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Psychology_Stress
- 2. - a new field in psychology that studies the role of psychological factors in the promotion of health and the prevention of illness - the study of the relationship between psychological behavior and physical health and illness, with an emphasis on wellness and the prevention of illness
- 3. - the physiological response of the body to physical and psychological demands - It is the process of adjusting to our dealing with circumstances that disrupts or threatens a person's physical or psychological functioning. - the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it
- 4. - such demands or any stimulus that causes stress - the physical, psychological, and behavioral responses such as nausea, nervousness, and fatigue that people display in the face of
- 8. 1. Frustration This refers to emotional state induced when one is blocked from reaching a goal.
- 9. 2. Pressure This is an emotional state induced when one is confronted by personal responsibilities that tax one's abilities.
- 10. 3. Boredom or Understimulation This is the opposite of pressure, but it too can be a stressor, especially if it continues for a long time.
- 11. 4. Trauma Catastrophes such as rape, military combat, fire, typhoon, or torture are only a few examples. This is a shocking physical or emotional experience.
- 12. 5. Conflict This refers to an emotional state induced when one is torn between two or more potential courses of action.
- 13. 1. Approach-Approach This is when one is torn between two desirable courses of actions. This is usually the least stressful kind of conflict, because both options are desirable.
- 14. 2. Avoidance-Avoidance This is when one is forced to choose between two unpleasant courses of actions.
- 15. 3. Approach-Avoidance A person in an approach-avoidance conflict (such as a conflict over sexual behavior) vacillate sometimes moving toward the goal and at other times moving away from it. This is when one is simultaneously drawn to and repelled by the same goal.
- 16. 6. Change Separation, illness in the family, unemployment, and moving to a new city are just few examples of changes that create social, psychological, financial, and physical demands to which people must adapt and adjust.
- 17. 1. Psychological 2. Physical 3. Behavioral
- 18. 1. Anxiety Anxiety means the unpleasant emotion characterized by such terms as “worry,” “apprehension,” “tension,” and “fear.”
- 19. Symptoms: a. feelings of numbness to the world, estrangement from others, and lack of interest in former activities b. a tendency to relive the traumarepeatedlyin memories and dreams c. sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and overalertness
- 20. 2. Anger and Aggression 3. Apathy and Depression 4. Cognitive Impairment
- 21. 1. Rapid Breathing 2. Increased Heartbeat 3. Sweating 4. General Shakiness (especially in the muscles of arms and legs)
- 23. - is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival - also called hyperarousal, or the acute stress response
- 24. 1. deterioration of handwriting 2. changes in how people look, act, or talk 3. strained facial expressions 4. shaky voice, tremors or spasms 5. jumpiness 6. Posture 7. aggression
- 26. Coping - used to refer to the process by which a person attempts to manage stressful demands Two Major Forms of Coping 1. Problem-Focused Coping 2. Emotion-Focused Coping
- 27. This is when a person can focus on the specific problem or situation that has arisen, trying to find some way of changing it or avoiding it in the future.
- 28. 1. Defining the problem 2. Generating alternative solutions 3. Weighing the alternative in terms of cost and benefit 4. Choosing among them 5. Implementing the selected alternative
- 29. This is when a person can focus on alleviating the emotions associated with the stressful situation, even if the situation itself cannot be changed.
- 30. 1. Behavioral Coping Strategies 2. Cognitive Coping Strategies 3. Physical Coping Strategies
- 31. - Applying this strategy is when one learns how to rearrange o's world in ways that minimize the impact of stressors. - It also involves paying attention to the total load stressors and acting to keep it within manageable limits.
- 32. - Behavioral coping strategies include time management, following a more disciplined schedule, and enroling in a course to make study skills more efficient.
- 33. - This strategy involves changing how people interpret stressors. - It helps people think more calmly, rationally, and constructively in the face of stress. - It replaces catastrophic thinking with thoughts in which stressors are viewed as challenges rather than threats to self-esteem
- 34. - This is when people cope with stress by directly altering their physical responses before, during, or after stressors occur.
- 35. - tactics that a person use to keep unacceptable or unpleasant emotionalities out of conscious awareness
- 36. 1. Repression
- 37. 2. Denial
- 38. 3. Isolation
- 39. 4. Undoing
- 40. 5. Displacement
- 43. 7. Projection
- 44. Projection
- 48. 9. Regression
- 51. 10. Sublimation
Editor's Notes
- In contrast, the traditional biomedical model emphasizes biological factors and neglects psychological and social ones. In other words, the chief topics of interest to health psychologists are the relationship between stress and illness, the modification of health-impairing habits, and the promotion of adaptive reactions to illness. It has been estimated that 50% to 70% of deaths from America's leading killer (including heart disease, cancer, stroke, auto accidents, diabetes, and cirrhosisof the liver) are attributable to unhealthy behavior patterns. Thus, it seems that causes of death have shifted from diseases cause dby infections to diseases that are sensitive to behavior and lifestyle.
- Hans Selye (SE li) -father of stress Though stress has been implicated as a factor in illness, some degree of stress is normal, necessary, and unavoidable. Stress acts as motivator to make us adjust our behavior to meet changing demands, as when we review for an exam, or go to a Karaoke bar to sing when lonely. Stress can be pleasurable, as when we are visited by a new friend, or play "Counter Strike" in a computer nook somewhere.
- Physical - getting cold due to invading viruses, extreme temperatures, or strenuous work Psychological -example: the student is facing stressors that can be just as demanding as shoveling sand for a day
- Frustrating situations contain some obstacle that stands between a person and the target goals. Performin poorly on an examination that you reviewed is a very good example of frustration . Looking but not finding an ideal girlfriend is another example.
- Pressure situations require a person to do too much in too short a time. A teacher annoucing a long test for tomorrow in a subject you missed to attend for several days could bring pressure. However, there are many professions, such as that involve constant or long-lasting pressure because they must make many difficult decisions. People under pressure sometimes begin to perform poorly and soon affecting their health leading to other stress-related problems.
- The agony of a solitary confinement in prison or the constant fear of encountering terrorists in a remote military post are probably the most extreme examples.
- More common disasters, such as separation of parents or the sudden death of someone close can equally be devastating.
- Example: going to a dentist or suffering from a toothache Sometimes, people caught in an avoidance-avoidance conflict find both courses of actions intolerable. This may lead them to seek the artificial solace of drugs or alcohol.
- For the sake of claarity, we will discuss each type of response separately, but all three types of stress reactions often occur together, especially as stressors become more intense.
- This is the most common response to a stressor. Peple who live through events that are beyond the normal range of human suffering (natural disasters, rape, kidnapping) sometimes develop a severe set of anxiety-related symptoms known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
- Some individuals also feel guilty about surviving the event when others did not. Substance abuse, violence, and interpersonal problems are common correlates of PTSD.
- 2. Another common reaction to a stressful situation is anger, which may lead to aggression (angry or violent behavior or feelings). Laboratory studies have shown that some animals behave aggressively in response to a variety of stressors, including overcrowding, electrical shocks, and failure to receive an expected food reward. If a pair of animals is shocked in a cage from which they cannot escape, they begin fighting when the shock startsand stop fighting when it ends. 3. Although aggression is a frequent response to frustration, the opposite response, withdrawal and apathy (lack of interest or concern; impassive; lack of feeling), is also common. If the stressful conditions continue and the individual is unable to cope with them, apathy may deepen into depression. 4. In addition to emotional reactions, people often show substantial cognitive impairment when faced with serious stressors. They find it hard to concentrate and to organize their thoughts logically. They may be easily distracted. As a result, their performance on tasks, particularly complex tasks, tends to deteriorate.
- Those reactions are all part of a general pattern or syndrome, known as the fight-or-flight syndrome. This syndrome, created by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body to face or fleean immediate threat.
- acute- very serious or dangerous hyperarousal- excessive or extremely arousal or awakening
- 1. deterioration- becoming worse 2. 3. strained- feeling or showing the effect of too much work, use and effort; not natural and sincere; not friendly and relaxed 4. tremor- a slight shaking movement or sound that is caused especially by nervousness, weakness, or illness spasm (pasma; pulikat)- a sudden uncontrolled and often painful tightening of a muscle 5. jumpy- very nervous; easily angered 6. posture- the way your body is positioned when you are sitting or standing 7. aggression- angry or violent behavior or feelings
- People who tend to use problem-focused coping in stressful situations show lower levels of depression both during and after the stressful situation. Certainly, people who are less depressed may find it easier to use problem-focused coping. But longitudinal studies show that problem-focused coping leads to shorter periods of depressions, even taking into account people's initial levels of deppresion. In addition, therapies that teach depressed people to use problem-focused coping can be effective in helping them overcome their depression and react more adaptively to stressors.
- Problem-focused strategies can also be directed inward. The person can change something about himself or herself instead of changing the environment. Changing levels of aspiration, finding alternative, sources of gratification, and learning new skills are examples of inward-directed strategies. How skillfully the individual employs these strategies depends on his/her experiences and capacity for self-control.
- People engage in emotion-focused coping to prevent their negative emotions from overwhelming them and making them unable to take action to solve their problems. They also use emotion-focused coping when a problem is uncontrollable. alleviate- to reduce/lessen the pain
- It may be noted that even though people learn to think more calmly about deadlines and other stressors, they may have too many stressors occurring too close together and no plan for dealing with them. This is where behavioral coping strategies come in.
- Example: A student who has heavy course load, has conflict with siblings, and has reprimanded by the teacher may simply desire to run away from all these, but suddenly replaces all these thoughts with "What if I fail?" He used a substitution process called cognitive restructuring. Cognitive strategy does not eliminate stressors, but can make them less threatening and disruptive. Cognitive coping strategies include temporary setting the problem aside. "Na-busted ako ng nililigawan ko pero ok lang 'yon. Marami pa naman dyan na pwedeng ligawan kaya hindi ako nag-aalala. At saka, mas importante ang pag-aaral ko kaysa sa kanya.
- Chemical Coping Methods: the use of drugs, prescribed sedaion (an act of giving a person or animal a drug that causes calmness or relaxation) Non-chemical Coping Methods: progressive relaxation training, physical exercise, biofeedback, meditation
- The concept of defense mechanism originated with Freud's theory, and was developed more fully by his daughter, Anna Freud, who became a well-known psychoanalyst in her own right. She described the following defense mechanisms:
- It is unconsciously motivated forgetting. Repression is like sweeping sweeping dirt under a rug; and once it is swept under the rug, you are not aware of its existence. Examples: 1. A young girl was sexually abused by her uncle. As an adult, she can't remember anything about the traumatic experience. 2. Oedipus and electra complex are never remembered by children. 3. A child whose parent was killed in a car crash may grow up with no memory of this event because he/she has simply pushed this into the unconscious and isn't aware of it at all. Forgetting an appointment with the dentist or forgetting the name of a person you dislike are examples of repression. Sometimes it is good to foget something, such as the pain you experience during a tooth extraction last year. Repression, however, becomes pathological when used too frequently. If you consistently forget important appointments or significant people in your life, then repression has begun to play a negative role for you.
- -An individual may get rid of unpleasant feelings, thought, or desires by pretending that they never existed. -In denial, the reality for an event that affected the person's ego unfavorably is simply rejected. -For example, consider a young man's reaction to the death of his best friend from cancer. Rather than contend with the painful emotions that confronting his friend's death would evoke, he takes a matter-of-fact attitude toward the death and acts as though he is unaffected. -Denial becomes more pathological when the person refuses to acknowledge that the event ever occurred. If the young man denies the fact that his friend died, then there could be concern about the loss of touch with reality. For some individuals, this loss of contact with reality reaches psychotic proportions. For example, a paranoid man refused to admit that he was married o his wife;in fact, he insisted that he had never seen her before.
- -When using isolation, an individual separates feelings from actions. Example: 1. A young man who is driving her sister to school meets an accident in which his sister is seriously injured. As she lies on the side of the road bleeding, he must respond to the crisis in a levelheaded manner, so he isolates his intense emotional reaction from taking care of the tasks at hand. 2. A child who has been beaten discusses the beatings without any display of emotions. 3. A patient who has had a finger severed in an accident describes the incident to this physician without any emotional reaction. 4. A child has the ability to explain traumatic events without the associated disturbing emotions, with passage of time.
- -Undoing is used to protect the ego from feeling the guilt or remorse over an illicit desire or harmful action. It refers to the ego's attempt to restore the individual to the state that existed before the need was expressed or the behavior occurred. This attempted restoration may take the form of counter-actions intended to reverse the sequence of events that led to trouble. Examples: 1. After a fight, a ,an brings his wife out for a candle liht dinner. 2. When asked to recommend a friend for a job, a man makes comments which prevent the frien'd getting the position; a few days later, the man drops in to see his friend and brings him a small gift.
- -In displacement, unacceptable feelings or impulses are shifted from the target of those feelings to someone or something that is more acceptable.
- -In projection, a person attributes undesirable personal traits or feelings to someone else. Example: 1. Individuals who have trouble getting along with others often "project" the difficulty onto others, perhaps perceiving acquaintances as being obnoxious when the flaw is their own. 2. A paranoid woman who is completely untrusting of others may contend that no one confides in her or initiates friendship with her.
- -In rationalization, the ego finds a more acceptable reason to mask the potentially threatening "real" reason for a behavior.
- regress- to return to an earlier and usually worse or less developed condition or state -A person using regression reverts to behaviors that were more acceptable or more rewarding in childhood. Example: A middle-aged man enters a restaurant eagerly waiting a good meal. After twenty mintes of not being waited on, he pounds his fist on the table, yelling for someone to come and take his orders. His behavior has regressed to what you might expect to see in a two-year-old child whose parent is late with lunch. The stress of his anger pangs has stimulated him to revert to an earlier way of responding.