2. Introduction
World’s most productive sedimentary basins
Uses of petroleum
Origin of petroleum
Biogenesis
Transformation of organic matter to hydrocarbon
Petroleum system
2
OUTLINE
3. Petroleum is defined as natural occurring hydrocarbons with some
quantity of S, O, N of containing compound and some metals that
can be recovered from a drill pipe.
Petroleum or ‘Rock oil,' is a general term for crude oil and natural gas.
High Sulphur (Poor Quality) – Mostly in Middle East countries
Less Sulphur (High Quality) – USA, Japan, Europe countries
3
INTRODUCTION
4. The term petroleum includes both oil , hydrocarbon gas and oil sand.
The density of liquid petroleum oil is commonly less than that of water and the oil is
naturally buoyant.
4
Cont’d
5. Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Alaska – north slope
Texas – Louisiana Gulf Coast
Iraq and Iran
Mexico
Venezuela
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WORLD’S MOST PRODUCTIVE
SEDIMENTARY BASINS
6. S 01 Constituent of oil uses
1 Petroleum gas in liquid form
(LPG)
Fuel for home and industry
2 Petrol Motor fuel, aviation fuel, solvent for dry
cleaning
3 Kerosene Fuel for stoves, lamps and for jet air crafts
4 Diesel Fuel for heavy motor vehicles, electric
generators
5 Lubricating oil Lubrication
6 Paraffin wax Candles, Vaseline etc.
7 Bitumen Paints, road surfacing
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USES OF PETROLEUM
Table no 1: various constituents of petroleum and their uses
9. Abiogenesis
Oldest theory
Suggest that petroleum comes from the underneath part of mental very long time
ago before the existence of life on earth.
Biogenesis
Currently most acceptable theory
Suggest that petroleum is formed from biological maters which subjected high
temperature under the absences of oxygen.
9
Cont'd
10. Biogenetic origin of petroleum (Hydrocarbons)
Suggests that petroleum come from a long time decaying of died organisms such as planktons,
zooplankton and other form of biological species
Under a subjection of high temperature.
According to that hypothesis, very long time ago, the organisms (marine living things,
terrestrial) died and buried and covered by silt in a sedimentary basin where they undergo a
very slow and very long lasting physical and chemical transformation which involves processes
such as diagenesis and kerogen formation.
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BIOGENESIS
11. These transformations occur in organic matter while buried in the ground, usually as part of
an organic-rich mud rock or marl. The organic-rich rocks are commonly referred to as
"source rocks".
The three stages represent combinations of temperature, pressure, and time that yield
different types of hydrocarbons;
Diagenesis
Metagenesis
Catagenesis
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TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC MATTER
TO HYDROCARBON
12. Diagenesis is a process of compaction under mild conditions of temperature
and pressure.
When organic aquatic sediments (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) are
deposited, they are very saturated with water and rich in minerals.
Through chemical reaction, compaction, and microbial action during burial,
water is forced out and proteins and carbohydrates break down to form new
structures that comprise a waxy material known as “kerogen” and a black
tar like substance called “bitumen”.
All of this occurs within the first several hundred meters of burial.
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Step 1: DIAGENESIS FORMS KEROGEN
13. TYPES OF KEROGEN
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Kerogen type I:
Algal (Oil prone) sapropelic
Kerogen type II:
Mixed
Kerogen type III:
Woody (gas prone) humic
Algae = Hydrogen rich = oil prone
Wood = Hydrogen poor = gas prone
14. As temperatures and pressures increase (deeper burial) the process of catagenesis
begins, which is the thermal degradation of kerogen to form hydrocarbon chains.
The process of catagenesis is catalyzed by the minerals that are deposited and
persist through marine diagenesis.
The conditions of catagenesis determine the product, such that higher temperature
and pressure lead to more complete “cracking” of the kerogen and progressively
lighter and smaller hydrocarbons.
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Step 2: CATAGENESIS (OR “CRACKING”) TURNS
KEROGEN INTO PETROLEUM AND NATURAL
GAS
15. Petroleum formation, then, requires a specific window of conditions; too hot and the
product will favor natural gas (small hydrocarbons), but too cold and the plankton
will remain trapped as kerogen.
15
Cont'd
