Joachim Scheiner's presentation on transport costs, residential self-selection and mobility biographies for the international workshop "Energy-related economic stress at the interface between transport poverty, fuel poverty and residential location", held at the University of Leeds, 20th – 21st May 2015.

1. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
1
Joachim Scheiner
Transport costs seen through the
lens
of residential self-selection
and mobility biography studies
University of Leeds, Workshop “Energy-related economic stress at the interface between
transport poverty, fuel poverty and residential location”, 20–21 May 2015

2. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
2
Structure
(1) Residential self-selection: what is it about?
(2) Mobility biographies: what are they about?
(3) Embedding residential self-selection into mobility
biographies
(4) Relation of RSS and MB to transport cost
(5) Consequences, concluding thoughts

3. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
3
(1) Residential self-selection: what is it about?
(2) Mobility biographies: what are they about?
(3) Embedding residential self-selection into mobility
biographies
(4) Relation of RSS and MB to transport cost
(5) Consequences, concluding thoughts

4. Residential self-selection
Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
4
• Originating from the land-use transport debate
• Impact of spatial context on travel behaviour doubtful
• Unobserved background variables: preferences, lifestyles, (life situation /
sociodemographics)
• What if not spatial context causes travel behaviour, but individual
characteristics of people that make them choose a particular spatial context?

5. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
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Self-
realisation
Re
lea
job p
PT trips
(frequency)
Importance
of PT
PT supply
quality
Soc
engag
Car
availability
Gender
(female)
Family Social
status
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
5
Example: Model of PT use
Source: Scheiner (2009)

6. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
Example: Choice in residential segregation
Source: calculated from Scheiner (2009)
Life situation
(sociodemographics)
30%
Car ownership 29%
Travel preference 32%
Lifestyle 9%
Variables accounting for explained variance in residential choice
(measured by access to public transport)
„60% objective“
„40% subjective“

7. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
7
(1) Residential self-selection: what is it about?
(2) Mobility biographies: what are they about?
(3) Embedding residential self-selection into mobility
biographies
(4) Relation of RSS and MB to transport cost
(5) Consequences, concluding thoughts

8. Joachim Scheiner
Department of Transport Planning University of Dortmund
Mobility biographies: Idea
What are mobility biographies?
 Understanding travel behaviour (and mobility tool ownership)
over the life course and in context
 Individual travel behaviour rather stable over time,
highly habitualised
 Significant changes in the context of ‘biographical processes’:
transitions, key events, critical incidents
 Interrelations with other life course domains and other people
Social networks (socialisation, linked lives), housing, employment…

9. Joachim Scheiner
Department of Transport Planning University of Dortmund
Mobility biographies: framework
Source: Scheiner (2007),
reworked

10. Joachim Scheiner
Department of Transport Planning University of Dortmund
Mobility biographies: Key events
Time (biography)
Key events
gaining a driving license
leaving the parental home
starting apprenticeship
marriage
birth of children
divorce „health
change in workplace location event“
change in residential location
retiring widowed
...

11. Example: Key event relocation
11
* significant, p=0.05
Source: Scheiner, Holz-Rau (2013)

12. Example: Intergenerational associations
Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
12
Car attitude
Maternal
grandmother
Car attitude
Mother
Car use
Maternal
grandmother
Car use
Mother
Car use: % car use for
commute trips from entry
into labour market until
survey
Controlled for spatial
context (both respondents)
Attitude:
- Car = independent
- Walk just to the car
- Children taken in car
* significant, p=0.05
Source: Döring, Albrecht,
Scheiner, Holz-Rau (2014)
0.27*
0.45*
0.42* 0.21*
Model of maternal grandmothers‘ and mothers‘ car use for commute trips

13. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
13
(1) Residential self-selection: what is it about?
(2) Mobility biographies: what are they about?
(3) Embedding residential self-selection into mobility
biographies
(4) Relation of RSS and MB to transport cost
(5) Consequences, concluding thoughts

14. Embedding residential self-selection into mobility biographies
Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
14
Quelle: Rienow et al. 2014, S. 89Source: Scheiner (2014)

15. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
15
(1) Residential self-selection: what is it about?
(2) Mobility biographies: what are they about?
(3) Embedding residential self-selection into mobility
biographies
(4) Relation of RSS and MB to transport cost
(5) Consequences, concluding thoughts

16. Relation to transport cost
• User cost
• Cost for transport supply
• External cost
• Cost as an outcome of residential self-selection
and mobility biography
• Cost as an input factor for residential self-
selection and mobility biography
Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
16

17. Rural social exclusion (Germany)
Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
17
• Poverty in rural areas is a largely neglected, invisible phenomenon
• 12-20% of households in rural municipalities have no car
• 10-20% of adults in rural municipalities have no car available
(no car in household; no access to household car)
• 32% of households in rural municipalities are renters
• 5-6% of individuals in rural areas have difficulties accessing daily
grocery shopping
Source: Bauer, Scheiner, Wohltmann (2013)

18. Effects of residential choice on transport cost
Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
18
Effect on transport…
… user cost … supply cost … external cost
Remote location
(non-integrated /
suburban, rural)
+ + +
Central location
(integrated / urban)
– – –
In the long run
(path dependencies)
Remote location (++) ++ ++
Central location (– –) – – – –

19. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
19
(1) Residential self-selection: what is it about?
(2) Mobility biographies: what are they about?
(3) Embedding residential self-selection into mobility
biographies
(4) Relation of RSS and MB to transport cost
(5) Consequences, concluding thoughts

20. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
20
Consequences, concluding thoughts
• RSS: households locate based on preferences (+ constraints).
Transport costs enter these preferences.
Outcome in travel behaviour, vehicle ownership and transport cost is
partly an outcome of preferences.
• MB: long-term, dynamic life course approach to travel and mobility.
RSS may be a component in MB.
• Dynamics in travel suggest there are policy/planning options to
manage these changes (to some extent)
• Unfavourable residential decisions of the past: Should we help?

21. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
21
Consequences, concluding thoughts
• Should we help? Yes, we should, but…
• No further exclusion of external transport cost
• More research on “why” in residential and transport choice:
decisions based on "freedom or constraint"
• Restrict location choice
• Balanced residential development
• Balanced land-use and transport development
• Affordable for all (including the public, including the future public)

22. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
22
Many thanks.
Picture: J. Scheiner
Prof. Dr. Joachim Scheiner
TU Dortmund University
Faculty of Spatial Planning
Department of Transport Planning
August–Schmidt–Str. 10
44227 Dortmund
Tel ++49 / (0)231 / 755-4822
Fax ++49 / (0)231 / 755-2269
www.vpl.tu-dortmund.de
joachim.scheiner@tu-dortmund.de

23. Joachim Scheiner
Fachgebiet Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung Technische Universität Dortmund
23
References
• Bauer, Uta / Scheiner, Joachm / Wohltmann, Heike (2013): Leben auf dem Land - auch morgen noch attraktiv?
Strategien zum demographischen Wandel in dünnbesiedelten ländlichen Regionen. Berlin: BiP.
• Döring, Lisa / Albrecht, Janna / Scheiner, Joachim / Holz-Rau, Christian (2014): Mobility biographies in three
generations – socialization effects on commute mode choice. In: Transportation Research Procedia 1(1), S. 165-176.
• Hesse, Markus / Scheiner, Joachim (2009): Residential location, mobility and the city: Mediating and reproducing
social inequity. In: Ohnmacht, Timo / Maksim, Hanja / Bergman, Max (eds): Mobilities and Inequality. Transport and
Society book series. Aldershot: Ashgate. S. 187-206.
• Scheiner, Joachim (2006): Does individualisation of travel behaviour exist? Determinants and determination of travel
participation and mode choice in West Germany, 1976-2002. In: Die Erde 137(4), S. 355-377.
• Scheiner, Joachim (2007): Mobility biographies: Elements of a biographical theory of travel demand. In: Erdkunde
61(2), S. 161-173.
• Scheiner, Joachim (2009): Sozialer Wandel, Raum und Mobilität. Empirische Untersuchungen zur Subjektivierung der
Verkehrsnachfrage. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
• Scheiner, Joachim (2014): Residential self-selection in travel behaviour: towards an integration into mobility
biographies. In: Journal of Transport and Land Use 7(3), 15-29.
• Scheiner, Joachim / Holz-Rau, Christian (2013): Changes in travel mode choice after residential relocation: a
contribution to mobility biographies. In: Transportation 40(2), S. 431-458.