เศรษฐศาสตร์การจัดการ

1. ∫∑∑’Ë 1
∫∑π” : ≈—°…≥–·≈–¢Õ∫‡¢μ
¢Õ߇»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√
À—«¢âÕ ”§—≠„π∫∑π’Ȫ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
1. ≈—°…≥–·≈–§«“¡À¡“¬∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å : ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ ·≈–√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®
2. ∑ƒ…Æ’‡»√…∞»“ μ√å∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√
3. Àπâ“∑’Ë ∫∑∫“∑ ·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õß°”‰√
4. ®√‘¬∏√√¡„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√∑“ß∏ÿ√°‘®
5. ‚§√ß √â“ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¢Õ߇»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√
6. ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√·≈–√–∫∫Õ‘π‡∑Õ√å‡πÁμ
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ (Managerial economics) ‡ªìπ«‘™“´÷Ë߉¥â‡√‘Ë¡¡’°“√»÷°…“°—π„π
ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ μ—ß·μà æ.». 2483 ´÷ߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬«‘™“∑’ ”§—≠ 2 “¢“«‘™“ §◊Õ (1) ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å
È Ë Ë
(Economics) (2) °“√®—¥°“√ (Management) ¥—ßπ—È𠇻√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√®÷߇ªìπ«‘™“∑’Ëπ”∑ƒ…Æ’
∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å¡“ª√–¬ÿ°μ儙⠇æ◊ËÕª√–°Õ∫°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®„π°“√·°âªí≠À“∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√
¢ÕßÕߧå°√ ‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâÕߧå°√ “¡“√∂®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√∑’Ë¡’Õ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ß®”°—¥‰¥âÕ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡ ·≈–
“¡“√∂∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢ÕßÕߧå°√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥
1. ≈—°…≥–·≈–§«“¡À¡“¬∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å : ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√
·≈–√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å (Economics) ‡ªìπ¢Õ∫‡¢μ¢Õß°“√»÷°…“ ´÷Ë߇°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√®—¥ √√
∑√—欓°√∑’ËÀ“¬“°·≈–¡’Õ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ß®”°—¥ (Scare resources) ‰ª„™â„π∑“߇≈◊Õ°μà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕμÕ∫ πÕß
§«“¡μâÕß°“√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (Satisfy human wants) (Salvatore, 1997: 711) À√◊ÕÀ¡“¬∂÷ß »“ μ√å∑“ß
1 Managerial Economics

2. ¥â“π —ߧ¡ ´÷Ëß»÷°…“∂÷ß∑“߇≈◊Õ°μà“ß Ê ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈ ∏ÿ√°‘® √—∞∫“≈ À√◊Õ —ߧ¡ ‰ª„™â
ª√–°Õ∫°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®„π°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√ (Bade and Parkin, 2002: G-3) À√◊ÕÀ¡“¬∂÷ß »“ μ√å
∑“ߥâ“π —ߧ¡´÷Ë߇°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√„™â∑√—欓°√∑’ËÀ“¬“° ‡æ◊ËÕμÕ∫ πÕߧ«“¡μâÕß°“√∑“ߥâ“π
‡»√…∞°‘®∑’Ë¡’Õ¬à“߉¡à®”°—¥¢Õß —ߧ¡Õ¬à“ß Ÿß ÿ¥ (McConnell and Brue, 2002: G-7)
¥—ßπ—Èπ ∑—»π–¥â“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®–¡ÿàß∑’Ë 3 ª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—° §◊Õ (1) ∑√—欓°√∑’ËÀ“¬“° (Resource
scarcity) ·≈–§«“¡®”‡ªìπ¢Õß°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®‡≈◊Õ° (2) ¢âÕ ¡¡ÿ쑇°’ˬ«°—∫æƒμ‘°√√¡∑’Ë¡’‡Àμÿº≈ (Ratio-
nal behavior) (3) °“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫√–À«à“ߺ≈ª√–‚¬™πåÀπ૬ ÿ¥∑⓬°—∫μâπ∑ÿπÀπ૬ ÿ¥∑⓬ ‡√“
“¡“√∂ª√–¬ÿ°μåÀ≈—°°“√∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√剪„™âª√–‚¬™πå∑—Èß„π°“√ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ ·≈–„π
™’«‘μª√–®”«—π‰¥â¥â«¬ (McConnell and Brue, 2002: 6)
«‘∏’°“√∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å (Economic methodology) ‡ªìπ»“ μ√å∑“ߥâ“𰓬¿“æ
·≈–°“√¥”√ß™’«‘μ¥â“π —ߧ¡ ¥â“π‡»√…∞°‘® ´÷Ëß„™âÀ≈—°∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å (Sciences) ‚¥¬¡’ à«π
ª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë ”§—≠ 5 ª√–°“√ ¥—ßπ’È
1. °“√ —߇°μ®“°¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß (‚¥¬Õ“»—¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°‚≈°·Ààߧ«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß)
2. ®“°°“√»÷°…“∂÷ߢâÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß„π¢âÕ (1) π—Èπ®–™à«¬„π°“√°”Àπ¥ ¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π∑’ËÕ∏‘∫“¬∂÷ß
ªí®®—¬∑’ˇªìπ‡Àμÿ·≈–ªí®®—¬∑’ˇªìπº≈
3. ‡ªìπ°“√∑¥ Õ∫‚¥¬‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫º≈≈—æ∏å¢Õ߇Àμÿ°“√≥å„¥‡Àμÿ°“√≥åÀπ÷Ëß°—∫ ‘Ëß∑’ˉ¥â
欓°√≥剫âμ“¡ ¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π
4. °“√¬Õ¡√—∫ °“√μàÕμâ“π À√◊Õª√—∫ ¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π ‚¥¬∂◊Õ‡°≥±å°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫„π¢âÕ (3)
5. ¡’°“√∑¥ Õ∫ ¡¡ÿμ‘∞“πÕ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕ߇°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘߇À≈à“π—Èπ ‚¥¬¡’°“√ª√–¡«≈
º≈≈—æ∏å∑’Ë ¡‡Àμÿ ¡º≈‡Õ“‰«â ´÷Ëß ¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π‡À≈à“π’È®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ∑ƒ…Æ’ (Theory) ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√∑¥ Õ∫
∑ƒ…Æ’·≈–¡’°“√¬Õ¡√—∫∑ƒ…Æ’Õ¬à“ß·æ√àÀ≈“¬ ‡√’¬°«à“ °Æ (Law) À√◊ÕÀ≈—°‡°≥±å (Principle) °“√
º ¡º “π¢Õß°Æ·≈–À≈—°‡°≥±å ‡√“‡√’¬°«à“ √Ÿª·∫∫ (Models)
π—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å “¡“√∂„™â«∏°“√∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å„π°“√°”Àπ¥ (1) ∑ƒ…Æ’ (Theory) (2) °Æ
‘’
(Law) (3) À≈—°‡°≥±å (Principle) ´÷Ëß∑—Èß 3 ª√–°“√π’È®– √ÿª§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å·≈–Õ∏‘∫“¬∂÷ßæƒμ‘°√√¡
∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈ ∂“∫—π ·≈–√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘® π‚¬∫“¬¢Õßπ—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®–‡°’¬«¢âÕß Ë
°—∫°“√„™â∑ƒ…Æ’„π°“√·°âªí≠À“‡»√…∞°‘®À√◊Õ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑“߇»√…∞°‘® ‚¥¬
ºŸâ°”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬®–μâÕß√–∫ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬®“°°“√ª√–‡¡‘π∑“߇≈◊Õ° μ≈Õ¥®π°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈ ´÷Ë߇ªÑ“-
À¡“¬∑“߇»√…∞°‘®¢Õß —ߧ¡π—Èπ¡’À≈“¬ª√–°“√¥â«¬°—π ‚¥¬∑’ˇªÑ“À¡“¬·μà≈–Õ¬à“ßÕ“®®–
¢—¥·¬âß°—𠇙àπ ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥Õ“®¢—¥·¬âß°—∫‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑“ߥâ“π «— ¥‘°“√ —ߧ¡ Ÿß ÿ¥ ‡ªìπμâπ
¥—ßπ—Èπ π—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®”‡ªìπ®–μâÕ߇≈◊Õ°∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ 2

3. °“√®—¥°“√ (Management) À¡“¬∂÷ß ™ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπâ“∑’Ëμà“ß Ê (A set of functions) ∑’Ë°”Àπ¥
∑‘»∑“ß„π°“√„™âª√–‚¬™π宓°∑√—欓°√∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ
∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢ÕßÕߧå°√ À√◊ÕÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°√–∫«π°“√¢Õß°“√¡ÿàß Ÿà‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢ÕßÕߧå°√®“°°“√
∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π ‚¥¬„™â∫ÿ§§≈·≈–∑√—欓°√Õ◊Ëπ Ê (Certo, 2000: 555)
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ (Managerial economics) ‡ªìπ°“√π”∑ƒ…Æ’‡»√…∞»“ μ√å
¡“ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™â„π°√–∫«π°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧåÀ√◊Õ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬
¢ÕßÕߧå°√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥ (Salvatore, 2001: 4) ´÷Ëß°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®À√◊Õ°“√·°âªí≠À“
∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√π—Èπ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â„πÕߧå°√∏ÿ√°‘®∑—Èß¿“§‡Õ°™π (Firm) ·≈–¿“§√—∞À√◊ÕÕߧå°√∑’ˉ¡à
· «ßÀ“°”‰√ (Not-for-profit organization) ‡™àπ ‚√ß欓∫“≈ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ∂“π’μ”√«® ‡ªìπμâπ
‡√“ “¡“√∂∑√“∫‰¥â«à“ Õߧå°√„¥‡ªìπÕߧå°√∑’ˉ¡à· «ßÀ“°”‰√ ‚¥¬¥Ÿ®“° (1) ß∫¥ÿ≈ (Balance
sheet) ∂â“„™â§”«à“‡°‘π¥ÿ≈-¢“¥¥ÿ≈ · ¥ß«à“‡ªìπÕߧå°√∑’ˉ¡à· «ßÀ“°”‰√ (2) «—μ∂ÿª√– ߧåÀ√◊Õ
®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬ μ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ ®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈ §◊Õ °“√√—°…“§π‰¢â„Àâ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡∑à“∑’Ë®–
∑”‰¥â¿“¬„μâ∑√—欓°√∑’¡Õ¬ŸÕ¬à“ß®”°—¥ Õ—πª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§à“√—°…“欓∫“≈ ¬“ ‡§√◊Õß¡◊Õ ‡μ’¬ß ·≈–
Ë ’ à Ë
ß∫ª√–¡“≥ à«π®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬¢Õß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ §◊Õ °“√„Àâ§π„πª√–‡∑»‰¥â√—∫°“√»÷°…“¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥
¿“¬„μâ¢âÕ®”°—¥∑“ߥâ“π°“√‡ß‘π·≈–∫ÿ§≈“°√ „π¢≥–∑’ˇªÑ“À¡“¬¢ÕßÕߧå°√∏ÿ√°‘®„π¿“§‡Õ°™π
§◊Õ °“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥
·¡â«à“«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧåÀ√◊Õ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬μ≈Õ¥®π¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß·μà≈–Õߧå°√®–·μ°μà“ß°—π ·μà
Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ æ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√„π°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®π—Èπ®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡¥’¬«°—π ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1.1 · ¥ß
≈—°…≥–¢Õß«‘™“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ (The nature of managerial economics)
3 Managerial Economics

4. ªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√
(Management decision problems)
∑ƒ…Æ’∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å °“√μ—¥ ‘π„®
(Economic theory) (Decision sciences)
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
1. ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®ÿ≈¿“§ 1. ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å§≥‘μ»“ μ√å
(Microeconomics) (Mathematical economics)
2. ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§ 2. ‡»√…∞¡‘μ‘
(Macroeconomics) (Econometrics)
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ (Managerial economics)
‡ªìπ°“√ª√–¬ÿ°μå∑ƒ…Æ’∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡“„™â„π°“√·°âªí≠À“
∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√¢ÕßÕߧå°√ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧåÀ√◊Õ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬
¢ÕßÕߧå°√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1.1 · ¥ß≈—°…≥–¢Õß«‘™“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ (The nature of managerial economics)
2. ∑ƒ…Æ’‡»√…∞»“ μ√å∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®”·π°ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ·¢πß §◊Õ (1) ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§ (Macroeconomics) (2)
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®ÿ≈¿“§ (Microeconomics) ‚¥¬¡’√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¥—ßπ’È
2.1 ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§ (Macroeconomics) ‡ªìπ°“√»÷°…“∂÷ßæƒμ‘°√√¡„π√–∫∫
‡»√…∞°‘®∑—Èß√–∫∫ Õ—πª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬º≈º≈‘μ °“√®â“ßß“π ·≈–√–¥—∫√“§“¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√◊Õ
‡ªìπ°“√»÷°…“ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë¡’º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß°“√«à“ßß“π
‡ß‘π‡øÑÕ ·≈–§«“¡‡®√‘≠‡μ‘∫‚μ∑“߇»√…∞°‘® (Colarder and Gamber, 2002: G-4) À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√
»÷°…“∂÷ßμ—«·ª√∑“߇»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡ (Aggregate economics variables) ‡™àπ °“√º≈‘μ‚¥¬√«¡¢Õß
√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘® √–¥—∫√“§“‡©≈’ˬ¢Õß ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√ (Blanchard, 2002: G-5)
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ 4

5. ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§ (Macroeconomics) ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬√—∞∫“≈ §√—«‡√◊Õπ Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘® ·≈–
ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ‡ªìπ°“√√«¡Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‡¢â“¡“‡ªìπÀπ૬„¥Àπ૬Àπ÷Ëß„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘® ´÷Ë߇√“‡√’¬°«à“
º≈√«¡ (Aggregate) ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§®–‡ªìπμ—««—¥„π¥â“π (1) º≈º≈‘μ‚¥¬√«¡ (Total output)
(2) °“√®â“ßß“π‚¥¬√«¡ (Total employment) (3) √“¬‰¥â‚¥¬√«¡ (Total income) (4) §à“„™â®à“¬
‚¥¬√«¡ (Aggregate expenditures) (5) √–¥—∫√“§“‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª (General level) ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå
ªí≠À“∑“߇»√…∞°‘®μà“ß Ê (McConnell and Brue, 2002: 9-10)
2.2 ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®≈¿“§ (Microeconomics) ‡ªìπ°“√»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√º≈‘μ·≈–√“§“ ‘π§â“
ÿ
™π‘¥„¥™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß„πμ≈“¥„¥μ≈“¥Àπ÷Ëß (Blanchard, 2002: G-5) À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå∂÷ßæƒμ‘°√√¡
¢Õß·μà≈–∫ÿ§§≈„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘® ‡™àπ °“√æ‘®“√≥“√“§“¢Õߺ≈‘μ¿—≥±å„¥º≈‘μ¿—≥±åÀπ÷Ëß
æƒμ‘°√√¡¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ À√◊Õ∏ÿ√°‘®„¥∏ÿ√°‘®Àπ÷Ëß (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 1998: 751)
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®ÿ≈¿“§ (Microeconomics) ‡ªìπ°“√¡Õß∂÷ßÀπ૬‡»√…∞°‘®„π√–¥—∫¢Õß°“√
«‘‡§√“–Àå ‚¥¬π—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®– —߇°μ∂÷ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢ÕßÀπ૬‡»√…∞°‘® À√◊ÕÀπ૬‡»√…∞°‘®
∑’‡Ë ≈Á°∑’ ¥ ¥—ßπ—π „π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®≈¿“§®–°≈à“«∂÷ߺŸ∫√‘‚¿§·μà≈–√“¬ Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®·μà≈–Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®
Ëÿ È ÿ â
À√◊Õ§√—«‡√◊Õπ·μà≈–§√—«‡√◊Õ𠇙àπ °“√«—¥√–¥—∫√“§“¢Õߺ≈‘μ¿—≥±å™π‘¥„¥™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß ®”π«π¢Õß
·√ßß“π∑’¡°“√®â“ßß“π‚¥¬∏ÿ√°‘®„¥∏ÿ√°‘®Àπ÷ß √“¬‰¥â¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®„¥∏ÿ√°‘®Àπ÷ß À√◊Õ√“¬‰¥â¢Õߧ√—«‡√◊Õπ
Ë ’ Ë Ë
À√◊Õ§à“„™â®à“¬¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘® √—∞∫“≈ À√◊Õ§√—«‡√◊Õπ
∑ƒ…Æ’‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§ (Macroeconomic theory) ‡ªìπ∑ƒ…Æ’∑’Ë»÷°…“∂÷ß√–¥—∫
¢Õߺ≈º≈‘μ‚¥¬√«¡ (Aggregate level of output) √“¬‰¥âª√–™“™“μ‘ (National income) μ≈Õ¥®π
√–¥—∫°“√®â“ßß“π¢Õߪ√–‡∑» °“√∫√‘‚¿§ °“√≈ß∑ÿπ ·≈–√–¥—∫√“§“¢Õß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡
(Salvatore, 1997: 715)
∑ƒ…Æ’‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®≈¿“§ (Microeconomic theory) ‡ªìπ∑ƒ…Æ’∑»°…“∂÷ßæƒμ‘°√√¡
ÿ Ë’ ÷
∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å¢Õß°“√μ—¥ ‘π„® à«π∫ÿ§§≈ ‡™àπ ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ À√◊Õ‡®â“¢Õß∑√—欓°√§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ëß
·≈–Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®Àπ૬„¥Àπ૬Àπ÷Ëß μ≈Õ¥®π°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π¢Õßμ≈“¥‡©æ“–∫ÿ§§≈ (Individual
markets) ´÷ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‡ √’ (Free-enterprise economy) (Salvatore, 1997: 716)
√ÿª‰¥â«à“ ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§‡ªìπ°“√»÷°…“∂÷ß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡ „π¢≥–∑’ˇ»√…∞-
»“ μ√å®ÿ≈¿“§®–¡ÿàß∑’ËÀπ૬„¥Àπ૬Àπ÷ËߢÕß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®
„π«‘ ™ “‡»√…∞»“ μ√å ° “√®— ¥ °“√π—È π ¡’ § «“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å °— ∫ ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å ®ÿ ≈ ¿“§¡“°°«à “
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®ÿ≈¿“§‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√»÷°…“æƒμ‘°√√¡∑“ß
‡»√…∞°‘®¢ÕßÕߧå°√ „π°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√∑’Ë¡’Õ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ß®”°—¥‰ª„™â„π∑“߇≈◊Õ°μà“ß Ê Õ¬à“ß
‡À¡“– ¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢ÕßÕߧå°√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈ Ÿß ÿ¥ ∑ƒ…Æ’
5 Managerial Economics

6. ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®ÿ≈¿“§À≈“¬∑ƒ…Æ’ “¡“√∂π”¡“ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™â„π°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®¢ÕßÕߧå°√ ®÷ßÕ“®
°≈à“«‰¥â«à“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®ÿ≈¿“§‡ªìπÀ—«„® ”§—≠¢Õ߇»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√
Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ ‡√“®”‡ªìπ®–μâÕß»÷°…“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§ ‡æ◊ËÕ®–‰¥â∑√“∫∂÷ßÕÿª ߧå√«¡
Õ—μ√“‡ß‘π‡øÑÕ Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ ´÷Ëß®–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢ÕßÕߧå°√ ∑ƒ…Æ’∑“ߥâ“π
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å®–¡’°“√∑”𓬷≈–Õ∏‘∫“¬æƒμ‘°√√¡∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
√Ÿª·∫∫À√◊Õ‚¡‡¥≈ (Model) À√◊Õ ¡°“√ ´÷Ëß· ¥ß∂÷߇Àμÿ°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈–ªí®®—¬∑’Ë°”Àπ¥μ—«·ª√
∑’Ë ”§—≠∫“ßμ—«∑’Ë¡’º≈μàÕ‡Àμÿ°“√≥åπ—Èπ Ê ‡™àπ ∑ƒ…Æ’¢Õß°‘®°“√ ¡¡ÿμ‘«à“°‘®°“√®–μâÕß· «ßÀ“
º≈°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¿“¬„μâæ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë«à“ ‘π§â“∑’Ë®–º≈‘μπ—Èπ®–º≈‘μ‰¥â¡“°‡∑à“„¥¿“¬„μ₧√ß √â“ßμ≈“¥
À√◊Õ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—π „π¢≥–∑’Ë°‘®°“√Õ“®¡’«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧåÀ≈“¬ª√–°“√ ·μà„π∑’Ëπ’ȇ√“®–
¡ÿàß‚¡‡¥≈∑’ˇπâ𰔉√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°∏ÿ√°‘®‚¥¬¡“°¡—°®–¡’®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬¥—ß°≈à“« Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ «‘∏’
°“√∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª °Á§◊Õ°“√¬Õ¡√—∫∑ƒ…Æ’À√◊Õ‚¡‡¥≈´÷Ëß “¡“√∂∑”𓬉¥âÕ¬à“ß
∂Ÿ°μâÕß ‚¥¬°“√∑”𓬮–‡ªìπ‰ªμ“¡À≈—°μ√√°»“ μ√å ´÷Ëß¡“®“° ¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π∑’Ëμ—È߉«â
§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß«‘™“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√°—∫°“√μ—¥ ‘π„® (Relationship to
the decision sciences) §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õßμ—«·ª√μà“ß Ê “¡“√∂· ¥ß‰¥âÀ≈“¬«‘∏’¥—ßπ’È (1) «‘∏’
°“√∑“ߧ≥‘μ»“ μ√å (Mathematic approach) ‚¥¬Õ“®· ¥ßÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õßμ“√“ß °√“ø À√◊Õ ¡°“√
´÷Ëßμ“√“ß·≈–°√“ø· ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åÕ¬à“ßßà“¬ ‚¥¬· ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßμ—«·ª√ 2 μ—«·ª√
„π¢≥–∑’Ë ¡°“√Õ“»—¬À≈—°æ◊Èπ∞“π∑“ߧ≥‘μ»“ μ√å ´÷Ëß«‘∏’°“√π’ȇÀ¡“– ”À√—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’ˇªìπμ—«‡≈¢
·≈–¡’®”π«π¡“° ‚¥¬°“√®–μ—Èߢ÷Èπ®“°∑ƒ…Æ’∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å (2) «‘∏’°“√∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞¡‘μ‘
(Econometrics approach) „™â„π°√≥’∑’Ë¡’μ—«·ª√À≈“¬μ—« ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√ª√–¬ÿ°μ儙⇧√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑“ߥâ“π
∂‘μ‘ ‡™àπ °“√„™â ¡°“√∂¥∂Õ¬ (Regression analysis) ‡æ◊ËÕ¥Ÿ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß„π°“√∑”π“¬À√◊Õ
ª√–¡“≥§à“¢Õß‚¡‡¥≈„π°“√·°â ¡°“√μà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥⧔μÕ∫∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ·≈– “¡“√∂μÕ∫
ªí≠À“¢ÕßÕߧå°√‰¥â ´÷Ëß®–∑”„ÀâÕߧå°√‰ª Ÿà°“√∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ Ÿß ÿ¥‰¥â
μ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ ∑ƒ…Æ’∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√剥⇠πÕ‰«â«à“ Õÿª ߧå¢Õß ‘π§â“ (Q) ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫
√“§“ ‘π§â“ (P) ·≈–√“¬‰¥â¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (Y) μ≈Õ¥®π√“§“¢Õß ‘π§â“™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ´÷Ëß
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬√“§“¢Õß ‘π§â“∑’Ë„™âª√–°Õ∫°—π (Pc) ·≈–√“§“¢Õß ‘π§â“∑’Ë„™â∑¥·∑π°—π (Ps) ¥—ßπ—Èπ
∂â“°”Àπ¥„Àâ√ π‘¬¡¢ÕߺŸ∫√‘‚¿§§ß∑’Ë ‡√“ “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π ¡°“√„π√Ÿª¢Õß‚¡‡¥≈∑“ߥâ“π§≥‘μ»“ μ√å
â
‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
Q = ƒ(P, Y, Pc, Ps) (1.1)
À√◊Õ ¡°“√º≈‘μ¿—≥±å„πª√–‡∑»‚¥¬»÷°…“∑“ߥâ“π√“¬®à“¬¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ 6

7. °“√∫√‘‚¿§ [Consumption (C)] °“√≈ß∑ÿπ [Investment (I)] °“√„™â®“¬¢Õß√—∞∫“≈ [Government spending
à
(G)] °“√ àßÕÕ° ÿ∑∏‘ (X - M) ¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë 1.2
Y=C+I+G+X-M (1.2)
®“° ¡°“√¥—ß°≈à“«∑”„Àâ‡√“ “¡“√∂∑”π“¬∂÷ߺ≈‘μ¿—≥±å„πª√–‡∑»‰¥â ´÷Ëß¡’º≈∑”„Àâ
Õߧå°√∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬μ“¡«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧ剥â
§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß«‘™“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√°—∫ “¢“«‘™“Õ◊π (Relationship to
Ë
the functional areas of business administration studies) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√
®—¥°“√‡ªìπ«‘™“´÷Ëßπ”∑ƒ…Æ’∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡“ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™â„π∑“ߪؑ∫—쑇°’ˬ«°—∫°“√μ—¥ ‘π
„®∑“ß∏ÿ√°‘® ‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâÕߧå°√ “¡“√∂∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑’Ëμ—È߉«â‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈
πÕ°®“°π’È«‘™“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√¬—ß¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ “¢“«‘™“Õ◊Ëπ Ê ‡™àπ «‘™“°“√∫—≠™’
(Accounting) «‘™“°“√‡ß‘π (Finance) «‘™“°“√μ≈“¥ (Marketing) «‘™“°“√∫√‘À“√∑√—欓°√¡πÿ…¬å
[Human Resource Management (HRM)] «‘™“°“√º≈‘μ (Production) ‡ªìπμâπ ´÷Ëß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“
«‘™“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫«‘™“μà“ß Ê „π “¢“«‘™“∫√‘À“√∏ÿ√°‘®π—Ëπ‡Õß
°“√»÷°…“«‘™“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√®–μâÕß¡’§«“¡√Ÿâæ◊Èπ∞“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫«‘™“‡»√…∞»“ μ√å
®ÿ≈¿“§ ‡»√…∞»“ μ√å¡À¿“§ §≥‘μ»“ μ√å ∂‘μ‘ μ≈Õ¥®π«‘™“„π “¢“∫√‘À“√∏ÿ√°‘®Õ◊Ëπ Ê ´÷Ëß
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√®–π”»“ μ√å‡À≈à“π’¡“ª√– ¡ª√– “π°—π ‡æ◊Õπ”¡“«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ√◊Õª√–¡«≈
È Ë
º≈„π¢—ÈπμÕπ¢Õß°“√μ—¥ ‘π„® ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√‡ªìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ
´÷Ë߇ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õ߇»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ §◊Õ °“√Õ“»—¬·π«§‘¥À√◊Õ∑ƒ…Æ’∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å¡“
ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™â„π°“√μ—¥ ‘π„® ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢ÕßÕߧå°√π—Ëπ‡Õß
„π‚≈°ªí®®ÿ∫—π §Õ¡æ‘«‡μÕ√å μ≈Õ¥®π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’μà“ß Ê ‰¥â‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑∑“ߥâ“π°“√
®—¥°“√¡“°¢÷Èπ ´÷Ë߇√“®–°≈à“«∂÷߇√◊ËÕß ç«‘«—≤π“°“√∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√é ¥—ßπ’È
«‘«—≤π“°“√∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√ (The management revolution)
‚≈°ªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’ȇªìπ¬ÿ§¢Õß°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª·≈–°“√ªØ‘«—μ‘∑“ß∏ÿ√°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡ ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß
ª√‘¡“≥·≈–¢π“¥ ´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß°“√ªØ‘«—μ‘„π∑ÿ°«—ππ’È¡’Õߧåª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë ”§—≠ 4 ª√–°“√ §◊Õ
1. °“√‡ªìπμ≈“¥¢Õß‚≈°¬ÿ§‚≈¿“¿‘«—μπå (The globalization of markets) ªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È
‰¥â¡’°“√ àßÕÕ° ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√À≈“¬™π‘¥√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» Õ’°∑—Èß¡’°“√≈ß∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß®“°μà“ß
ª√–‡∑» ‚≈°“¿‘«—μπåπ—Èπ‡ªìπ°“√¡Õß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®„π√–¥—∫¡À¿“§ §◊Õ °“√¡Õß¿“æ√«¡∑—Èß
μ≈“¥‚≈°„À⇪ìπÀπ÷ËßÀπ૬¡“°°«à“°“√¡Õß„π√–¥—∫¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§ À√◊Õ¡Õßμ≈“¥·¬°‡ªìπ à«π Ê ¥—ßπ—Èπ
7 Managerial Economics

8. °“√μ‘¥μàÕ ◊ËÕ “√·≈–°“√¢π àß∑’Ë –¥«° √«¥‡√Á« ·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ®÷߇ªìπ ‘Ëß ”§—≠ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’
°“√ àßÕÕ°·≈–π”‡¢â“ à«πª√–°Õ∫μà“ß Ê „π°“√º≈‘μ ‘π§â“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ®÷ß∑”„À⇰‘¥§Ÿ·¢àß®“°
à
μà“ߪ√–‡∑»´÷Ëß¡’®”π«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«„πªí®®ÿ∫—π
2. °“√·æ√àÀ≈“¬¢Õ߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»μ≈Õ¥®π‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬§Õ¡æ‘«‡μÕ√å (The
spread of information technology and computer networks) „π∑ÿ°«—ππ’ÈÀπ૬ߓπμà“ß Ê
‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ∏𓧓√ ∑’Ë∑”°“√‰ª√…≥’¬å À√◊Õ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ‰¥âπ”√–∫∫§Õ¡æ‘«‡μÕ√å¡“„™â„π°“√
®—¥°“√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√ ∑”„Àâ°“√μ‘¥μàÕ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√‡ªìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ´÷Ëߙ૬≈¥μâπ∑ÿπ„π°“√
Ÿ≠‡ ’¬≈ß
3. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√–∫∫°“√®—¥°“√·∫∫¥—È߇¥‘¡´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√®—¥°“√μ“¡≈”¥—∫¢—Èπ
(The dismantling of traditional managerial hierarchies) §Õ¡æ‘«‡μÕ√åπ—Èπ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈“¬
√–∫∫°“√®—¥°“√·∫∫¥—È߇¥‘¡ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√®—¥°“√μ“¡≈”¥—∫¢—Èπ ‚¥¬∑”„Àâ°“√∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫°≈“ß
Ÿ≠À“¬‰ª „πÕ¥’μºŸâ∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫°≈“ß®–∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπμ—«‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√–À«à“ߺŸâ∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫
Ÿß°—∫æπ—°ß“π√–¥—∫≈à“ß ·μà∑ÿ°«—ππ’ȧա摫‡μÕ√å™à«¬„Àâ°“√μ‘¥μàÕ ◊ËÕ “√√–À«à“ߺŸâ∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫
Ÿß°—∫æπ—°ß“π√–¥—∫≈à“ß À√◊Õ®“°æπ—°ß“π√–¥—∫≈à“߉ª¬—ߺŸâ∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫ Ÿß‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥âÕ¬à“ß –¥«°
·≈–√«¥‡√Á« ´÷Ëß àߺ≈„À⺟â∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫°≈“ß¡’∫∑∫“∑≈¥≈ß
4. °“√·æ√àÀ≈“¬Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«¢ÕߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ‡»√…∞°‘®¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√
¬ÿ§„À¡à (The creation of a new information economy) „πªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È°“√»÷°…“ “¡“√∂
‡ªìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«°«à“„πÕ¥’μ ‚¥¬‡√“ “¡“√∂·°â‰¢¢âÕº‘¥æ≈“¥‰¥âÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ‚¥¬°“√„™â√–∫∫
§Õ¡æ‘«‡μÕ√å ´÷Ëß¡’º≈°√–∑∫∑’˧àÕπ¢â“ß√ÿπ·√ß°«à“„πÕ¥’μ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√º≈‘μ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√
μ≈Õ¥®π√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß°“√º≈‘μ °“√∫√‘‚¿§ ·≈–°“√®—¥°“√ ∑”„Àâ¿“«–°“√·¢àߢ—π„πμ≈“¥‚≈°¡’
§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√μ—¥ ‘π„®∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√®”‡ªìπ®–μâÕߧ”π÷ß∂÷ßÕߧåª√–°Õ∫μà“ß Ê
‡À≈à“π’ȥ⫬
∑ƒ…Æ’¢Õß°‘®°“√À√◊Õ∑ƒ…Æ’¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘® (The theory of the firm) À¡“¬∂÷ß ‡Àμÿº≈
„π°“√‡°‘¥¢÷π¢Õß°‘®°“√ μ≈Õ¥®πÀ≈—°°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‚¥¬∑—«‰ª¢Õß°‘®°“√ (Salvatore, 2001: 9) ‚¥¬
È Ë
®–‡√‘Ë¡®“°°“√»÷°…“¡Ÿ≈§à“¢Õß°‘®°“√ (The value of the firm) ¢âÕ®”°—¥„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ ·≈–¢âÕ
®”°—¥¢Õß∑ƒ…Æ’¢Õß°‘®°“√μ“¡≈”¥—∫ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°∑ƒ…Æ’¢Õßæƒμ‘°√√¡°“√®—¥°“√∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ à«π
”§—≠¢Õ߇»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√
“‡Àμÿ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥·≈–∫∑∫“∑¢Õß°‘®°“√ (Reasons for the existence of firms
and their functions)
°‘®°“√ (Firm) §◊Õ Õߧå°√Õߧå°√Àπ÷Ëß ´÷Ë߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß·≈–®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√¡“„™âÕ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ 8

9. „π°“√º≈‘μ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¢“¬ À√◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕμÕ∫ πÕߧ«“¡μâÕß°“√¢ÕßÀπ૬‡»√…∞°‘®Õ◊Ëπ
‚¥¬¡’«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ °‘®°“√ “¡“√∂·∫àßÕÕ°μ“¡√Ÿª·∫∫‰¥â 3 √Ÿª·∫∫ §◊Õ
(1) °“√‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß§π‡¥’¬« (Proprietorships) À¡“¬∂÷ß °‘®°“√∑’Ë¡’∫ÿ§§≈§π‡¥’¬«‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß°‘®°“√
‚¥¬‡ªìπ∑—ÈߺŸâ≈ß∑ÿπ ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ·≈–ºŸâªØ‘∫—μ‘°“√ μ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ √â“π¢“¬¬“ §≈‘π‘° √â“π¢“¬¢Õß™”
‡ªìπμâπ (2) Àâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π (Partnerships) À¡“¬∂÷ß °‘®°“√∑’Ë¡’∫ÿ§§≈μ—Èß·μà 2 §π¢÷Èπ‰ª‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß
√à«¡°—π ¡’¢âÕμ°≈ß„π°“√∫√‘À“√ß“π√à«¡°—π Àâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ™π‘¥ §◊Õ (2.1) Àâ“ßÀÿâπ
à«π “¡—≠ (General partnership) (2.2) Àâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π®”°—¥ (Limited partnership) ºŸâ∑’ˇªìπÀÿâπ à«π
¢ÕßÀâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π “¡—≠®–μâÕß√—∫¿“√–Àπ’È ‘π¢ÕßÀâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π‚¥¬‰¡à®”°—¥ „π¢≥–∑’ËÀâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π
®”°—¥π—Èπ®–μâÕß¡’ºŸâ∑’ˇªìπÀÿâπ à«πÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬Àπ÷Ëߧπ∑’Ë√—∫¿“√–Àπ’È ‘π¢ÕßÀâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π‚¥¬‰¡à®”°—¥
„π¢≥–∑’ËÀÿâπ à«π§πÕ◊Ëπ√—∫¿“√–Àπ’È ‘π¢ÕßÀâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π‰¡à‡°‘π®”π«π‡ß‘π∑’Ëμ°≈ß√à«¡∑ÿπ„πÀâ“ß
Àÿâπ à«π (3) ∫√‘…—∑ (Corporations) À¡“¬∂÷ß °‘®°“√∑’Ëμ—Èߢ÷Èπ‚¥¬°“√√–¥¡∑ÿπ®“°∫ÿ§§≈ ª√–™“™π
À√◊Õ ∂“∫—πμà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕª√–°Õ∫∏ÿ√°‘®μ“¡¢âÕμ°≈ß√à«¡°—π °“√μ—Èß∫√‘…—∑„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬π—Èπ®–μâÕß
¬◊Ëπ¢Õ®¥∑–‡∫’¬π‡ªìππ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈ „πªí®®ÿ∫—π‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“∑“߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ·≈–°“√‡®√‘≠
‡μ‘∫‚μ¢Õßμ≈“¥Àÿâπ ∑”„Àâ∫√‘…—∑¡—°®–¡’ºŸâ∂◊ÕÀÿâπÕ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ §”«à“ ∫√‘…—∑
À¡“¬∂÷ß °‘®°“√∑’Ë¡’∫ÿ§§≈μ—Èß·μà 7 §π¢÷Èπ‰ª‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß√à«¡°—π
‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª°‘®°“√®–μâÕß¡’°“√∑” —≠≠“„π√–¬–¬“«À√◊Õ —≠≠“∑—Ë«‰ª°—∫·√ßß“π ‡æ◊ËÕμ°≈ß
√à«¡°—π„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß®”π«πß“π Õ—μ√“§à“®â“ß·≈–º≈μÕ∫·∑π ‚¥¬ —≠≠“∑—Ë«‰ª (General contract)
¡—°®–¡’μâπ∑ÿπμË”°«à“ —≠≠“©∫—∫¬àÕ¬ Ê ´÷Ë߇ªìπ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ª≈’°¬àÕ¬·≈–‡©æ“–¥â“π πÕ°®“°
π—Èπ°Á¬—ß¡’ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß°«à“∑—ÈßμàÕ‡®â“¢Õß°‘®°“√ §πß“π ·≈–‡®â“¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÕ◊Ëπ Ê ¥â«¬ ‡π◊ËÕß
®“°™à«¬≈¥μâπ∑ÿπ„π°“√¥”‡π‘π∏ÿ√°√√¡
ºŸâ∫√‘À“√°‘®°“√®–‡ªìπºŸâμ—¥ ‘π„®∑“ߥâ“π°“√º≈‘μ °“√≈ß∑ÿπ °“√®—¥®”Àπà“¬ ∂â“°“√
∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√‡ªìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ °Á®–∑”„Àâ°‘®°“√∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬‰¥â ‡¡◊ËÕ°‘®°“√¡’¢π“¥
„À≠à¢÷Èπ ¡’°“√º≈‘μ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ °‘®°“√°Á®–‡°‘¥°“√ª√–À¬—¥®“°¢π“¥°“√º≈‘μ (Economies of scale)
∑”„Àâμâπ∑ÿπ≈¥≈ß ·μà‡¡◊ËÕ°‘®°“√¡’¢π“¥„À≠à‡°‘π‰ª °‘®°“√¡—°®–¡’°“√°√–®“¬ “¢“ (Decentraliz-
ing) ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥μâπ∑ÿπ®“°°“√‰¡àª√–À¬—¥¿“¬„π μ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕß°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√¥—ß°≈à“« ‡™àπ °“√„À⧔
ª√÷°…“∑“ߥâ“π°ÆÀ¡“¬ À√◊Õ°“√»÷°…“∑“ߥâ“π«‘»«°√√¡ ´÷Ëß∫√‘°“√‡À≈à“π’È°‘®°“√®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â
„π∫“ß‚Õ°“ ‡∑à“π—Èπ
„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®Õ¬à“ßßà“¬®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§√—«‡√◊Õπ·≈–Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘® ´÷Ë߇√“ “¡“√∂
Õ∏‘∫“¬∂÷ߧ«“¡‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—π√–À«à“ߧ√—«‡√◊Õπ·≈–Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥¢Õß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
(1)μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ (Factor market) ¡’§«“¡‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—π√–À«à“ßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®·≈–
§√—«‡√◊Õπ¥—ßπ’È
9 Managerial Economics

10. (1.1) §√—«‡√◊Õπ®–‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬·√ßß“π (Labor) ∑ÿπ (Capital)
∑’Ë¥‘π (Land) ·≈–«—μ∂ÿ¥‘∫ (Raw materials) ‚¥¬®–‡ πÕ¢“¬ªí®®—¬‡À≈à“π’È„Àâ·°àÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘® ‡æ◊ËÕ
√â“ß√“¬‰¥â„Àâ·°àμπ‡Õß
(1.2) Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®®–μâÕß®à“¬§à“®â“ß (Wage) ‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ (Salary) ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ (Interest) §à“‡™à“
(Rent) „Àâ°—∫§√—«‡√◊Õπ ‘Ë߇À≈à“π’È®–‡ªìπμâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘® ´÷Ëß®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ√“¬‰¥â¢Õß
§√—«‡√◊Õπ à«π°”‰√ (Profit) ®–‡ªìπº≈μÕ∫·∑π¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®
°“√À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π„π°‘®°√√¡¢Õß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®Õ¬à“ßßà“¬
2.2 °“√´◊ÈÕ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√∫√‘‚¿§ (Consumption purchases)
‚¥¬§à“„™â®à“¬ (Expenditures) ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ = √“¬‰¥â¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ (Revenue)
2.1 ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√¢—Èπ ÿ¥∑⓬ (Final goods and services)
2. μ≈“¥º≈‘μ¿—≥±å (Product market) À√◊Õ
μ≈“¥ ‘π§â“ (Goods market)
Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘® (Business) §√—«‡√◊Õπ (Household)
À√◊ÕÀπ૬º≈‘μ (Firm) À√◊ÕºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (Consumer)
À√◊ÕºŸâº≈‘μ (Producer)
1. μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ (Factor market)
1.1 ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ (Factors of production) À√◊Õ
ªí®®—¬π”‡¢â“ (Inputs) À√◊Õ∑√—欓°√°“√º≈‘μ
(Productive resources) :
(1) ·√ßß“π (Labor) (2) ∑’Ë¥‘π (Land) (3) ∑ÿπ (Capital)
(4) ºŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√ (Entrepreneurship)
1.2 √“¬‰¥â¢Õߧ√—«‡√◊Õπ®“°°“√¢“¬ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
(1) §à“®â“ß·√ßß“π·≈–‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ (Wage and salary)
(2) §à“‡™à“∑’Ë¥‘π (Rent)
(3) ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ (Interest)
(4) °”‰√ (Profit ·≈–‡ß‘πªíπº≈ (Dividends)
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1.2 · ¥ß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®Õ¬à“ßßà“¬´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®·≈–§√—«‡√◊Õπ (ª√“»®“°¿“§√—∞∫“≈)
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å°“√®—¥°“√ 10