Question 1 of 40 2.5 Points In order to study causal relationships: [removed]  A. the null hypothesis must not be rejected. [removed]  B. external validity is essential. [removed]  C. we must use a t-test or F-test. [removed]  D. there must be variation of the independent variable. Question 2 of 40 2.5 Points In order for us to study causal relationships among variables, it is necessary for: [removed]  A. the independent variable to demonstrate variation. [removed]  B. the dependent variable to be a constant. [removed]  C. the independent variable to demonstrate that it is randomly distributed. [removed]  D. there to be extraneous variation. Question 3 of 40 2.5 Points Which of the following is NOT a source of between-groups variance? [removed]  A. Experimental effects [removed]  B. Confounding variables [removed]  C. Sampling error [removed]  D. Control effects Question 4 of 40 2.5 Points Whenever the F-ratio is near 1.00, it means that: [removed]  A. a mistake has been made in the computation. [removed]  B. there are large systematic effects present. [removed]  C. the experimental manipulation probably had the predicted effects. [removed]  D. the between-groups variation is no larger than would be expected by chance alone. Question 5 of 40 2.5 Points Which of the following does NOT increase error variance? [removed]  A. Random factors [removed]  B. Individual differences [removed]  C. Experimenter error [removed]  D. Systematic effects of the independent variable Question 6 of 40 2.5 Points Which of the following is most closely associated with the concept of "sampling error"? [removed]  A. Operational definitions in experimentation [removed]  B. Differences between males and females on the dependent measure [removed]  C. Electronic hardware failures during sampling [removed]  D. Natural variability among the means Question 7 of 40 2.5 Points One of the chief weaknesses of an ex post facto procedure is that: [removed]  A. it is only valid in research on children. [removed]  B. no dependent variable can be manipulated. [removed]  C. the researcher is unable to eliminate rival hypotheses. [removed]  D. there are no confounding variables. Question 8 of 40 2.5 Points The ANOVA procedure depends on calculations of: [removed]  A. the size of the difference between the means of the two groups. [removed]  B. both the variability within-groups and the variability between-groups. [removed]  C. levels of the independent variable. [removed]  D. preliminary t-tests. Question 9 of 40 2.5 Points In experiments, we hope to find [removed]  A. between-groups variance. [removed]  B. a reduction in sampling error. [removed]  C. within-groups variance. [removed]  D. an increase in sampling error. Question 10 of 40 2.5 Points Statistical tests CANNOT tell us whether: [removed]  A. the combination of experimental and extraneous variance is large enough to differentiate the groups. [removed]  B. there is a s.

1. Question 1 of 40
2.5 Points
In order to study causal relationships:
[removed]
A. the null hypothesis must not be rejected.
[removed]
B. external validity is essential.
[removed]
C. we must use a t-test or F-test.
[removed]
D. there must be variation of the independent variable.
Question 2 of 40
2.5 Points
In order for us to study causal relationships among variables, it
is necessary for:
[removed]
A. the independent variable to demonstrate variation.
[removed]
B. the dependent variable to be a constant.
[removed]
C. the independent variable to demonstrate that it is randomly
distributed.
[removed]
D. there to be extraneous variation.

2. Question 3 of 40
2.5 Points
Which of the following is NOT a source of between-groups
variance?
[removed]
A. Experimental effects
[removed]
B. Confounding variables
[removed]
C. Sampling error
[removed]
D. Control effects
Question 4 of 40
2.5 Points
Whenever the F-ratio is near 1.00, it means that:
[removed]
A. a mistake has been made in the computation.
[removed]
B. there are large systematic effects present.
[removed]
C. the experimental manipulation probably had the predicted
effects.
[removed]
D. the between-groups variation is no larger than would be

3. expected by chance alone.
Question 5 of 40
2.5 Points
Which of the following does NOT increase error variance?
[removed]
A. Random factors
[removed]
B. Individual differences
[removed]
C. Experimenter error
[removed]
D. Systematic effects of the independent variable
Question 6 of 40
2.5 Points
Which of the following is most closely associated with the
concept of "sampling error"?
[removed]
A. Operational definitions in experimentation
[removed]
B. Differences between males and females on the dependent
measure
[removed]
C. Electronic hardware failures during sampling
[removed]

4. D. Natural variability among the means
Question 7 of 40
2.5 Points
One of the chief weaknesses of an ex post facto procedure is
that:
[removed]
A. it is only valid in research on children.
[removed]
B. no dependent variable can be manipulated.
[removed]
C. the researcher is unable to eliminate rival hypotheses.
[removed]
D. there are no confounding variables.
Question 8 of 40
2.5 Points
The ANOVA procedure depends on calculations of:
[removed]
A. the size of the difference between the means of the two
groups.
[removed]
B. both the variability within-groups and the variability
between-groups.
[removed]
C. levels of the independent variable.

5. [removed]
D. preliminary t-tests.
Question 9 of 40
2.5 Points
In experiments, we hope to find
[removed]
A. between-groups variance.
[removed]
B. a reduction in sampling error.
[removed]
C. within-groups variance.
[removed]
D. an increase in sampling error.
Question 10 of 40
2.5 Points
Statistical tests CANNOT tell us whether:
[removed]
A. the combination of experimental and extraneous variance is
large enough to differentiate the groups.
[removed]
B. there is a significant difference between groups.
[removed]
C. there is a reliable difference between groups.
[removed]

6. D. the observed difference is due to experimental or extraneous
variables.
Question 11 of 40
2.5 Points
The randomized pretest-posttest, control-group design is an
improvement over the randomized posttest-only, control-group
design because the:
[removed]
A. former adds an additional control group.
[removed]
B. latter employs randomization only at the time of the posttest.
[removed]
C. former adds a pretreatment measurement of the independent
variable.
[removed]
D. former adds a pretreatment measurement of the dependent
variable.
Question 12 of 40
2.5 Points
In order to test the effects of the 1988 heat wave on worker
productivity, 48 machinists were randomly assigned to two
groups of 24 machinists each. Each group was tested at a
different room temperature (cool and hot) using dependent
measures of number of parts produced and accuracy. What type
of design does this study represent?
[removed]
A. A single-group, pretest-posttest design

7. [removed]
B. A Solomon four-group design
[removed]
C. A multilevel, completely randomized, between-subjects
design
[removed]
D. A randomized, posttest-only, control-group design
Question 13 of 40
2.5 Points
What is usually the major contributor to error variance?
[removed]
A. Group size
[removed]
B. Unreliable measurement
[removed]
C. Individual differences
[removed]
D. High means
Question 14 of 40
2.5 Points
The Solomon four-group design was developed in an attempt to:
[removed]
A. control possible interaction effects of the pretest and the
manipulation.

8. [removed]
B. allow more levels of the independent variable.
[removed]
C. allow more groups to be tested at the same time.
[removed]
D. control possible interaction effects of the pretest and posttest
measures.
Question 15 of 40
2.5 Points
History, maturation, and regression to the mean can be
controlled by including proper:
[removed]
A. control groups.
[removed]
B. experimental groups.
[removed]
C. factorials.
[removed]
D. instrumentation.
Question 16 of 40
2.5 Points
A researcher measures prisoners on childhood physical abuse
and notices high levels of abuse. He then concludes that abuse
leads people to commit crimes. This is an example of a(n)
__________ design.

9. [removed]
A. single-group, pretest-posttest
[removed]
B. single-group, posttest-only
[removed]
C. ad hoc
[removed]
D. ex post facto
Question 17 of 40
2.5 Points
In order to support the hypothesis that the independent variable
has influenced the dependent variable, __________ is
necessary.
[removed]
A. a significantly high within-groups variation
[removed]
B. careful reduction of all variation
[removed]
C. a significantly high between-groups variation
[removed]
D. a sample size of at least 30
Question 18 of 40
2.5 Points
Laczniak and Muehling (1993) suggest that manipulations
checks should be considered:

10. [removed]
A. even before the pilot or pretesting.
[removed]
B. after theory tests.
[removed]
C. once you have collected data for the main experiment.
[removed]
D. after the final development of your manipulations.
Question 19 of 40
2.5 Points
A researcher decides to study the effects of dance therapy on
self-esteem in emotionally disturbed adolescents. One
residential program consents to try the dance therapy treatment,
whereas another similar program refuses to try dance therapy,
but allows the researcher to measure self-esteem. Self-esteem is
measured before and after treatment in both groups. This is an
example of a __________ design.
[removed]
A. multilevel, pretest-posttest control-group
[removed]
B. pretest-posttest, natural control-group
[removed]
C. randomized, pretest-posttest, control-group
[removed]
D. multilevel, randomized, pretest-posttest, between-subjects

11. Question 20 of 40
2.5 Points
Two critical factors used to distinguish experimental designs
from most non-experimental designs are:
[removed]
A. randomization and equal numbers of participants.
[removed]
B. elimination of all confounds and randomization.
[removed]
C. control groups and randomization.
[removed]
D. sophisticated data analysis and control groups.
Question 21 of 40
2.5 Points
Single-subject designs are often used in research on:
[removed]
A. behavior modification.
[removed]
B. stereotyping and prejudice.
[removed]
C. development of teaching methods.
[removed]
D. the side effects of psychotropic medications.

12. Question 22 of 40
2.5 Points
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a within-
subjects design?
[removed]
A. Each participant is tested under each experimental condition.
[removed]
B. The scores in each condition are correlated with each other.
[removed]
C. Each participant is measured only once on the dependent
variable.
[removed]
D. The critical comparison is the difference between correlated
groups on the dependent variable.
Question 23 of 40
2.5 Points
In ABA designs, the effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable are demonstrated if the:
[removed]
A. level of the dependent variable stays the same in spite of any
manipulation.
[removed]
B. behavior changes in the predicted direction whenever the
conditions are reversed.
[removed]
C. level of the dependent variable changes even though there is

13. no independent variable being manipulated.
[removed]
D. time graph shows some fluctuations.
Question 24 of 40
2.5 Points
What is the major strength of the within-subjects design?
[removed]
A. More participants can be used in a single study.
[removed]
B. Interactive effects can be identified.
[removed]
C. Carry-over effects are eliminated.
[removed]
D. It guarantees that the participants in the various conditions
are equivalent at the start of the study.
Question 25 of 40
2.5 Points
Which of the following is an accurate statement?
[removed]
A. There is no reversal of conditions in a multiple baseline
design.
[removed]
B. There is a reversal of conditions in a multiple baseline
design.

14. [removed]
C. Multiple baseline designs cannot be used in educational
settings.
[removed]
D. The ABA reversal design cannot be used with mentally
retarded individuals.
Question 26 of 40
2.5 Points
Which of the following is a potential confounding factor in
within-subjects designs but NOT in a between-subjects design?
[removed]
A. Regression to the mean
[removed]
B. Sequence effects
[removed]
C. Attrition
[removed]
D. History
Question 27 of 40
2.5 Points
It is important in a matched-subjects design for researchers to
assign each matched set of participants randomly to the
conditions primarily because:
[removed]
A. all of the critical variables should have been identified by
consulting published studies.

15. [removed]
B. of the requirements to keep researchers blind as to condition.
[removed]
C. of the requirements to keep participants blind as to
condition.
[removed]
D. random assignment within sets can control for unidentified
confounding variables.
Question 28 of 40
2.5 Points
The single-group, pretest-posttest design, although it is
considered a(n) __________ design, is a(n) __________ design.
[removed]
A. within-subjects; non-experimental
[removed]
B. between-subjects; non-experimental
[removed]
C. within-subjects; experimental
[removed]
D. low-constraint; experimental
Question 29 of 40
2.5 Points
Correlated-groups designs are generally more sensitive than
between-subjects designs to:

16. [removed]
A. researcher effects.
[removed]
B. the effects of the dependent variable.
[removed]
C. medications.
[removed]
D. the effects of the independent variable.
Question 30 of 40
2.5 Points
In an ABA reversal design, the term "reversal" refers to:
[removed]
A. the sequential reversal of levels of treatment.
[removed]
B. reversing the order of presentation of stimuli.
[removed]
C. controlling for sequence effects.
[removed]
D. switching the independent variable with the dependent
variable.
Question 31 of 40
2.5 Points
A good way to control for carry-over effects in within-subjects
experiments, provided that there are not too many experimental
conditions, is:

17. [removed]
A. positive practice.
[removed]
B. using a matched-subjects design.
[removed]
C. debriefing participants.
[removed]
D. counterbalancing.
Question 32 of 40
2.5 Points
In within-subjects designs, each participant:
[removed]
A. is measured at least five times.
[removed]
B. serves as his or her own control.
[removed]
C. is measured only once.
[removed]
D. is randomly assigned to one of two conditions.
Question 33 of 40
2.5 Points
In a study of the effectiveness of an experimental drug on sleep
apnea, researchers are expecting the drug to have long-lasting
beneficial effects on their participants. In this case, what type
of correlated-groups design should they use?

18. [removed]
A. A within-subjects design
[removed]
B. A matched-subjects design
[removed]
C. A simple repeated-measures design
[removed]
D. A matched-conditions design
Question 34 of 40
2.5 Points
Single-subject designs are sometimes preferable to between-
subjects group comparison designs because:
[removed]
A. independent variables cannot be manipulated in between-
subjects group comparison designs.
[removed]
B. single-subject designs have greater external validity.
[removed]
C. important information about the way individuals perform is
lost when summarizing group information.
[removed]
D. None of the above (single-subject designs are never
preferable to between-subjects designs)
Question 35 of 40

19. 2.5 Points
Which of the following is a major control for sequence effects?
[removed]
A. Random assignment of participants
[removed]
B. Counterbalancing
[removed]
C. Holding the variable constant
[removed]
D. Including the factor as a research variable
Question 36 of 40
2.5 Points
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of matched-
subjects designs?
[removed]
A. Each participant is exposed to only one level of the
independent variable.
[removed]
B. Each participant has a matched participant in each of the
other conditions, so that the groups are correlated.
[removed]
C. Each participant serves as his or her own control.
[removed]
D. The critical comparison is the difference between the
correlated groups, where the correlation is created by the

20. matching procedure.
Question 37 of 40
2.5 Points
Single-subject experimental designs are variations of within-
subject designs because the same:
[removed]
A. participant is exposed to all manipulations.
[removed]
B. statistical test is used to analyze both designs.
[removed]
C. dependent measures are of interest in both types of design.
[removed]
D. independent variables are investigated in both types of
design.
Question 38 of 40
2.5 Points
Why could correlated-groups designs be considered to be
experiments?
[removed]
A. They maximize error variance.
[removed]
B. They always use score data.
[removed]
C. They randomly assign all participants to conditions.

21. [removed]
D. They meet the requirement of equivalence of groups.
Question 39 of 40
2.5 Points
An advantage of within-subjects designs is that:
[removed]
A. they are less complex conceptually.
[removed]
B. fewer participants are needed to run the experiment.
[removed]
C. the statistics used are simpler than in a between-subjects
design.
[removed]
D. sequence effects enhance the results.
Question 40 of 40
2.5 Points
In a repeated-measures design, the single largest contributing
factor to error variance has been removed. What is that factor?
[removed]
A. Individual differences
[removed]
B. Experimenter effects

22. [removed]
C. Participant bias effects
[removed]
D. Measurement error