Apa and mla style

1. APA AND MLA STYLE
PREPARED BY: SABAHAH MURSAL

2. APA STYLE:
• Abbreviation of American Psychological Association
• Created by the United States National Research Council in
1929.
• Published in 1952.
• Most used referencing style.
• Requires both in text citation and reference list.

3. WHERE APA STYLE IS USED?
Fields of:
• Anthropology
• Education
• Communication
• Business
• Political Sciences
• Social Sciences.

4. IN TEXT CITATION:
• Also known as Parenthetical citation
• Short version of reference you add in your work.
It includes:
• Last name of author
• Followed by comma
• Publication year enclosed in parentheses
• Example: (Smith,2007)

5. FORMAT FOR A QUOTATION(<40 WORDS)
• It includes:
• Author’s last name
• Year of publication
• Page number
• Full stop after citation.

6. EXAMPLE:
According to Jones (2004),”Students often had difficulty
using APA style……..(p.199).

7. LONG QUOTES(>40 WORDS)
• It includes:
• Author’s last name
• Without quotation marks
• Do not use full stop after citation

8. EXAMPLE:
On the way home daddy became an amateur philosopher,
he said God chooses some people to be rich, and that’s
how it is, and you have to settle for your luck, and ours isn’t
all that good so that’s too bad, but if you just smile and
keep going, then you’ll be fine; it’s when you eat your heart
out that you can get in trouble.(Coles,1989,p.41)

9. FORMAT FOR A SUMMARY OR PARAPHRASE:
• It requires:
• Author’s last name
• Publication year
• Doesn’t require page number
• Example:
• A significant amount of youth’s social interaction takes place through
technology and children as young as 10 have access to mobile
devices(Williford,2016)

10. ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR:
• Example:
• Mack(2006) found workers are happier….
ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS:
• Use 'and’ between the two authors names within text citation.
• Use’&'ampersand between two authors names followed by publication date separated by
comma.
• Example:
• Serlin and Lapsley(1985) discovered the problems……
• A survey on the problems in……..(Serlin & Lapsley, 1985)

11. THREE OR MORE AUTHORS:
• If there are three or more authors of a work, include only
the first author’s last name followed by “et al”, meaning
”and others”.
• Example:
• (Smith et al.,2006)

12. UNKNOWN AUTHOR:
• Use the title of the source
• Followed by publication year
• Use(),” “ and italics.
• Example:
• (“Alcohol and the risk,” 2006).

13. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME SUR NAME:
• Use first initial letters with last name.
• Example:
• (B.Kachru, 2005)
• (Y.Kachru,2008).

14. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY SAME AUTHOR:
• Use lower case letters (a,b,c) with year of publication
• Example:
• (Smith,1998a)
• Smith,1998b)

15. REFERENCE LIST:
• It is a list of all sources you cited in your work at the end of
your work. In APA style there is a heading of Reference list.
• Arranged at alphabetically order of author’s sur names.
• If no author then arranged according to title.
• References are of same author published in same year
then arranged according to case letters.

16. EXAMPLE:
• Bernet,S.(2013).A short guide to college writing. Pearson
Education.

17. MLA STYLE:
• Abbreviation of Modern Language Association
• Published in 1985
• Used in the fields of:
• Language arts
• Cultural studies
• Humanities

18. IN TEXT CITATION:
• It includes:
• Author last names
• Page number
• Example:
• (Smith 1989)

19. WORKS WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHORS:
• Example:
• (Johnson,philips and Gregory 78)

20. REFERENCE:
• Bibliography or reference list
• It includes:
• Last name, First name.. Title of book.Edition used. Place if publication, Publisher Year of
Publication.
• Example: Wingate,Lisa.Before We Were Yours.Random House,2017.

21. • THANKS