Because of these pollutants
Southern
Saskatchewan and Alberta are threatened by water shortages, and the great lakes face problems in
serious pollution. Rivers and streams are also greatly affected by these pollutants.
The noticeable outcomes of these pollutants are these:
Nitrates in drinking water can cause disease in infants that may sometimes end in death. Crops in a
field can absorb sludge–derived fertilizer containing cadium, and when humans eat the crop it may
result in acute liver and kidney damage. Sometimes lakes become artificially enriched with nutrients
from the chemical fertilizers that run off cultivated fields into the water. This causes water that is
unpleasant to drink due to bad odor, taste, and algae. Also, acid rain has left many lakes in Canada
totally devoid of life.
There are three major sources of water pollution, they are municipal, industrial and agricultural.
Municipal: This type of water pollution comes from the wastewater found only in homes and
commercial establishments For many years people have been placing importance on treating the
waste to remove harmful bacteria, etc. from it. Recently we are coming aware of the fact that we
have to improve the ways in which we dispose of the waste. Industrial: Industrial waste is
wastewater from industrial areas, and companies. There are many different types of chemicals, and
they all have different

Exercising Process
Exercising requires the skeletal muscles to have chemical energy from ATP in order to contract and
relax. Chemical energy is present in the macromolecules of the foods people consume everyday
such as protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Cells metabolized these molecules to produce energy that is
used to form ATP. The demand for ATP increases as people exercise but skeletal muscle fibers store
very little ATP therefore, in order to continue exercising, ATP must quickly be replenished
continuously. Most of the ATP generated is during oxidative phosphorylation while some is also
produced during glycolysis. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that metabolizes glucose to pyruvic
acid. Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen, which then enters the citric
acid cycle. During the citric acid cycle, ATP is formed from phosphorylation while hydrogen is
oxidized to water which constitutes most of the ATP generated. Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic
acid if not enough oxygen is supplied to the active muscle and lactic acidosis occurs which increases
the acidity of the blood. Lactate from the blood is removed and converted back to pyruvate by
muscle fibers, which is then oxidatively metabolized to generate and replenish ATP at the end of
intense exercise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This process is accelerated by an increase in sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue during
exercise. Maintaining a sufficient production of ATP during moderate to heavy dynamic exercise is
required and dependent upon the breakdown of glycogen as well. Exhaustion occurs when glycogen
stored in the muscles are depleted. Therefore, the capacity for sustained work at moderate to heavy
intensities depends on the amount of stored glycogen, which varies from person to person and can
be altered by prior activity and diet (Pflanzer

Coagulation And Ballast Focculation System In The Kraft...
Literature review defines that Coagulation, ballast Flocculation system has potential application in
treating wastewater from recycle based Kraft paper mill. Objectives were set to study the
wastewater characteristics of Kraft paper industry. To carry out experiments on bench scale with Jar
test.To perform coagulation and ballast flocculation for removal efficiency of suspended solids,
color, chemical oxygen demand. To determine optimal dose for coagulant, ballast flocculation for
removal efficiency of suspended solid, color, chemical oxygen demand. To verify the effect of reuse
micro sand on removal efficiency of suspended solid, color, chemical oxygen demand.
Coagulation –flocculation and Ballast flocculation theory:–
In wastewater treatment, coagulation and flocculation are employed to separate suspended solids
from water. Although the terms coagulation and flocculation are often used the single term
"flocculation" is used to describe both; they are, in fact, two distinct processes. Finely dispersed
solids (colloids) suspended in wastewaters are stabilized by negative electric charges on their
surfaces, causing them to repel each other.
Since this prevents these charged particles from colliding to form larger masses, called flocks, they
do not settle. For removal of colloidal particles from suspension, chemical coagulation and
flocculation are required. These processes, usually done in sequence, are a combination of physical
and chemical procedures. Chemicals are mixed

Cabin Safety Essay
CABIN HARNESS / SEAT BELTS There are additional cabin safety equipment that are installed
for the safety of both passengers and crew members. Cabin harness is one of these safety device
installed on the seats as commonly called as Seat belt. Most common term used for the cockpit crew
seats and cabin crew seats are safety harness. This harness provides positive locking on the seat
whoever wears the same in case of sudden stop or impact like in Rejected Takeoff. Operation of the
Seatbelt (1) The buckles are inserted to each other (2) These are pulled to tighten up comfortably
depending on the waist line (3) Lift buckle to disengage Fig. 9 Escape Slides AIRCRAFT
EMERGENCY ESCAPE SLIDES In case of cabin emergency, the aircraft is ... Show more content
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¬ Task 6 (M3) With the aid of a schematic of an aircraft, explain the operation of the fuel system for
normal, pressurization and transfer modes FUEL SYSTEM OPERATION IN NORMAL MODE In
Normal Mode, the fuel supply to the engines is provided from the main fuel pumps inside the wing
storage tanks. In aircraft design, one pump is always running as main pump and the other pump is
standby or armed condition only. The standby pump will work only if the main pump fails at any
time. The fuel valves are controlled by the computer depending on the requirement or isolation of
fuel supply. All fuel probes sensor will continue provide feedback to the computer for quantity
indication. FUEL SYSTEM OPERATION IN PRESSURIZATION MODE The pressurization of
each tank is also part of the surge vent tanks which are installed at the wing tip. The main storage
tanks are connected by vent pipes to maintain the needed pressure inside the storage tanks so that it
will be supplied positively by the main pumps to the engines or APU. In case of overpressure or
spillage during refueling on ground, the fuel goes to the Surge tank at each wing tip and then, the
fuel will be discharge overboard to release the excess fuel. FUEL SYSTEM OPERATION IN
TRANSFER MODE The main pumps are only normally installed at each main storage tank and this
will eventually

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Membrane Filtration
The increased cost of water consumption and wasteful require treatment process that is integrated
with the circuits of water on the ground rather than as a subsequent treatment (19). From this point
of view, membrane filtration offers a potential application. The processes that use membranes offer
exciting possibilities for separation of dyestuffs and dyeing auxiliaries that reduce simultaneously
hydrolysed color and biochemical oxygen demand /chemical oxygen demand of wastewater;
generally used to treat effluent reactive dye bath, that could potentially reduce the volume of waste
and recovery simultaneously salt (20). On the other hand, can be separated into two or more
components the flow of fluid to its molecular size. The advantages of membrane filtration are
because, it is fast with low space requirement and saturation can be reused. The disadvantage with
membrane filtration method has a limited lifetime before it happens fouling of the membrane and
the cost is also excessive (21). The choice of the membrane process, in the case of reverse osmosis,
nanofiltration, ultra ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maintain nanofiltration membranes of low molecular weight organic compounds, divalent ions,
large monovalent ions, Hydrolyzed reactive dyes and dyeing of auxiliaries. Harmful effects of high
concentrations of dye and salts in dye house outflows have often been reported (33, 34, 35). In most
published studies on dye waste water, the concentration of mineral salts is not more than 20 g / l and
the concentration of dye does not exceed 1.5 g / l (36). In general, the wastewater is reconstituted
with only one dye (37), and the volume studied is also low. The treatment of waste water by
nanofiltration is one of the rare applications that are possible for the treatment of solutions with
highly concentrated and complex solutions (38). An important problem is the accumulation of
dissolved solids, which eliminates the treated discharge outflows in water currents

El Rio Canal Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment is to collect water samples from El Rio Canal. Data such as
dissolved oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) will be found. From the results of each group, Streeter–Phelps Dissolved Oxygen sag curve
will be constructed. Then, the Streeter–Phelps sag curve will be analyzed and the group will increase
an understanding of the limitations and assumptions using this curve. The amount of biodegradable
organic matter and non–biodegradable matter found in the water samples will be compared.
Ultimate BOD will be estimated by using the first order method or the 〖BOD〗_t vs.〖BOD〗
_(t+1) method.
El Rio Canal flows south from Atlantic Avenue in Delray Beach to Glades Road in Boca Raton. This
canal offers fishable waters, and therefore the dissolved oxygen in this canal must be at least 4.0
mg/L. The average width of the canal ranges from 50 to 250 feet, the depth is approximately 6 feet
deep. The types of fish that can be found in this canal are largemouth bass (this type of fish can be ...
Dissolved oxygen varies depending on the temperature in the water, salinity, oxygen depletion,
oxygen source and other parameters (Stoddart 2014). Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD can be
defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen that microbes utilize to decompose organic matter in the
water (Academic 2015). Results from BOD can be usually found after 5 days. However, some times
in order to get a complete biochemical Oxygen, BOD must be measured for 20 to 25 days
(Pisarevsky 2005). Chemical Oxygen Demand COD measures all organic carbon in a water sample
by oxidizing organic matter with strong chemicals. COD is a chemically/thermal oxidation reaction.
COD includes both biodegradable components and non–biodegradable components (Levarage

A Short Note On Oxidation Lagoon Treatment System Essay
3.1 REPSA I Inspection Findings
On July 7, 2015 the EPA and MARN inspected the REPSA I facility, including the oxidation lagoon
treatment system. This wastewater treatment system treats the wastewater generated from REPSA I
palm tree oil processing. The system consists of five oxidation lagoons, which included cooling
stabilization lagoons, anaerobic (an anaerobic lagoon is a deep impoundment, essentially free of
dissolved oxygen that promotes anaerobic conditions (USEPA 2002)), and facultative lagoons, with
each lagoon having a volume of approximately 3,500 m3 (925,000 gallons). A facultative lagoon is
earthen impoundment that the layer of water near the surface contains dissolved oxygen due to
atmospheric reaeration and algal respiration, a condition that supports aerobic and facultative
organisms, and the bottom layer of the lagoon includes sludge deposits and supports anaerobic
organisms (USEPA, 2002). EPA observed that all lagoons were not sealed (no concrete, liner, clay,
etc.), which may create suitable conditions for groundwater contamination.
During the EPA visit, it was observed that the REPSA I lagoons were almost full to capacity, with a
free board of approximately one foot (0.3 meters) (See photo 1, page 17). Typically, lagoons should
have a minimum freeboard of 0.9 meters (3 feet) (USEPA, 2002). The minimum freeboard design
criteria is recommended in an effort to avoid or minimize overflow during rain events of significant
magnitude. In addition, EPA and

Summary: The Importance Of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of all life. ATP
keeps us alive. It is a high–energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about
everything. It is present in every cell. Physical mechanisms by the body that require energy mostly
use ATP. ATP is remarkable for its ability to enter into many reactions. They both use food to extract
energy and the reactions in other physiological processes provide energy to the cells by ATP. Our
bodies need energy. Today, many people are involved in many activities and sports. These activities
and sports require plenty of energy. Oxygen supply in our muscles allows us to keep going and that
oxygen supply and muscle empowerment is fueled by ATP. ATP is how our bodies keep going day
after day as we do so many strenuous activities. Without this energy supplied by ATP, we wouldn't
be able to walk, run, talk, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a bond is broken, energy is released. When a bond is made, energy is stored. In a process
called cellular respiration, chemical energy in food is converted into chemical energy that the cells
can use and it stores it in molecules of ATP. ATP is made by multiple mitochondria in the body and
this is where ATP is also synthesized. That is why the mitochondria has the name "power house of
the cell" because it is the site for ATP production. Synthesis is the formation of adenosine
triphosphate through the interaction of the ATP synthase enzyme within cellular material. In other
words, this is when a molecule of adenosine diphosphate, ADP, uses the energy released during
cellular respiration to bond with a third phosphate group. It becomes a molecule of ATP. The sodium
potassium pumps in the cell membrane require ATP to break into ADP and the loose phosphate must
bind to the pump. When the cell needs energy, ATP looses a third phosphate group which releases
energy so the cell can actually do

Pre Treated And Domestic Wastewater
CHILLIES IRRIGATING PRE–TREATED
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
BY
HASAN REZAEE
DISSERTATION
TO BE PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF
COMPUTING/SCINECE AND ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
COURSE: CIVIL ENGINEERING
WITH THE SUPERVISION OF DR MIKLAS SCHOLZ
SALFORD, MANCHESTER
MARCH 2016
Abstract
Declaration
Signed
Hasan Rezaee.................................
Dated
...................
Acknowledgement
Contents

Abstract 2
Declaration 3
Acknowledgement 4
CHAPTER 1 6
1. Introduction: 6
1.1. Background motivation 6
1.2. Taking advantage of wetlands treatment for treating domestic wastewater 7
1.3. Treated domestic wastewater for using in irrigation 7
1.4. Choosing the suitable plant for the experiment 8
1.5. Aims and Objectives 9
CHAPTER 1 CHILLIES IRRIGATING PRE–TREATED
DOMESTIC WASTE WATER
Hasan Rezaee, B.E
University of Salford, 2016
Advisor/supervisor: Mr. SUHAIL NAJEM, PhD researcher
1. Introduction:
1.1. Background motivation
the world's population is gradually increasing, peoples lifestyle has been changed significantly and
also factors such as preferring people to live in the cities rather than villages, demanding the better
quality of water by the population live in a society and also rising the chemical stuff price are the
reasons that cause the usage of the treated domestic wastewater for irrigation, (world health
organization, 2015).The

Chemical Oxygen Demand ( B.o )
31. Biological Oxygen Demand ( B.O.D)
Introduction:
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) is the most important parameter to determine the level of
pollution in lakes and streams, their self–purification capacities, assess the biodegradable organic
load of the wastewaters for designing wastewater management or treatment plants and thereafter to
evaluate their efficiency or finding out the assimilative capacity of a water body. B.O.D. is an
empirical standardized laboratory test defined as the amount of oxygen required for the aerobic
decomposition of the organic matter by micro–organisms into stable inorganic forms at a given
controlled condition of time and temperature in water. The quantity of oxygen required for above ...
The greater the B.O.D., the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream which means less oxygen
is available to higher aquatic forms of life. As a consequence organisms that are more tolerant of
lower dissolved oxygen levels may replace a diversity of more sensitive organisms.
A. Titrimetric method
Principle
The B.O.D. test is based on mainly bio–assay procedure, which measure the dissolved oxygen
consumed by micro–organisms while assimilating and oxidizing the organic matter under aerobic
condition. This test measures the oxygen utilized for the biochemical degradation of organic
material (carbonaceous demand) and oxidation of inorganic material such as sulphides and ferrous
ions during a specified incubation period. It also measures the oxygen used to oxidize reduced forms
of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand) unless their oxidation is prevented by an inhibitor. Temperature
effects are held constant by performing a test at fixed temperature. The methodology of B.O.D. test
is to compute a difference between initial and final D.O. of the samples incubation. Atleast 1.5 L of
sample is required to perform the B.O.D. test. D.O. is estimated by iodometric or Winkler's method
titration. Since the test being a bio–assay procedure, it is necessary to provide standard conditions of
temperature, nutrient supply, pH (6.5–7.5), adequate population of microorganisms and absence of
microbial–growth–inhibiting substances. The low

P4 M1 And D1
An explanation of the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in
the body. (P4)
In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of two named body systems in relation to
energy metabolism in the body, the Respiration system and the Digestive system. I will start off by
giving a definition of energy metabolism in the body. Metabolism in the body is a collection of
chemical reactions that takes place in the body's cells. Metabolism converts the nutrients in the food
that we eat in to essential energy which is needed to power all that we do, from something as little as
thinking to growing physically or carrying out a physical activity. In our body's, there are a specific
protein which controls the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discuss the role of energy in the body (M1)
In our bodies we need energy so that we could do things that are possible such as move our muscles,
talk and all the other things that we do. Without energy all humans would be useless not being able
to do anything. Energy is needed to extract the oxygen from the areas in our bodies and diffuse it
into our bloodstream. Supplying enough energy to support the functions of the body in a daily basis
is one of the main reasons for food. This energy comes from the fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in
the food you eat. Of the three, fat is the most concentrated source of energy. Energy requirements
are normally put in terms of calories. The energy requirement for a person is spilt into two parts:
basal metabolic requirements and energy required for activity. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the
heat taken from the body at rest when temperature is normal. An average person requires 2000–2500
Calories per day while the difference for a large man doing heavy work may require up to 6000
Calories per day. When you choose foods that have more energy, or Calories than you need, the
excess energy is stored as fat in the body which will results in putting on some weight. If too little
food is eaten to meet energy demands, the body's stored fat serves as an energy source and this will
result in weight loss. Your weight stays about the same if the energy from food matches the energy
requirements of the body. As warm blooded

Results And Discussion Of The Lake Essay
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The lake will be monitored seasonally in the year 2015–16.The
results of the samples collected from one place ofSursagarlake and Samatalavwhere done and where
represented. These test were carried out for the monsoon season and the smilar test will be
conducted for the winter season as well as the summer season.Thephysico–chemical parameters
includeph , Dissolved Oxygen ,Total Dissolved Oxygen and Total Dissolved Solid. The biological
parameters and bacterial density as well as the diversity about the pond will be studied too for all the
seasons.The test results was measured in parts per million(ppm), but the tabular representation is
converted into mg/l. 1 mg/l = 1 ppm S.R Numbers Test Parameters SURSAGAR LAKE SAMA
TALAV 2015 2015–16 2015–16 2015–16 2015–16 2015–16 MONSOON WINTER SUMMER
MONSOON WINTER MONSOON TIME AM/PM 8.30 am 8.30 am Ambient Temp. C Water Temp.
C 28 31 Ph Mg/l 8.0 – – 9.0 – – Total Hardness Mg/l 1352 – – 625 – – Total Dissolved Solid Mg/l
1283 – – 1042 – – COD Mg/l 64 – – 32 – – BOD Mg/l 20 – – 12 – – COLIFORMS – +VE – – +VE
– – PHYSICO–CHEMICAL PARAMETERS A tabular representation of all the parameters are
shown in the above table. The samples where collected around 8.30. the water temperature was
about 28 C for Sursagar lake and 31 C for Samatalav.The ambient temperature was of not much
difference for both the lakes as the water samples where collected for the same season.Water
temperature has always

What Affects The Rate Of Respiration In Yeast
Background research
All living organisms need to respire in order to stay alive. The process of respiration converts
oxygen and glucose into energy that is required to carry out the cellular biochemical reaction
required to sustain life.
Respiration: 6O2 + C6H12O6 → energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
Oxygen is one of the reactants necessary for respiration therefore it is essential for all living
organisms. Oxygen is produced through the process of photosynthesis where energy from the sun is
converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
All plants photosynthesize to produce glucose, which is stored chemical energy as the plants food
can be converted into energy through respiration for life processes. The rate of photosynthesis has
three main limiting factors – carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity ... Show more content on
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One example is aquatic life. Animals use up dissolved oxygen to carry out respiration for cellular
processes and bacteria use up oxygen to decompose and break down organic wastes removing
oxygen from the water to breathe. Therefore dissolved oxygen levels are lower when a body of
water contains a lot of decomposing material. Plants also affect dissolved oxygen content as they
release oxygen as a bi product of photosynthesis.
Temperature also affects oxygen content. Warmer water contains less dissolved oxygen than colder
water and therefore oxygen concentration will change throughout the year as the weather and
temperature changes. Another factor affecting oxygen concentration in the turbulence or movement
of a body of water. In a fast moving body of water where the water is constantly moving, bubbles
aerate the water and the dissolved oxygen content is often higher than a still body of water.
Dissolved oxygen concentration is also affected by altitude. At higher altitudes oxygen is not
dissolved as easily due to the higher

Real Textile and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Novel...
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an upsurging technology in the field of bio–energy generation
along with wastewater treatment. The microbial fuel cell generates energy with the help of microbes
that makes it green future source of energy. In MFC, anaerobic microbes degrade organic matter and
produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e–) at the anode. H+ ion diffuses through the proton
exchange membrane (PEM); and e– are transported through an electrode via an external circuit to
the cathode. At a cathode, e– and H+ ions combine with oxygen to form water (H2O), this results in
power generation [1]. MFC has limited open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.14 V because of the
standard redox potential of NADH/ NAD+ and O2/H2O of –0.32 V and +0.82 V ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment
process includes physical extraction of dyes by adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion–
exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another
process to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical
Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical degradations are uneconomical and
unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic,
microbial culture. But purely anaerobic digestion of azo–dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine
and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result in high amounts of sludge
[12–14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a
solution with the advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].
Real textile wastewater (RTW) has low biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the chemical oxygen
demand (COD) ratio, which implies chemical treatment is required. RTW also has greater color
appearance; high total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solids (SS), high temperature and variable
pH (from 5 to 9) depending on dye. On the other hand, domestic wastewater has almost neutral pH,
high BOD, normal temperature and high volume as well. Gingell and Walker [17] proposed two–
step mechanism for degradation of azo–dyes Step 1 is the

Water Quality Data ( Fixed Interval Sampling )
Water quality data (fixed–interval sample) collected bi–monthly from 1999–2008 and monthly from
2009–2013 for all 18 monitoring sites within the Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins over a 15–
year period was obtained from The City of Greensboro Stormwater Division, North Carolina. The
sampled data were grouped in ranges of years from 1999–2002, 2003–2008, 2009–2010 and 2011–
2013 so as to obtain a detailed analysis on the data. The sampling sites in the study area were
numbered for simplicity of result presentation. Sites 1 to 6 were located at the highly sub–urban and
agricultural area and sites 7 to 18 were located in the highly urbanized area of Greensboro. This sites
include; Bluff Run (1), Fleming (2), Friendship Church Rd (3), Old Oak Ridge Rd. (4), Pleasant
Ridge (5) and Battleground Ave. (6), are located in the Reedy Fork Creek basin (Figure 1). Whereas
Aycock (7), North Church St. (8), Fieldcrest Dr. (9), McConnell (10), Merritt Dr. (11), 16th St. (12),
Randleman Rd (13), Rankin Mills Rd. (14) West JJ (15), White St. (16), Mcleansville (17), and
Summit Ave. (18) sites are located in the Buffalo Creek basin. Twelve water quality parameters were
selected for statistical analysis (Total suspended solids (TSS, mg/L), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN,
m/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD, mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5, mg/L), total
dissolved solids (TDS, mg/L), total Phosphorus (TPhos, mg/L),Turbidity (TURB, NTU) nitrite
nitrogen (NO2–N, mg/L), nitrate nitrogen (NO3–N,

The Impact Of Agriculture In Agriculture
As the growth rate of the population steadily increases, a surge in consumption of commodities will
additionally increase . One basic commodity that will have an escalated demand would be food.
Innovation within technology has allowed the process of mass production of goods. Production of
goods on a large scale allows farmers to meet the needs of the majority of consumers capitalizing on
market share. In order to meet consumers forever growing needs, land must be acquired in order to
generate new farms for agriculture. Although the needs of consumers are being meet, the act of mass
production of agricultural is contributing to the destruction of our planet. Consumers need to be
aware of the repercussions of mass production on a global scale, in order to create a sustainable
outcome while still continuing to let needs be met. With contributing factors of global warming , the
population needs to be informed of harmful processes through agricultural farming such as
deforestation, livestock, and crop emissions.
The the population growing at alarming rates, food supply must increase. Farmers will need to seek
more land in order to meet these needs. By 2050, population will increase from 7.3 billion people to
9.7 billion. With a 32.8 percent increase in population, food demand is estimated to increase from a
range of 59 percent to 98 percent (Elferink & Schierhorn, 2016). With demand for food doubling in
the next 32 years, farming are starting to plan on how to meet such

Water Pollution: Is It as Big of a Problem as We Think?
Water Pollution: Is it as big of a problem as we think?
The following essay will be looking at the factors that cause pollution, and the effect that pollution
has on our world today. It will also investigate what it has in store for the future if things do not
improve. It will also explore some of the methods used to treat and clean–up wastewater, and oil
spills. Today, the industrialization of Canada is severely affecting this nations lakes, streams, and
rivers. If something is not done to improve the situation it is going to have some severe
environmental problems in its future. Today pollution is very high in both inland and marine waters.
All different types of water pollution are contributing factors in this problem. ... Show more content
Some are not as severe as others, but all are harmful. They vary due to the amount they contain of
specific substances. Agricultural: Agricultural waste is a form of pollution that is the source of many
organic and inorganic pollutants in waters in the ground and on the surface. Wastes from
commercial feeders, animal wastes, chemicals, etc. Run of into the land through leaching and runoff.
What is the typical wastewater from these categories made up of? Wastes from toilets, sinks,
industrial processes, and agricultural chemicals and leftovers.
Treatment of such sewage's as these is required before it may be buried, reused, or sent back into the
water system safely. In a treatment plant, the polluted water is passed through a series of chambers,
screens, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxic level severity. There are three general
steps to water treatment. They are usually classified as being part of primary, secondary, or tertiary
treatment. Primary Treatment: During this level, a large percentage of the suspended solids and in
organic material is removed from the sewage waste.
Secondary Treatment: The focus of secondary treatment is to reduce the organic material content.
They do this by accelerating the natural biological processes.
Tertiary Treatment: This group of treatment is necessary when the water will be reused. At this time
99% of the solids in the water are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the
water is as

Essay On Effluent Discharge Requirements
3.0 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS
The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 specifies two standards for effluent discharge: Standard
A for discharge upstream of any raw water intake, and Standard B for discharge downstream of any
raw water intake. The current Third Schedule of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, under the
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 1979, regulations 8 (1), 8 (2)
and 8 (3) has been revisited and the Department of Environment has proposed 8th Schedule for the
Act which stipulate effluent discharge limits for parameters specific to domestic wastewater. The
effluent discharge limits in 8th Schedule are summarised in Table 3.1. Therefore, all sewage
treatment plants design shall ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on standard BOD measurement, the oxygen demand measured is usually influenced by the
following three (3) phenomena:
I. Oxygen demand by breakdown of soluble carbonaceous matter.
II. Oxygen demand by breakdown of suspended particulate carbonaceous matter.
III. Oxygen demand by oxidation of ammonia to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria present in the effluent
sample.
After undergoing biological treatment in the secondary reactor, residual soluble carbonaceous BOD
matter present in the effluent reduces in concentration to below 15 mg/L. Subsequently, nitrifying
bacteria populations tend to grow rapidly feeding on ammonia which is present in the partially
treated sewage. Nitrification may not be complete at levels of 5 mg/l of residual soluble
carbonaceous biodegradable matter. It depends on whether sufficient oxygen is available for the
oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Hence, all BOD5 measurements shall adopt nitrification inhibition
step to ensure that the carbonaceous oxygen demand is reflected accurately in the overall BOD
measurement.
3.3 HEAVY METALS (AAS) The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has
a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. In this experiment, copper
(Cu) and ferum (Fe) were tested. In this context, copper is an essential substance to human life, but
in high doses it can cause anaemia, liver and

The Assessment Of Water Quality Essay
Assessment of Water Quality in relation to some Physico–chemical parameters in Araga pond of
Thirthahalli Taluk, Shivamogga, Karnataka.
Dr. Nagaraj Parisara – Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Sahyadri Science
College (Autonomous) , Shivamogga–577201, Karnataka.
Prof. J.Narayana – Professor & Chairman, Department of P.G.Studies and Research in
Environmental Science, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta– 577 451, Karnataka, India.
Dr.B.R.Kiran – Research & Teaching Assistant, Department of Environmental Science, DDE,
Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta– 577 451, Karnataka, India.
Abstract
The seasonal variations in the physico–chemical parameters of Araga pond of Thirthahalli taluk,
located in Shivamogga district of Karnataka state was studied from June 2001 to May 2003. The
parameters that were determined included; temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO),
free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, biological oxygen demand
(BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, sulphate , total dissolved solids (TDS) and
nitrate . The study revealed that, pond water was not much polluted. In the light of standards of
water quality recommended by WHO and BIS , the pond water should be used for drinking and
cooking after proper treatment.
Keywords: Water, Physico–chemical parameters, Araga pond, Thirthahalli,
Introduction
Due to over expanding population and industrial settlements, the demand for fresh water

Evaluation Of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facility For...
Evaluation of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facility for Sand Valley, Nevada
Prepared for:
Clark County Sanitation Department
Prepared by:
Ahmad Jumah
May Alnagi
Sulaiman Alkhalfan
On behalf of:
Youbetcha Environmental Systems, Inc.
November 7, 2014
Executive Summary
This report provides analysis and evaluation of a newly designed wastewater treatment facility for
Sand Valley, Nevada. Analysis will include Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) along with total,
volatile, and fixed suspended solids. Methods for analysis will include the Winkler Test for BOD
and a Hatch test for the suspend solids.
The report finds BOD levels meet the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit renewal standards. Results for suspended solids shows an opposite trend. Suspended solids
increase throughout the course of the water treatment. This does not meet NPDES standards. Further
suspended solids test will be needed to insure a minimal amount of error. If the same trend
continues, the facility may need to be redesigned to meet NPDES standards.
Contents
Executive Summary i
List of Figures ii
List of Tables ii
Introduction 1
Procedures 2
BOD 2
Solids 3
Results and Discussion 3

BOD 3
Solids 4
Conclusion 6
Works Cited 7
Appendix A – Figures 8
Appendix B – Raw 10
Appendix C – Calculation 12
List of Figures
Figure 1. Schematic of Proposed Waste Treatment System for Sand Valley 1
Figure 2. Vacuum Filter Apparatus 8
Figure 3. Drying Oven 8
Figure

Cleary On Tobacco
The American lung association estimated if the cost of one pack cost $5.5 then the cost of
production for that pack would be $18. Cleary the tobacco industry does not do any good to the
economy, it only taking over 3 times the amount from the economy. Although some states have been
trying to cover health expenses by rising taxes to pay for healthcare however it will never be high
enough to cover them. In addition to this, the use of tobacco decrease workers' productivity. For
instance, a smoker would be absent from work and still getting paid and their absences usually last
longer because their health conditions would be more complicated. It is clearly proven that the
expenses does not match the revenues therefore it would be more profitable ... Show more content
our lungs contains hairs known as cilia that to keep it clean by taking bad substances out; however,
hydrogen cyanide stops this clearance process so that the chemicals found in tobacco would
continue to build up inside the organ. With the very first inhalation of smoke, the beating of the cilia
slows. With time, It will become paralyzed and, eventually, disappear altogether. The loss of cilia
may lead to asthma and chronic coughing. Other Substances such as oxidizing chemicals can also
damage the heart and blood vessels by building up fatty acids which will in turn block the arteries,
as result the individual will suffer from heart disease, stroke and blood vessels

Essay On Crude Water
This paper looks at the recovery of crude oil–polluted seawater using bioremediation and
biostimulation (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Bioremediation of crude oil is a less
expensive solution to other alternatives (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). There are lots
of different parameters that needed to be considered during the study of bioremediation productivity
which were all monitored during these experiments (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013).
Three trials were performed during this study of natural seawater artificially polluted with crude oil
and recovered using three different methods. These methods were: inorganic nutrients, inorganic
nutrient and the bacteria Alcanivorax borkumensis, and lastly an ... Show more content on
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The parameters that were measured and their methods are listed below:
Total Bacteria Count: 1–2 mL of seawater was placed in formaldehyde and stored at 4 degrees
Celsius (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Before samples were filters using Nucleopore
black polycarbonate filters (stained with 4, 6–diamidion–2–phenylindole), the sample was put
through ultrasonic treatment for 30 seconds (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Using a
Zeiss Axioplan 2 imaging epifluorescence microscope, the samples were analyzed, and bacteria
counted (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013).
Heterotrophic bacteria Counts: 100 µL of 10–fold dilutions of the water sample taken was spread
onto Marine agar plates (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). This was incubated for 7 days
at 20 degrees Celsius (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). The colonies were then counted,
and results were recorded in CFU/mL (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013).
Hydrocarbon–degrading Bacterial Count: Using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, the
number of bacteria were counted (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Sterile 3 mL 24–
wells were used to culture test plates (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Each contained 2
mL of sterile Bushnell–Hass medium, with 2% NaCl (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013).
Ten–fold dilutions of the sample were made in the medium and 100 µL were pipetted into the wells
(Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Then, 10

Marine Contamination and Pollution Essay
Marine Contamination and Pollution According to the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the
Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) of 1972, marine pollution is ?the introduction by
man directly or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine environment resulting in deleterious
effects such as harm to living resources, hazards to human health; hindrance of marine activities
including fishing, impairing the quality for use of sea water, and reduction of amenities?(Clark 3).
Since the beginning of modern civilization, man has continuously polluted the oceans. As more and
more pollution entered the Earth?s oceans and problems became evident, man has been given the
obligation to prevent further damage. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marine debris consists of discarded plastic, glass, and metal that does not easily decompose. Some
debris such as abandoned ships and old cars that sink attract fish because they form artificial reefs.
Some artificial reefs have been purposely made by humans out of sinking marine debris for the sole
purpose of providing sea life with an ecosystem. The pollution problem is more centered around
floating marine debris such as plastic. Because plastic floats it constitutes a threat to sea birds and
mammals who either eat it or become entangled in it. Each year 30,000 northern fur seals as well as
hundreds of thousands of other marine animals die due to being entangled in discarded
plastic(Johnston 63). These plastics when eaten can lodge in the intestines and stomach to block the
digestive tract to cause malnutrition and death. Not only does marine debris effect sea life, but
humans as well. Marine debris interferes with ship navigation and litters beaches along coastal
water. Toxic chemicals are extremely hazardous to the oceans. Three of the most deadly chemicals
are constantly running off land into water. These chemicals; DDT, PCBs, and dioxins belong to a
family of industrial and agricultural chemicals that do not brake down easily in our environment.
When these chemicals enter the ocean they are first absorbed by phytoplankton and zooplankton.
These planktons are an important part of a fish?s diet, therefore; fish eat

1. What Is A Volatile Organic Compound?
Organic substance are made of carbon, plants and animals are example of the natural organic. All
living organisms, from largest tree to smallest insect are organic .Once decaying process occurred
over these living organisms they turned to organic substance. All human wastes, animal wastes
(from barnyards, pastures, rangelands, feedlots), areas of land application of sewage sludge, the
waste of pulp and paper industry that discharge organic laden effluent, and food processing wastes
consist of organic materials.
2. What is a Volatile Organic Compound?
VOC are a class of chemicals that are carbon containing and evaporate (vaporize) easily into air at
normal air temperatures, therefore they are organic materials. When present in water at low
concentrations, some VOCs produce a sweet, pleasant odor. Chlorinated solvents such as
commercial, industrial, residential products, solvents, cleaners, degreasers, paints, inks and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)?
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); is the measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by aquatic
life. Furthermore, is the measure that is used to determine the level of organic pollution in a water
body or is the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria in the decomposition (oxidation) of organic
material. As the high levels of the (BOD), the higher levels of the water pollution and less (DO)
levels.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD); is the measure of the all chemicals that found in the water
body that can be oxidized or is the measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic substance found
in the water body that is disposed to oxidation. The COD can be related empirically to BOD, organic
carbon, or organic matter. In COD test a chemical used instead of the bacteria to oxidase the organic
substance and is used more for industrial wastewater as the BOD is used for municipal wastewater.
BOD and COD are two of three methods used to determine carbon present in the water

Water And Water : An Essential Constituent Of The Life On...
Water is a transparent fluid that makes up the bodies of water on the planet Earth and is a major vital
constituent of the life on Earth. Water covers 71% of Earth's surface, but the amount of freshwater is
only 2.5% of this amount of water, and 98.8% of the freshwater is in ice and groundwater. Less than
0.3% of the entire freshwater is comprised within streams, rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere (Gleick,
1993). This scarce fluid has been used for a variety of human uses, such as agriculture, drinking,
washing, transportation, chemical uses, heat exchange, fire extinction, recreation, food processing,
etc. Although the amount of freshwater is scarce, it is not a limited finite source, but it is not an
unlimited renewable source either. Water is a non–renewable source that is re–circulated as potable
water through stages in the water cycle, such as transpiration, precipitation, percolation,
evaporation, etc. Therefore, the distribution of potable and safe water is limited, compared to the
realistic amount of water there is on Earth. Water is fundamental and critical to the proliferation of
life on Earth. It enables the role of organic compounds to react in processes that allow DNA
replication, protein and RNA synthesis, cell reproduction, cellular respiration, etc. Water also
accounts for metabolic process, such as anabolism and catabolism, which dissolve the body's solutes
such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Water is an inevitable necessity of life on Earth,

Wastewater In Canada
Montreal plans to shut down a pipe, which feeds water from the sewers into a treatment plant.
Therefore the city's strategy is to dump the eight billion liters of raw sewage into the St Lawrence
River [1]. The procedure is going against the fisheries act, it will have negative consequences for
communities downstream, and it will also damage the river's ecosystem. In brief that scheme has
several negative impacts on the river's ecosystem and the city should invest in alternative
procedures.
The procedure of dumping mass amounts of wastewater into the river is going against the fisheries
act if not given authorization [3]. Environment Canada is researching the implications of the plan
and exploring options to prevent this release, while studying ... Show more content on
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Dr. Grant Brow who is a Concordia University biologist that specializes in aquatic behavioral and
chemical ecology, claims, "The untreated effluent could cause harm to a number of aquatic species"
[2]. The fish rely on chemical cues to help it survive, such as finding food, shelter, detecting and
avoiding predators. On the other hand, the city's spokesman Philippe Sabourin, says that "the
contamination is not a big concern due to the sheer size of the river and how quickly it flows – at a
rate of 6,000 to 7,000 cubic meters a second, compared to the flow rate of the wastewater, expected
to be 13 cubic meters a second" [2]. However, it would be devastating if the city proceeds with their
plan since the chemical and bacteriological mixture of wastewater must be observed at all times to
ensure public health. In wastewater there are oxygen–consuming materials, which needs to be
minimized to protect from low dissolved oxygen conditions since it can be harmful to aquatic
species [4]. Many nutrients found in wastewater, such as nitrogen and phosphorus must be removed
to prevent high level of nutrients, which can cause the ecosystem to have hypoxia and the increase
of pollutants in the waterways [4]. The city has examined alternative methods, and the mayor claims
that, "They have consulted with experts around the world and that every option has been explored"
[5]. The city has probe to put in mobile tanks or installing a $1–billion diversion system to collect
the raw sewage and send it to the treatment plant, which would be safer and more ethical

The Spatial Distribution Of Temperature Essay
The spatial distribution of temperature, pH , salinity , Dissolved Oxygen (D.O) , Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD), micronutrients (phosphate , nitrate and silicate ) and chlorophyll pigments were
pronounced as shown in fig : 3 .The surface water temperature were homogenous within the studied
area ,varying within the range 25–32° C . Generally, the temperature is influenced by the freshwater
influx intensity of solar radiation, and cooling and mix up with ebb , evaporation and flow from
adjoining neritic waters (Prabu et al. 2008). The estuarine water was slightly alkaline in nature
throughout the study period in all the respective stations with pH value ranging from 7.7 to 8.33.
The pH value was within the safe limit for drinking purpose (WHO, 1973) as well as for crop
production (FAO, 1975).This pH range was the combine effects of the tides of the Bay of Bengal
and fairly high buffering capacity of the water (Huang et.al;2008). The neutral–sub–alkaline
environment at this pH substantially limits the mobility of trace metals in marine water (Manta et
al., 2002). The maximum salinity (14.5 p.s.u) at Sagar (S8) and the minimum (0.17 p.s.u.) at
Babughat (S3) were recorded which is attributed to higher rate of evaporation than that of
precipitation and the neritic water dominance (Rajasekar; 2003). The turbidity showed a wide range
of variation (1–13 NTU) being lowest at Tribeni (S1) which is the fresh water zone and highest at
Lot 8 (S7), near the coastal water. The high

The Two Arrangements of Water Quality Parameters
There are two arrangements of water quality parameters:
 Conservative
 Non–conservative Conservative parameters of water which are hardness, alkalinity, salinity, and
temperature are not affected significantly by activities of microorganisms. [30] Ammonia, nitrate,
nitrite, total nitrogen, pH, phosphorous, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids,
chemical oxygen demand, and oxygen reduction potential which are affected by biological activity
are considered as non–conservative. [30] [31] Now let's discuss the crucial water quality parameters
taking into consideration the importance of monitoring them in an aquaculture setting for reusing
them for irrigating processes. So at first nitrogen cycle must be discussed. [30] [32] The nitrogen
cycle can be described as follows. Figure 1 The graph of nitrogen cycle
Boyd, C.E. 1976. Water chemistry and plankton in unfertilized ponds in pastures and in woods.635–
636, Stickney, R.R., 1979. Principles of warm water aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which bacteria, aerobic, anaerobic and photosynthetic transform
atmospheric nitrogen to organic nitrogen. [30] Many organisms such as plants also rely on this
process for survival. Ammonification is the process by which organic nitrogen is converted to
nitrogenous ammonia by heterotrophic microorganisms. Nitrification is the biological conversion of
ammonia to nitrate. Nitrifies carry out this process and can be autotrophic

Assessing Water Quality Using Chlorella Vulgaris

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