The document describes an experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif and Carolyn Wood Sherif. They brought together 21 11-year old boys and separated them into two groups to induce conflict and hostility. The experiment proceeded over three stages: group formation, intergroup competition, and intergroup cooperation. The goal was to understand how to build peace after conflict has formed. Though influential, the experiment had limitations like an unrepresentative sample and lack of ethics protections. It provided insights into how easily groups form identities and conflicts.

1. EQAS 670 Class Project
Design an experiment, collect and analyze the data. Write the
experiment up in a report.
The write-up should have the following sections:
Introduction (goal, objective, hypotheses to be tested, response
variable, factors,
factor levels to be tested)
Experimental Design (design chosen, others considered,
properties of design
chosen, layout of experimental combinations)
Data Collection (plan for data collection, guarding against
nuisance variables,
setting the factor levels, measuring the response, results of data
collection)
Data Analysis (application and reporting of appropriate
statistical analysis)

2. Conclusions and Recommendations (what it all means related to
goals and
objectives, recommendations for next steps)
Include relevant graphs and tables in the body where
appropriate. An Appendix should be
included at the end for any other material such as datasets, etc.
Kitty Genovese and the Bystander effect
PSY328- Social Psychology
Crislynn Garrard, Valerie Harrell, Natalie Jorgensen, Glynis
Bass
What is the bystander effect?
The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which
the greater the number of people present, the less likely people
is to help a person in distress.
EXPLANATION OF THE BYSTANDER EFFECT
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander
effect.
First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of
responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do
not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility

3. to take action is thought to be shared among all of those
present.
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially
acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals
often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not
appropriate.
In most countries around the world, the bystander is not legally
obliged to help or assist.
This does not necessarily obviate a moral duty to rescue and/or
help.
But bystanders are legally liable if they obstruct or interfere
with any help that’s on-scene or oncoming to the scene.
Who was kitty Genovese?
Who was Kitty Genovese?
She was born Catherine Susan Genovese on July 7, 1935, in
Brooklyn, NY to Italian American parents Vincent and Rachel
Genovese. He father Vincent Adronelle ran the Bayridge Coat &
Apron Supply Company and her mother Rachel nee Petrolli
was a homemaker ("Kitty Genovese biography," 2019).
Kitty and her four siblings lived in four family row-house in an
Irish and Italian working-class neighborhood in Brooklyn.
Kitty was a nickname she acquired, maybe because she was a
known chatter-box in school. Kitty was popular, charming, and
attractive when she attended Prospect Heights High School a
community in Brooklyn in 1953 at which was an all-girl school
until 2006. Her high energy got her voted by her senior class as

4. the Class Cut-Up.
Cont. Who was kitty genovese
After high school her family relocated to Cannon, Connecticut,
because she loved New York, she decided to stay, where she
worked as a secretary, hostess, barmaid, and a bar manager at
Ev’s 11th hour in Hollis, in Queens NY. Kitty was a reliable,
hardworking employee much of the time she worked double
shifts and earning about $750 a month and yearly $9000 which
during that era it was a decent income for a single person. She
was saving for her to be an independent owner of an Italian
restaurant. He father told her that no man will be able to support
her because she earns more than a man.
Conclude Kitty genovese
Well in March 1963, she met and fell in love with Mary Ann
Zielonko at Swing Rendezvous, an underground lesbian bar in
Greenwich Village and living in Kew Gardens community
("Kitty Genovese biography," 2019). Her murderer 28-year-old
Winston Moseley who had murder before, he then stabbed,
raped and robbed Kitty on the anniversary of her meeting Mary
Ann Zielonko March 13, 1964.
What happened to kitty Genovese?
She was brutally stabbed at 2:30am when returning home to her
apartment building from her job as a bartender.
One gentleman heard Kitty screaming, and yelled at the attacker
causing him to flee.
Ten minutes after the attacker fled, he then returned to then
rape, rob and stab Kitty again leaving her bleeding to death.
Kitty was then found by a neighbor, and police were called
where Kitty later died in the ambulance on her way to the

5. hospital.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPSLmQ5QLS0
Who killed Kitty Genovese?
Winston Moseley, suspected for robbery was brought in for
questioning a week after Kitty’s murder.
Upon learning the description of his car (a white Corvair),
connections were made by detectives between the robberies and
the murder.
Moseley eventually confessed to Kitty’s murder, giving details
to the police that only the murderer would know.
Winston Moseley was married, with three children and no prior
record.
Moseley eventually confessed to several rapes and two other
murders, not including Kitty Genovese’s.
Moseley died in jail on March 28th, 2016 at the age of 81.
Kitty Genovese and the bystander effect
It’s said that over 38 people knew Kitty was being attacked,
though only two neighbors assisted in helping.
One neighbor admitted to hearing her screams, and called a
friend who told him to “stay out of it”.
The bystander effect is also known as Genovese syndrome
Examples and ways to avoid the bystander effect

6. If you find yourself with others in an emergency situation,
remember that your instinct – and the instincts of others may be
different. Follow your own instincts especially if they are to
take action to aid the person needing help.
Once one person starts to help, others join in. Do something
helpful to be the example of what the power of one is to get
additional help from others. We are all responsible to help a
victim.
Be the person to look another bystander or bystanders in the
eyes and tell them what to do to help. That will increase their
feelings of responsibility to help out.
Take special training on how to help in crisis situations so you
feel more comfortable if the situation ever arises.
References
https://www.history.com/topics/crime/kitty-genovese
Kitty Genovese biography. (2019). Retrieved 28, September,
2019 from https://www.biography.com/crime-figure/kitty-
genovese

7. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-time-
cure/201502/the-bystander-effect
https://sites.psu.edu/aspsy/2016/03/30/the-bystander-effects-
big-effect/
Sherif's Robbers Cave Experiment
Classic Study Group Project
Amanda Brady, Geneva Harsey, Danielle Hawkins, & Denise
Jones
Introduction Video
This video is a brief introduction to the Sherif’s Robbers Cave
Experiment. (CCHP UA, 2015)
Geneva: I thought this video would be best to be a short
introduction that briefly explains the experiment.
2
Two Halves…
Muzafer Sherif
He was born in a little town called Ödemiş in Turkey in 1905
He witnessed many horrific events throughout his life such as
the Libyan War and the rise of Nazi Germany
He attended Harvard for his MA and was guided by Gordan
Allport
He transferred to Colombia for his PhD where he studied under
Gardner Murphy
Died in Alaska in 1988

8. (Kayaoğlu, Batur, & Aslıtürk, 2014)
Carolyn Wood
She was born in 1922 in rural Loogootee, Indiana
She was extremely determined and worked her way through
school
She received her MA within a year from the University of Iowa
under the funding of Dr. Wendell Johnson
Was assigned to be Research Associate from 1959-1965
Was a strong advocate for women’s studies in psychology
Died on July 23, 1982
(Shaffer & Shields, 1984)
Make a Whole
Carolyn Woods and Muzafer Sherif married in 1945
Both Wrote Attitudes and Attitude Change, which was
considered a “citation classic” (p. 177)
Had three daughters by 1955
Wrote Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation in 1961 about their
famous Robbers Cave Experiment
Muzafer consistently asked Carolyn to be coauthor on works
they had completed together, with little success
Both taught together at Pennsylvania State University until
Carolyn’s death
(Shaffer & Shields, 1984)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-
NC

9. Reason for the Experiment
The Sherifs decided to complete their experiment by using
twenty-one 11 year-old boys to create conflict and hostility
among the two groups. He used boys that came from middles
class families. All of them were similar, all boys were good in
academic standing, and the boys did not know each other. The
reason for the experiment was for the children to build peace, so
the Sherifs used conflict and hostility in these three stages.
(iResearch.Net, 2019)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-
NC
The Experiment
The Robbers Cave experiment took place in three stages, and
each stage was one week apart.
The first stage was called Group Formation and it was to build
encouragement, so they played games together.
The second stage was Intergroup Completion. This was to build
competition. Whoever won got rewarded. This created the
conflict among the two groups. The children began fight and

10. show aggression among the winning and losing teams.
The final stage was Intergroup Cooperation. It was designed to
reduce the hostility and aggression that was built up between
the groups. The Sherifs used tactics like watching movies,
sharing food, and doing things together; however, that did not
work, so he used another tactic like helping other people (those
who needed help) so they could work as a team, and that seemed
to work.
(iResearch.Net, 2019)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Complications with the Experiment
The experiment contained a biased sample: it included white 12-
year-old boys. No other races, genders, or ages were included in
the experiment. Due to the biased sample, it will be hard to
generalize these results to everyone.
There were also ethical issues with the experiment:
The participants were deceived about the purpose of the
experiment.
The participants were also not protected from physical or
psychological harm.
The study also didn’t reflect real life events. The competition
and the groups were artificial.
This however doesn’t mean the entire experiment was invalid,
but these are some commonly expressed critiques about the
experiment.
(McLeod, 2008)

11. Discussion
This experiment was meant to evaluate how easily conflict
can form between groups who are competing for the same thing.
While it is true that conflict is easily formed between groups in
society, the experiment is not as spontaneous as real life. It was
manipulated and the sample biased. The young men used in the
experiment had nearly everything in common with each other.
This study helped to prove how easily groups can form and how
hard it can be for them to dissipate. When this experiment is
reviewed today, there is more focus placed on how nasty groups
of people can become in such a relatively short amount of time.
The entire study shouldn’t be disregarded simply because the
sample isn’t representative of society. The bias does hurt the
ability for the study’s results to be generalized to society of
course.

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Bibliography
Pictures Retrieved From:
iResearch.Net. (2019). Robber's Cave Experiment . Retrieved
from Psychology:
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-

16. psychology/social-psychology-experiments/robbers-cave-
experiment/
All others were used under Creative Commons.
Bibliography
CCHP UA. (2015, September 25). 5 Minute History Lesson,
Episode 3: Robbers Cave. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PRuxMprSDQ
iResearch.Net. (2019). Robber's Cave Experiment . Retrieved
from Psychology: http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social
psychology/social-psychology-experiments/robbers-cave-
experiment/
Kayaoğlu, A., Batur, S., & Aslıtürk, E. (2014, November). The
unknown Muzafer Sherif. Retrieved from Academia :
https://www.academia.edu/17458579/The_Unknown_Muza
fer_Sherif
Shaffer, L. S., & Shields, S. A. (1984). Carolyn Wood Sherif
(1922-1982). American Psychologist, 39(2), 176-178. doi:
https://doi
org.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.2.176