Describe The Functions Of TREM-1

Describe The Functions Of TREM-1
TREMs (trigger receptor expressed on myeloid cells) are a family of pattern recognition receptors,
or PRRs, which are cell surface activating receptors. TREM–1, belonging to the immunoglobulin
superfamily, activates neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, etc. by singling through an adaptor
protein known as DAP12. Through the DAP12 pathway, TREM–1 regulates the function of myeloid
cells in both innate and adaptive responses, amplifies toll–like receptor (TLR)–initiated responses,
and increases the secretion of pro–inflammatory chemokines and cytokines in response to
infections.
TREM–1 is typically a membrane–bound protein, consisting of an extracellular immunoglobulin
domain, a transmembrane section, and a cytoplasmic tail used to transmit ... Show more content on
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Schenk, Bouchon, Seibold, and Mueller hypothesized that patients with active irritable bowel
diseases have upregulated TREM–1 expression on intestinal macrophages, which could contribute
to excessive inflammation and tissue destruction. Through analysis of mice induced with IBD, they
found that there was a five–fold increase in frequency of TREM–1 expressing macrophages.
Expanding on the idea of TREM–1's association with pathology, Schenk, et al, explored the extent
of TREM–1 expression in relation to the severity of IBD. While IBD remained in remission,
TREM–1 mRNA was "nearly undetectable" through PCR, but 3–5 days after inducing the
pathology, the mRNA was highly upregulated. This proves that the TREM–1 expression is directly
correlated with the increase of inflammatory responses.
TREM–1 in irritable bowel disease was investigated from another prospective by Weber, Schuster,
et al, in their study of the effect of TREM–1 deficiency in attenuating IBD. Using both TREM–1 –/–
(by deletion of exon 2) and TREM–1 +/+ in control and induced IBD mice models, they analyzed
tissue samples for inflammation effects. By removing active TREM–1, inflammation was
significantly decreased. It is important to note that in the healthy control mice, there was no impact
in the phenotype. This proves that although the inflammation was not causing the side effects of
IBD,
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Crohn's Disease is Inflammation in the Digestive System Essay
Crohn's disease is a life–long condition effecting victims of any age. It is considered a form of an
inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive system. The cause of the
disease is unknown. The inflammation is due to the immune system attacking the healthy cells
throughout the body's gastrointestinal tract.
The exact causes of Crohn's disease remain unknown, but most believe that factors that contribute to
the disease may include genetics, immune system, environment, etc. The immune system does play
an important role in causing Crohn's disease. The immune system protects the body from infection
and other harmful substances. With this particular disease, the immune system will attack things like
food, bacteria, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are periods of time when one will not experience any symptoms, which is called remission.
There are many tests are used to diagnosis patients with Crohn's disease. Blood tests are usually
ordered, but cannot confirm Crohn's disease without further testing. Blood tests often show
inflammation in the body. Anemia is common among patients that have Crohn's disease. A
colonoscopy is required to help confirm if the Patient has Crohn's disease. Most patients will have
abnormalities in the intestinal lining if they have Crohn's disease. Some Tests that are commonly
used is an upper endoscopy (EGD), X–ray of intestines, CT scan, and an MRI. Crohn's Disease is
also known to be genetic.
Currently there is no cure for Crohn's disease. Treatment results differ from patient to patient. The
goal of treatments is to reduce inflammation and provide some relief of the symptoms and may lead
to long–term remission. Crohn's disease treatments usually involve drug therapy and in certain cases
surgery is an option.
Drugs that help treat Crohn's disease include anti–inflammatory drugs, Immune system suppressors,
and antibiotics. Some immune system suppressors carry an added risk of developing cancer such as
lymphoma.
If lifestyle changers and therapies and other treatments don't relive your signs and symptoms,
surgery may be an option. Surgery options include the surgeon removing the damaged portion of
your digestive tract and reconnect it, surgery is

Symptoms And Treatment Of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
In the current world population there is a large increase in people diagnosed with inflammatory
bowel diseases (IBDs), lactose intolerance and/or a combination of the two. Theories suggest that
the delayed onset of lactose intolerance, in patients who already have IBD's, may arise as secondary
lactose intolerance but only as a byproduct of the IBD. This begs the question of if the prevalence of
an IBD predisposes that same person to lactose intolerance and if so, what are the drivers that allow
this to happen? Inflammatory bowel diseases are categorized into two subset categories, ulcerative
colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. IBD's are defined as a chronic inflammation of all or part of a
digestive tract. The inflammation takes place ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who are lactose intolerant also have diminishes levels of lactase, the small intestinal enzyme
responsible for the catalysis of lactose. Dietary supplementation of the lactase enzyme has, in some
cases, proven to rectify the symptoms of lactose intolerance.
During infancy the vast majority of humans have the ability to digest and catabolize lactose into
glucose and galactose via the lactase enzyme. This catabolic capability is vital for newborn
mammals, given that their primary source of nutrition comes from their mother's milk. During the
weaning period, when children cease to use milk as a primary source of nutrition, the production of
the lactase enzyme severely deteriorates and eventually leads to the inability to catabolize lactose.
While this may be the natural progression of the expression of the lactase enzyme, there remains a
large, predominantly western population that maintains a steady production of lactase, those
individuals are known as lactase persistent (Baumgart, et al.).
Lactase Persistence– Causes: Lactase persistence has been strongly suggested to be a function of
genetic causes and its inheritance occurs in an autosomal recessive manner. Individuals that exhibit
the highest lactase activity are genotypically homozygous recessive for lactase persistence; where as
individuals who show lower lactase activities are heterozygous or homozygous

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Study
Primary diagnosis: Inflammatory bowel disease.
Secondary diagnosis: Depression, bipolar and related disorders.
Rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
The claimant was a 27–year–old woman.
Alleged disability: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis, chronic pain and fatigue,
anemia, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Additionally, she had an ulcer and blood loss. She
reported that the chronic pain worsened the depression and fatigue and she was unable to finish her
daily activities.
Education: 12th grade (2008).
Work experience: Dog care, factory, and assistant at a doctor's office (2012–2016).
Decision under Review:
Per the Disability Determination (03/03/2017), the claimant's disability began on 08/28/2016. The
primary diagnosis

Causes Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory process. Individuals with
this condition often experience periods of symptomatic relapse and remission. (Lehmann et al.,
2015)
IBD encompasses two disorders: Crohn disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC). Ulcerative colitis
is an ulcerating inflammation of the mucosal layer largely restricted to the colon. Crohn disease is a
deep transmural inflammation that generally occurs in the terminal ileum but can occur anywhere
from the mouth to the anus (Davies and Abreu., 2015). CD can affect any part of the GI tract but has
a particular tendency to affect the terminal ileum. In CD, the involved bowel is normally narrowed
and thickened. Deep ulcers and fissures in the mucosa

Taking a Look at Crohn's Disease
Crohn's Diseases is a idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, of the gastro intestinal tract from the
mouth to the anus. Crohns has an effect on people in many different forms and fashion from
physiological to psychological. Depression is a major factor that comes into play with this (IBD).
Patients live on the edge from day to day when dealing with spontaneous episodes of diarrhea and
chronic abdominal pains. Clients may show a lack of interest in the social aspect of life due to
illness, and may demonstrate these traits to avoid embarrassment. Jobs and work life have to be
comprised, for example patients need to have bathroom timeouts as well as always have emergency
bag ready. Nutritional aspects have to comprise due to the illness. There will need to be a high
intake of fruits and vegetables for adequate nutritional intake. Certain fruits and vegetables like
strawberries due to the small seeds and apples because of the skin can be difficult to digest. Weight
loss will occur due to lack of nutrients being absorbed because of inflamed intestinal wall.
Medication compliance at first can be a hassle facing the fact that most clients have to take between
8–15 pills a day. Patients may also experience physical side effects, moon face for example from
large doses of prednisone. This illness will cause for a strong support group and possibly the need
for finical assistance; due to medical bills. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the
mucosa and sub mucosa in

Zagazig University. Faculty Of Medicine . Rheumatology
Zagazig University
Faculty of Medicine
Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department
Serum Interleukin–23 Level in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and its Correlation with Disease
Activity and Severity Protocol of thesis
Submitted for partial fulfillment
Of M.Sc. Degree
In Rheumatology and Rehabilitation
By
Enas Tawkal Eldesoky
MB.B.Ch
Resident of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation
At Dekrens General Hospital
Under supervision of Pro. Dr. Dr.
Mazen Mohamed M. Ali El shiekh Abeer Mohamed El–shafey
Professor of Rheumatology & Assistant prof. of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The list of potential pro inflammatory cytokines important in the pathogenesis of RA and other
autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has been extended by another cytokine –interleukin IL–23.
This cytokine plays a potential role in immune modulation of different subpopulations of T helper
(Th) cells in concert with IL–12 (Lupardus and Garcia, 2008).
IL–23 is a pro–inflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL–12 cytokine family. IL–23 is essential for
the differentiation of Th17 lymphocytes, a subtype of T lymphocyte implicated in chronic
inflammatory/autoimmune mediated diseases (Guo et al., 2013).
IL–23 is produced by several types of antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and denderitic
cells. IL–23 is found in the skin of patients with psoriasis, in the bowel of patients with chronic
inflammatory bowel disease and in synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. IL–23
is involved in osteoclastogenesis, independently from IL–17, via induction of RANKL expression.
Debate continues to surround the role of IL–23 in the pathophysiology of inflammatory joint
diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis) (Duvallet et al., 2011).
Reports have indicated that in humans increased levels of IL–23 are associated with the several
autoimmune diseases including RA, Lyme arthritis, inflammatory bowel

Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
1. Describe the pathopysiology of the disease you have chosen – What is the spectrum of
disease/pathology the disease? Is the disease characterized by inflammation, etc? Is it an infectious
and/or chronic disease? If so what is the agent, its reservoir, mode of transmission etc.
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic illness characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal
tract (Wolf, CDC, Mayo clinic, health direct, NHS choices). Patients suffering from inflammatory
bowel disease usually face with severe chronic pain in their stomach, diarrhea, which may contain
blood, loss of appetite, joint pains, skin problems, fever, fatigue, etc. Symptoms can appear for
periods of time and can appear in different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though anyone at any age can develop inflammatory bowel disease, the people between the ages of
fifteen and thirty are more likely to get diagnosed with the disease, with about 10% of cases
occurring to individuals younger than eighteen (CDC). People who are direct descendents of those
with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal problems are more likely to develop the
disease themselves (CDC, Wolf, Mayo clinic). Though anyone can develop the disease,
inflammatory bowel disease is most common in those with a European and Jewish descent, who are
Caucasian, and those who are White (CDC, Wolf, Mayo clinic). Females are more likely to develop
Crohn's, while males are more likely to develop Crohn's (CDC).
Inflammatory bowel disease is more common in developed countries, with a greater frequency in
urban areas than in rural areas, indicating globalization to be a contributing factor for inflammatory
bowel disease (CDC, Ghosh and Almadi). Australia seems to have one of the highest incidence rates
of the disease in the world with about 33,000 having colitis and 28,000 (health direct). Inflammatory
bowel disease is also one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disease in the United States with the
prevalence of the disease being greater than 200 cases per 100,000 and a total of about one million
to 1.5 million people having the disease currently (CDC, Wolf, Rubin et al).
4. What is the analytic epidemiology of the

Crohn 's Disease And The Inflammatory Process
Crohn's Disease and the Inflammatory Process Crohn 's disease is an inflammatory process in the
intestines that is marked by abnormal inflammation of the GI tract. Crohn's disease is treated with a
variety of single or combined therapies that work at decreasing inflammatory process. Within this
essay, I will discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of Crohn's disease, the evidence– based–
practice treatment of Crohn's and how these medications work in reducing the inflammatory
process. I will also discuss the nursing considerations and patient teaching needed in the treatment
and maintenance of the disease.
Etiology and Pathophysiology Crohn's disease (CD) is a systemic auto–immune disease that is
marked by abnormal inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, it affects any part of the GI tract
from mouth to anus. CD mainly presents in three areas: the small intestine, the colon, and the
perianal region. CD mostly occurs between the ages of 15 and 30 years, or between the ages of 60
and 80 years of age. The exact etiology of Crohn's disease is unknown. As stated by Mazal (2014)
"Genetic predisposition–especially familial aggregation–seems to be the strongest independent
indicator of which individuals will develop Crohn disease" (p.298). An increase diet in milk protein,
milk protein and polysturated fatty acids is also a possible factor in disease incidences. Smoking
may also double the risk of developing CD. Crohn's disease patients often

Essay on Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Clinical Manifestations
1.
The nurse anticipates that Loren will describe her diarrhea as:
A) Bloody.
Feedback: CORRECT
Clients with ulcerative colitis may experience as many as 10–20 liquid, bloody stools per day.
B) Green and frothy.
Feedback: INCORRECT
This description is not associated with the diarrhea of ulcerative colitis.
C) Gray with observable fat.
Feedback: INCORRECT
This describes stool often seen in pancreatitis.
D) Clay–colored.
Feedback: INCORRECT
Clay–colored stool indicates the absence of bile in the stool, which may be seen in clients with
cirrhosis or cholecystitis.
Points Earned:
0.0/1.0
Correct Answer(s):
A
2.
Because rectal bleeding is a common finding in ulcerative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These x–rays are taken after barium is instilled into the colon through a rectal catheter.
B) Movement of barium in the colon is observed through a scope.
Feedback: INCORRECT
A scope is not used to visualize the colon during a barium enema.

C) A barium–based dye is injected intravenously, followed by abdominal scanning.
Feedback: INCORRECT
Barium is not injected via the intravenous route, and scanning is not part of the procedure.
D) A digital exam is performed after the barium is removed by an enema.
Feedback: INCORRECT
A barium enema does not involve removal of this substance.
Points Earned:
0.0/1.0
Correct Answer(s):
A
6.
What instruction should the nurse provide to a client who just completed a barium enema?
A) Remain NPO for 24 hours.
Feedback: INCORRECT
Unless the client has another reason to remain NPO, fluid intake following this procedure is
important.
B) Limit fluid intake.
Feedback: INCORRECT
Limiting fluid intake will increase the client's risk for post–procedure constipation.
C) Resume normal fluid intake.
Feedback: INCORRECT
There is a better choice to prevent post–procedure constipation.
D) Drink extra fluids.
Feedback: CORRECT
Extra fluids are important to help flush out the barium and prevent constipation and bowel
obstruction.
Points Earned:
1.0/1.0
Correct Answer(s):
D
7.
Immediately following the sigmoidoscopy, it is important for the nurse to assess for which

Crohn's Disease: A Case Study
Definition:
Crohn's disease, also known as regional enteritis, is one of two chronic inflammatory disorders that
are referred to as irritable bowel syndrome (the other being ulcerative colitis; Lichtenstein, 2012).
The difference between the two forms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is based on the location
within the gastrointestinal tract (Little, Donald, Craig & Nelson, 2008). Crohn's disease may cause
inflammation in any area of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract resulting in intestinal ulcers distributed
segmentally, while ulcerative colitis is restricted to the colon and rectum (Kumar, Abbas & Aster,
2013).
Key Features/ Signs and Symptoms
Ranges of symptoms of Crohn's range from mild to severe ("Crohn's Disease," 2013). Mild
symptoms are described as having sporadic cramps or diarrhea ("Crohn's Disease," 2013). Those
who suffer from severe acute symptoms may experience bloody stool, anal sores, lower abdominal
pain, pain during bowel movements, loss of appetite, joint and back pain, mouth sores, weight loss,
fever, and fatigue ("Professional guide to signs," 2011). Defecation allows relief from abdominal
pain ("Professional guide to signs," 2011). It is difficult to diagnose Crohn's disease based on the
symptoms listed above ("Crohn's Disease," 2013). Only time and various tests will reveal patterns of
symptoms over time that will allow doctors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals with mild symptoms might not require continuous treatment, while others require
multiple medications ("Crohn's Disease," 2013). Even though Crohn's is not a fatal disease, the lack
of a cure demands close attention to health needs ("Crohn's Disease," 2013). Majority of individuals
are able to have normal jobs, and uninterrupted family lives. Support groups are a vital resource for
individuals newly diagnosed with Crohn's to seek advice ("Crohn's Disease,"

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay
The term Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a general name given to a few disorders that all fall
under the category of inflamed intestines (they become red and swollen.) This is usually due to a
reaction the body causes against its own intestinal tissue. The two most common types of
Inflammatory Bowel Disease are Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Crohn's disease
can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, it more commonly affects the small
intestine or colon. Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a chronic disease, which means that it lasts a long
time and can occur frequently. There are some cases where a person will only suffer from one
occurrence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and then be in remission from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
People who suffer from Crohn's disease may also suffer the same risks of colon cancer, but typically
only if the entire colon is affected. There are also rare extra–intestinal cases of Inflammatory Bowel
Disease that occur in organs other that the intestinal tract. These symptoms may include arthritis,
liver and kidney disorders, bone loss, and more.
In cases of children suffering from Inflammatory Bowel Disease, it may also delay puberty. This is
due to the body not absorbing all of the nutrients from their food. They may also suffer from fever,
fatigue, and weight loss.
One symptom that is not definite, but may help decide what form of IBD is present, is where the
pain in the abdomen is located. Typically Ulcerative Colitis patients experience pain in the lower left
section of the abdomen, while Crohn's Disease patients tend to suffer from pain in the lower right
section of the abdomen. "With Ulcerative Colitis, bleeding from the rectum during bowel
movements is very common, and bleeding is much less common in patients with Crohn's Disease."
(Tresca, 2009)
While Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease share similar symptoms, they are treated different
medically. "There are cases where the diagnosis of one form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease over
the other is very difficult.

The Importance Of Nutrition On Inflammatory Bowel Disease
. Lucendo, A. J., & De Rezende, L. C. Importance of nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. World
Jour of GastroenteroL. 2009. WJG, 15(17), 2081–2088. http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2081'
This peer review article highlights the fundamental role that nutrition therapy plays in the clinical
management of all patients with CD. The review concentrates specially in correcting macro and
micronutrient deficiencies in frequently malnourished patients, focusing on reversing the
physiopathological consequences of such deficiencies. This article is important not only because it
discusses the possible etiology of CD, but also because it adds practical recommendations for the
management of the disease.
6. Kappelman MD, Rifas–Shiman SL, Kleinman K, et al. The prevalence and geographic
distribution of Crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 2007; 5(12):1424–1429. PMID: 17904915 doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.07.012
This multicenter study aimed to find the prevalence of Crohn 's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis
(UC) across geographic regions and socio–demographic stratifications in the U.S. The researches
selected health insurance claims for 9 million Americans from 87 health plans in 33 states. Then
they divided the number of cases by the number of persons enrolled for 2 years. Logistic regression
compared prevalence, estimating by geographic region, age, sex, and insurance type. One important
result of the study, revealed that the prevalence

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Paper
Inflammatory Bowel Disease involves chronic inflammation of all or part of your digestive tract.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease of the most part consists of ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease, both
indicating diarrhea, pain, fatigue, and weight loss. Inflammatory Bowel Disease can cause
someone's strength to weaken, and also lead to life–threatening complications and illnesses. The
proper care for patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease can either be medical and/or surgical. The
medical approach for most patients that has Inflammatory Bowel Disease can be both serving as a
symptom or sign, especially of something undesirable and mucosal healing. Inflammatory Bowel
Disease is a chronic illness that many may not be aware of, so knowing what ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Reducing the inflammation that triggers your signs and symptoms is the main goal for patients with
IBD. Many types of medicine can help reduce inflammation, including anti–inflammatory drugs,
and drugs that suppress the immune system. There are five categories of medication used as part of
the treatment for IBD, such as biologic therapies, corticosteroids, amino salicylates,
immunomodulators, and antibiotics. Currently, there are many different types and options of
treatment plans that can be prescribed by a physician to control the symptoms and signs of
Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Each of these treatments has certain actions and a number of side
effects. In most cases, these medications may lead to symptom relief, and also to long term recovery
and reduce several risks of complications. Do not stop your treatment plan until the doctor instructs
you to do so, or you have completed your medication (American Gastoenterological Association).
Inflammatory Bowel Disease treatment usually involves either drug therapy or surgery (Clique
Health).
Signs and symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease can vary according to how severe the
inflammation is and where does it occur. Inflammatory Bowel Disease consists of several diseases,
and it does not have a single cause to it. Inflammatory

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Analysis
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are group of disorders that cause chronic inflammation in the
intestinal mucosa and transmural. IBD is divided into two main categories Crohn's disease (CD) and
ulcerative colitis (UC). While there is no known cure for IBD, current therapies can only reduce the
inflammation that triggers the signs and symptoms and induce long–term remission. Therefore,
better treatment modalities for the complex IBD are still evolving. The increased understanding of
the underlying immunopathology has helped identify new targeted treatment options using stem
cells that are capable of modulating the immune system. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and
mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are the most evaluated stem cell treatment ... Show more content
They are plastic adherent in standard culture conditions, have fibroblast–like morphology and
express CD13, CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, Stro–1 and MHC–I and they
lack the expression of CD11b CD14, CD19 CD31, CD34, CD45, CD79A, and HLA–DR [43, 44].
MSC must also retain their ability to differentiate into different mesenchymal cell lines that are
chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes. [44] MSC have high plasticity by being able to
transdifferentiate into ectodermal and endodermal cells [26, 45]. They also express NANOG and
Sox2 transcription factors which enables them to utilise self–renewal pathways similar to those in
embryonic stem cells [46]. They also secrete growth factors, cytokines and chemokines and express
Toll–like receptors (TLR) 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 which allow them exert their different functions [43]. The
aim of using MSC in IBD is to both repair the tissue damage caused by the disease and modify the
immune response of

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Industrialization Essay
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing gastrointestinal condition currently
affecting a total of about 28 million people worldwide (cite). Although it is not considered a fatal
condition, painful and disabling symptoms can have a profound detrimental effect on patients'
quality of life. Current understandings behind the etiology of IBD emphasize genetic predispositions
to gastrointestinal immune system imbalances. However, pathophysiological understandings of IBD
seem to be limited as explanatory tools given the distribution of IBD cases in industrialized and
non–industrialized countries. Therefore, this paper will provide an overview of the biological aspect
of IBD alongside significant environmental drivers of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Yet, IBD is much less prevalent in the Jewish population of Israel, which depicts how IBD manifests
for reasons beyond genetics. Accordingly, it is important to remember that both genes and lifestyle
are inherited from our parents.
In general, an infection, which provokes an inflammatory state in people with and without IBD, may
cause every individual to have temporary GI inflammation and stir up symptoms of abdominal pain
and diarrhea. Following the acute infection, most individuals reset their immune system and return
to the previous state of controlled, low level inflammation. Individuals with various genetic
abnormalities for IBD however, demonstrate an overly aggressive T–cell response wherein the
immune system fails to reset itself and the colon does not return to its previous healthy state.
Instead, there is a chronic inflammatory state, with a persistent imbalance between the factors that
increase the body's immune response and those that limit it. The onset and reactivation of disease
are triggered by environmental factors that transiently break the mucosal barrier, stimulate immune
responses or alter the balance between beneficial and pathogenic enteric bacteria.
Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients have high levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes in their
mucosa. CD4+

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Study
Approximately 1 in 250 Australians have Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), a chronic, relapsing,
inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that has debilitating effects on the individuals emotional,
physical and social wellbeing. As a consequence of both the disease course and the attempts to
manage IBD, multiple complications may arise, potentiating the burden of disease on the patient and
healthcare system. Osteoporosis is one such complication that is highly prevalent in IBD sufferers
compared to the general population. Osteoporosis affects patients with IBD at a younger age, and
the incidence of osteoporotic fracture is 40–60% greater (1–6). Corticosteroid use in IBD patients is
the strongest risk factor for development of osteoporosis (1, 7–10). It has been demonstrated that
early diagnosis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further, the AGA guidelines recommend repeat screening based on the disease classification and
BMD (17); with mild, moderate or severe disease classified by the impact of the disease on the
patient, measurable inflammatory burden and disease course (reviewed in (21)). Recommendations
are for repeat testing is in 4–5 years in mild disease with normal BMD, 2–3 years if moderate with
normal BMD or 1 year in severe disease, prolonged steroid use or low BMD (1,

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) refers to a
variety of conditions in which a chronic immune response and inflammation occur throughout the
gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are triggered by an abnormal response by the
body's immune system. In a normal functioning immune system, the cells protect the body from
infection. However, in those who are suffering from IBD, the immune system mistakes bacteria,
food, and other materials in the intestine as foreign substances and attack the cells in the intestines.
As an immune response, the body sends white blood cells to the lining of the intestines, ultimately
causing a chronic inflammation and the patient then experiences a variety of symptoms.
Symptoms of an IBD can vary, depending on the severity and location of the inflammation.
Common symptoms of an inflammatory bowel disease include abdominal pain and cramping that
usually disappear after a bowel movement, constipation or difficulty passing stool, diarrhea, fever,
gastrointestinal bleeding, gurgling or splashing sound heard over the intestine, nausea and vomiting,
pain in the joints, and undesired weight loss. Since these symptoms can indicate a number of
possible diseases, it can be difficult to determine the correct diagnoses. The two main types of IBD
are Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, but determining a patient's exact diagnoses can be
challenging.
Although Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative

Video Capsule Endoscopy for Identifying Crohn’s Disease Essay
Video Capsule Endoscopy for Identifying Crohn's Disease Crohn's disease is a form of
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that could occur anywhere from the mouth to the rectum.
However, it usually affects the intestines (Longstreth, 2010). Like many illnesses, there is no cure
for Crohn's as the exact cause of it is unknown. There are a number of tests and procedures available
that aide in making the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Stool cultures and blood work can suggest IBD
but may not directly indicate the disease. Barium enemas, computed tomography (CT), and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful exams but the preferred method involves scoping via
endoscopy. Endoscopy allows physicians to view the digestive tract, often ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
12). ACG reports that, "once swallowed, the capsule begins transmitting images of the inside of the
esophagus, stomach and small bowel to a receiver worn by the patient. The capsule takes two
pictures per second, for a total of approximately 55,000 images" (para. 12). After the specified time
frame, the patient returns to the office for removal of the data recorder. The capsule should normally
pass through the colon and be eliminated with a normal bowel movement. With traditional
endoscopy, a physician is required to perform and interpret the examination. However, capsule
endoscopy can be administered by any trained staff, downloaded and then read and analyzed by the
physician. According to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy:
Capsule endoscopy helps your doctor evaluate the small intestine. This part of the bowel cannot be
reached by traditional upper endoscopy or by colonoscopy. The most common reason for doing
capsule endoscopy is to search for a cause of bleeding from the small intestine. It may also be useful
for detecting polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease), ulcers, and tumors of the small
intestine. (para. 3)
Wireless video capsule endoscopy allows a physician to see his regular clinic patients without
blocking the day to perform procedures. It also allows the patients to arrive at the office early in the
day to complete ingestion

Crohn Research Paper
Disease:
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by an inflammation immune
response to tissue that causes redness, swelling and pain of the digestive or gastrointestinal tract.
Diagnosis:
Symptoms of Crohn's disease vary from person to person and can be mild to severe. The symptoms
of Crohn's disease depend on which part of the GI tract is inflamed. The GI tract refers to the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines and anus. Some common Crohn's disease symptoms
include (Diagnosis and Assessment of Crohn's Disease):
Frequent, recurring diarrhea
Bleeding in rectal lowest portion of the large intestine that connects to the anus
Unexplained weight loss
Fever
Abdominal pain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Crohn's disease equally affects both men and women. Depending on the region being studied, the
annual incidence of this disease ranges from 1 to 10 cases per 100,000 people annually. North
American studies have shown numbers as high as 200 per 100,000 people (Lashner, 2013).
Although there is not a set age limit that individuals acquire Crohn's disease it has been known to be
diagnosed in teens and those in their early twenties. Some groups such as Africans, Anglos, and
Jews of European descent are diagnosed more often than Hispanics and Asians. Those who may
have family members with Crohn's disease have a greater chance to be diagnosed due to inquiring
the genetic component (Your body and Crohn's

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( Ibd )
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be defined as the chronic condition (it is persistent/ long–
standing disease) resulting from inappropriate mucosal immune activation. Inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) can start at any age. However, it is frequently seen among teenagers And also among
young adults in their early twenties, both genders can be affected by this disease. There are two
conditions that traditionally comprise inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis and
crohns disease. Comparison between Ulcerative colitis and crohns disease are clinically useful,
because distinguishing between the two conditions allow specialists to choose the right management
way. Comparison between Ulcerative colitis and crohns disease are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mouth, eye, skin, joint, and vascular complications (related to the inflammatory activity of
 the disease).
Complications
 Mouth, eye, skin, joint, and vascular complications (related to the inflammatory activity of the
disease).
 Fistulas.
 Abscess.
 Obstruction.
Muco–bloody.
Faces Mushy–watery. lower–risk Risk of colorectal cancer Higher–risk
Superficial inflammation which means that it actually affect the top layer. Histological difference
Transmural inflammation which means that it actually goes through all the layer.
Continues inflammation. Pathological difference Typically discontinues patchy inflammation with
skip lesions.
Less people are affected per year. Incidence
More people are affected per year. Table 1. outline the main difference between Ulcerative colitis
and crohns disease. As both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are types of inflammatory bowel
diseases (IBD), however, there are major differences between the two diseases.
This essay will focus on Crohn's disease and pathological changes that may occur in the small
intestine as a result of the inflammatory process and discuss the scientific reasons for the possible
treatments relating these to pathological processes.
Main body:

Crohn 's disease is a chronic condition that classified as a type of (IBD),and characterized by
inflammation in the lining of the digestive tract (Gastrointestinal tract) from the mouth to the anus.
In Crohn 's disease, any part

Crohn's Disease: A Literature Review
The purpose behind this research article is making a study that will look into Crohn's disease in
systemic sclerosis patients more in depth. With conducting this topic over Crohn's and systemic
sclerosis they are comparing female and male with the age of patients between these two diseases.
The difference between systemic sclerosis and Crohn's disease is that systemic sclerosis is
autoimmune disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction and affecting organs that accumulate
tissue fibrosis (Tseng, et al 1–7). Endothelial dysfunction has to do with the inner lining of blood
vessels. An example of autoimmune disease is inflammatory bowel disease that can be related to
systemic sclerosis. In contrast, Crohn's disease is one of the examples of inflammatory bowel
disease. Many studies have been concluded that sclerosis suggest greater risk of Crohn's disease. In
the article, two studies were done of how Crohn's disease effects systemic sclerosis patients (Tseng,
et al 1–7). The other study that was conducted was reduced risk of inflammatory bowel disease in
the family members that have systemic sclerosis. In general of this study, it was to learn the cause of
Crohn's and the relationship it has towards sex and age of sclerosis patients ... Show more content
From the ages between the two diseases there was no difference of patients and controls (Tseng, et
al 1–7). The first study was to demonstrate to reduce the incidence of Crohn's disease in systemic
sclerosis. Past studies were done in relationship of these two disease and some were even conflicted
results of the database. Even though this study was conducted there were still some limitations that
were done. Antibiotics were used for anti–inflammatory. This was the first nationwide population
based to display reduced incidence of Crohn's disease in patients of systemic sclerosis (Tseng, et al

Crohn'S Disease . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . By: Elizabeth
Crohn 's Disease
By: Elizabeth Nazginov 8G1
Due: April 5th 2017
Crohn 's disease is one of two conditions referred to by the term "Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
(IBD). The other condition that is referred to as an IBD is called Ulcerative Colitis. Both Crohn's
and Ulcerative Colitis are conditions that cause recurring or persistent inflammation in one or more
sections of the intestine. The literal definition of "inflammation" is "being set on fire". It is a
protective reaction that happens when tissue is injured or destroyed. There are two types of
inflammations. The first is acute inflammation, which is defined by heat, redness, pain and swelling.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is approximately a fifteen to twenty five percent chance of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in
the extended family of someone who has Crohn 's. However in this situation, ulcerative colitis
would be less likely than Crohn 's. The risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease occurring if both of a
child 's parents having an IBD begins at least around fifty percent. According to Mayoclinic.org,
open quote "As many as 1 in 5 people with Crohn 's disease has a family member with the disease"
closed quote. Crohn 's Disease is most commonly found in advanced areas like in Scandinavia,
North America, the United Kingdom and Western Europe. Crohn 's Disease affects Ashkenazi Jews
and Caucasians more than any other racial groups. Another reason that supports the theory of
genetics being a cause of Crohn 's can also be found on page eleven in the same book as the book in
the first reason. On page eleven it is written: open quote "While little has been accomplished so far
in ulcerative colitis, mutations in a gene known as NOD2, located on chromosome 16, have been
shown to predispose some people to Crohn 's in the Ileum, especially the form of the disease that
causes a lot of scarring and narrowing" closed quote. In other words, there has been mutations in a
gene found on chromosome sixteen that have been proved to cause some people to get Crohn 's in
the Ileum (which

Crohn's Disease Essay
Crohn's Disease was named after an American gastroenterologist, Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn, in
1932. He and his colleagues discovered an abnormal pathogen, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
while studying a related disease, ulcerative colitis, which belongs to a larger group if illnesses called
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The discovery was made while studying the effects of
ulcerative colitis in cattle and noticing the similar characteristics in humans. The infections had an
abnormal response with the body's immune system in both the cattle and humans.
So what is Crohn's Disease? It isn't a physically crippling disease a person may visually see upon
first glance when meeting another individual. It is a debilitating disorder that ... Show more content
Men and women are affected equally with the Jewish population having the highest probability of
frequent cases. Historically, this disease has been predominantly of Caucasian decent but recently
there has been an increase among African Americans with approximately 500,000 struck with the
disease each year. Doctors often misdiagnose the disease with other illnesses such as Irritable Bowel
Syndrome or ulcerative colitis. (framnews, 2011)
The direct cause of this disease is unknown although several theories do exist; immune system
problems, genetics or environmental factors. Most experts believe that genetics and intestinal
bacteria are the developing factors of the disease. Theoretically, the adaptive immune system of an
otherwise healthy individual will try to compensate for a deficient innate immune system creating
white blood cells to destroy helpful microbes which inadvertently tear down the lining of the
intestines causing ulcers, scar tissue and narrowing of the lumen within the intestine causing
blockage. ( meded, 2010) Genetically, research has found a gene, NOD2, which produces a mutation
and is linked to autoimmune diseases like Crohn's.
Complications of Crohn's may include bowel obstructions, ulcers, fistulas, malnutrition, anal
fissures, colon cancer and other health problems. The bowel may become thickened and narrowed
disallowing digestive contents to exit

Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease In Pet
Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pets
Research: http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/digestive/c_dg_inflammatory_bowel_disease
http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/Health_Information/brochure_ibd.cfm Meta Description:
Inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats is unpleasant and can even be fatal; arm yourself with
the facts.
Meta Key Words: Inflammatory bowel disease, IBD, IBD in dogs, IBD in cats
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pets and Companion Animals
Inflammatory bowel disease or IBD is actually not just one disease, but a catchall term for a group
of gastrointestinal diseases that result in the inflammation of the gastrointestinal system and a
variety of symptoms. This is true for both dogs and cats. And, while the exact cause of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The food allergens thought to trigger the condition include meat proteins, milk proteins, artificial
coloring or other additives and preservatives and gluten from wheat and other grains. Some dog
breeds are more likely to develop IBD than others. These include French bulldogs, Irish setters,
lundehunds, and basenjis.
Signs and Effects of IBD in Pets
Cats and dogs both exhibit similar symptoms when struggling with IBD. Common signs of IBD in
pets are vomiting diarrhea, weight loss, abnormal appetite, and lack of energy, blood in the stool,
flatulence, borborygmus, or a rumbling in the guts, depression, fatigue, abdominal pain, and
distressed coat.
Diagnosis of IBD
Unfortunately, getting a definitive diagnosis of IBD can be very difficult. Many of the signs and
symptoms of IBD mirror those of a great many other diseases. Your veterinarian will want to get a
detailed history from you and as much information as you can give them regarding the symptoms
you've observed, their duration, and severity. They are then likely to run a series of blood tests and
examine your pet's feces. An ultrasound or X–rays may be order to check on the status of other
organs. Metabolic disease, parasitic infection, bacterial infection, some types of cancers, and (in the
case of cats) feline leukemia will all need to be ruled out prior to a diagnosis. A food trial utilizing a
hypoallergenic diet bay be

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( Ibd )
Introduction: Mr. A (pseudonyms) is a 39 years old male of Indian origin. He is married and lives
with his wife and a five years child. He is full time self–employed individual with no known health
issues. Mr. A initially experienced constipation, blood in stool and abdominal pain which prompted
Mr. A to visit his general practitioner (GP). Then he was referred to specialist and went through a
series of medical examinations, blood tests, imaging procedures, and hospital admissions that were
required to eliminate the other possible causes and diseases related to these symptoms. It was
awkward and unpleasant to deal with the symptoms for him. He felt weak and started to lose weight.
Eventually, Mr. A was diagnosed with crohn's disease (CD) a type of inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) in 2012. IBD is a collective group of disorders that are chronic and incurable and
characterised by inflammation in the intestinal tract. (Chang & Johnson, 2014, p.446). Crohn's
disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are autoimmune diseases, where the body attacks the
digestive system. Crohn's disease can occur in any part of the intestine and ulcerative colitis only
affects the large intestine (Ministry of Health, 2015). Although the individual susceptibility to
develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) appears to be genetically determined, the actual
occurrence of the disease is largely influenced by environmental factors (Lichtenstein & Scherl,
2011, p.77).This has been a life changing

Living With Crohn 's Disease
Living with Crohn's Disease
Sharon is a 17 year old young women, her mother noticed that Sharon had lost a significant amount
of weight, and she looked pale and had dark circles under her eyes. Sharon was complaining of
severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, and after battling this for weeks she was extremely tired. Her
doctor conducted a standard physical exam, and interviewed Sharon about her general health, diet,
family history, and environment.
Her doctor performed laboratory tests of blood and stool matter, as well as X–rays of the upper and
lower gastroesophageal tract (GI).Sharon had to have a colonoscopy to obtain a biopsy of the colon.
Sharon was diagnosed with Crohn's disease.
Crohn's disease, also called Regional Enteritis, belongs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cells move from the blood into the intestines and produce inflammation which is a normal immune
system response. The inflammation does not subside, leading to chronic inflammation, ulceration,
thickening of the intestinal wall, and eventually causing patient symptoms.
The tell–tale symptoms of Crohn's disease are abdominal cramps and pain, urgent need to move
bowels, sensation of incomplete evacuation, severe or persistent diarrhea, constipation which may
lead to bowel obstruction, rectal bleeding, fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite and malnutrition
because the disease causes inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract .Some other general
symptoms may also include, fever, night sweats, loss of normal menstrual cycle. Crohn 's disease
can be both painful and incapacitating, and sometimes may lead to life–threatening complications. If
you think you are showing signs of Crohn's Disease, loss of appetite, weight loss, and feeling of low
energy, and fatigue, schedule an appointment with your doctor. Crohn 's disease in children may
delay growth and development. Remember, only your doctor can render a diagnosis, so seek
medical attention if experiencing any of these symptoms because in more severe cases, Crohn's can
lead to tears in the lining of the anus, which may cause pain and bleeding. Inflammation may also
cause a fistula to develop, which is a tunnel that

Inflammatory Bowel Disease/ Crohn's Disease Essay
Inflammatory Bowel Disease/ Crohn's Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation or
ulceration in the small and large intestines. Most often
IBD is classified as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease but may be referred to as colitis, enteritis,
ileitis, and proctitis. Ulcerative colitis causes ulceration and inflammation of the inner lining of a
couple of really bad places, while Crohn's disease is an inflammation that extends into the deeper
layers of the intestinal wall. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease cause similar symptoms that often
resemble other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome
(spastic colitis). The correct diagnosis may take some time. Crohn's disease ... Show more content
These procedures are done by putting the barium, a chalky solution, into the upper or lower
intestines. The barium shows up white on x–ray film, revealing inflammation or ulceration and other
abnormalities in the intestine. If you have
Crohn's disease, you may need medical care for a long time. Your doctor also will want to test you
regularly to check on your condition.
What Is the Treatment?
Several drugs are helpful in controlling Crohn's disease, but at this time there is no cure. The usual
goals of therapy are to correct nutritional deficiencies; to control inflammation; and to relieve
abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bleeding in a really bad place. Abdominal cramps and diarrhea may
be helped by drugs. The drug sulfasalazine often lessens the inflammation, especially in the colon.
This drug can be used for as long as needed, and it can be used along with other drugs. Side effects
such as nausea, vomiting, weight loss, heartburn, diarrhea, and headache occur in a small percentage
of cases. Patients who do not do well on sulfasalazine often do very well on related drugs known as
mesalamine or 5–ASA agents. More serious cases may require steroid drugs, antibiotics, or drugs
that affect the body's immune system such as azathioprine or 6–mercaptopurine.
Can Diet Control Crohn's Disease?
No special diet has been proven effective for preventing or treating this disease. Some people find
their symptoms are made worse by milk, alcohol, hot spices, or

What´s Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
Inflammatory bowel disease is a disease that can afflict both dogs and cats. However, because of the
linkage between inflammatory bowel disease and hairballs in cats, the focus will be on feline
inflammatory bowel disease, especially considering the previously accepted belief that hairballs are
normal for cats. While there are multiple modes of managing this disease, the nutritional
management will be the main point of discussion. Inflammatory bowel disease is actually not an
uncommon disease. In Dr. Norsworthy's 2014 study, out of 100 cats, only 1 cat had a normal biopsy,
indicating that there was no form of inflammatory bowel disease or other affliction (Jean Dodds.
Hairballs: Chronic Conditions and Prevention). Because of its prevalence, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Typically the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease comes down to other diseases and
complications being eliminated as possibilities rather than finding a particular factor as an indicator
in the beginning. Some of the tests that may be done to eliminate other issues are: blood work, fecal
examinations, hypoallergenic food trial, and an ultrasound check for metabolic diseases. Once other
problems have been eliminated, an intestinal or gastric biopsy can be taken for evaluation under a
microscope. Biopsy is the only definitive method to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease. Tissue
afflicted by inflammatory bowel disease will have elevated numbers of inflammatory cells in the
intestinal wall. The walls will also be thicker. By looking at the types of inflammatory cells present,
the type of inflammatory bowel disease present can be determined. The chart below details what
cells are associated with the different types of inflammatory bowel

Crohn's Disease Essay
This review will explain Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis, two types of inflammatory bowel
disease that affect millions of people. These diseases are chronic that affects certain parts of the
intestine gastrointestinal tract. People who has this disease are troubled with a variety of side effects
that they will have to live with for the rest of their lives. To this day, there are no medical cure for
these diseases, however there are several treatment options that are helpful. These diseases are still
being studied for researchers to fully understand the causes, possible preventions, and cure for IBDs.
Countless researches and studies are still under development, there have been many discoveries thus
far, but nothing concrete.
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel diseases or IBDs affect "as many as 1.4 million Americans". Crohn's disease
and ulcerative colitis inflame certain areas of the intestines that result into chronic and long–term
complications in peoples' lives. Even though these diseases are not known to be lethal to humans,
they are unbearable to its victim. Both ailments can cause patients to "experience abdominal
symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloody stools, and vomits" 8. Both diseases result in
painful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person's diet is not a cause for developing Crohn's disease, however it has to be adjusted to ease
the complications. Diet needs to be adjusted accordingly because it may aggravate the infected area
and often symptoms flare up. There was a study done on ulcerative colitis and how diet may be
correlated with its reoccurrences. It discovered "[a] high meat, protein, or alcohol intake is
associated with an increased risk of relapse which may well occur because these foods are rich
sources of sulphur and sulphate" (dietary factors) Further research is still being done with this

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Paper
Inflammatory bowel disease is an autoimmune disease where an immune reaction of one's own
intestinal tract occurs. This immune reaction triggers an overexcited and sustained immune response
which results in inflammation that causes extensive damage of the gastrointestinal tract. This disease
is more common in Caucasians and the Ashkenazic Jewish origin than in other racial and ethnic
subgroups, and the usual age of onset is between teenagers to mid–thirties. Inflammatory bowel
disease can have a variety of causes including environmental factors such as diet, hygiene, smoking,
and stress, it could be caused by genetic predisposition, or it could be caused by alterations in the
function of the immune system (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper & Bucher, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Clinical manifestations for the two inflammatory bowel disease classifications are very similar
however there are disparities which can help differentiate which disease process is occurring. In
ulcerative colitis, the primary manifestations are bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain which can
vary from mild lower abdominal cramping to severe, constant pain. In Crohn's disease, the primary
manifestations include diarrhea and crampy abdominal pain. Also, weight loss is very common in
Crohn's disease because inflammation of the small intestine causes nutrient malabsorption and
deficiencies (Lewis et al.,

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are autoimmune disease whose incidence and prevalence are
increasing worldwide. The two major types of IBD are ulcerative colitis (UC), which is limited to
the colonic mucosa, and Crohn disease (CD), which can affect any segment of the gastrointestinal
tract from the mouth to the anus, involves "skip lesions", and is transmural. There is a genetic
predisposition for IBD, and patients with this condition are more prone to the development of
malignancy. Although both UC and CD have distinct pathologic findings, approximately 10–15% of
patients cannot be classified into either type; in such patients, the disease is labeled as indeterminate
colitis. Systemic symptoms are common in IBD and include fever, sweats, malaise, and arthralgias.
UC and CD share many extraintestinal manifestations, although some of these tend to occur more
commonly with either condition. Eye–skin–mouth–joint extraintestinal manifestations (such as oral
aphthae, erythema nodosum, large–joint arthritis, and episcleritis) reflect active disease, whereas
pyoderma gangrenosum, primary sclerosing cholangitis, ankylosing spondylitis, uveitis, kidney
stones, and gallstones may occur in quiescent disease. In UC, the inflammation begins in the rectum
and extends proximally in an uninterrupted fashion to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Cytokines, which are released by macrophages in response to various antigenic stimuli, blind to
different receptors and produce autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects. Cytokines differentiate
lymphocytes into different types of T cells. Helper T cells, type 1 (TH–1), are associated principally
with CD, whereas TH–2 cells are associated principally with UC. The immune response disrupts the
intestinal mucosa and leads to a chronic inflammatory process (Lashner,

Essay On Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic lifelong disease that causes inflammation of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There are two most common types of IBD, Chrohn's disease and
Ulcerative colitis. The GI is responsible for digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, breaking
down, and elimination of waste from the body. The GI tract includes all of the parts of the body that
digest food. It begins with mouth it follows down your throat into the esophagus,through stomach,
small intestine, large intestine,rectum, and it finishes with your rectum. Chrohn's disease and
ulcerative colitis have many things in common but they have some important differences. There is
also a third type of IBD, indeterminate colitis can sometimes be diagnosed.
Chrohn's disease affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It sometimes affect the
end of the small intestine (the ileum) where it joins the beginning of the colon. It may appear in
patches, affecting some areas of the GI tract while leaving other sections completely untouched.
Inflammation may also extend through the entire thickness of the intestinal wall.
Ulcerative colitis on the other hand, It may be limited to the large intestine (colon). It can involve
the entire colon,or may be limited to the lower colon. It could spread continuously ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They may change over time or even dissapear for a while. You may not have every symptom and
symptoms may not be the same for everyone. They sometimes go away when the inflammation is
under control. Common symptoms f IBD include, urgent need to go to the bathroom, frequent
diarrhea, somettimes bloody, poor absorption of nutrients, poor appetite, nausea, weight loss, feeling
tired, pain in the abdominal area. It can sometimes lead to symptoms outside of the GI tract such as
joint pain and stiffness, mouth ulcers, fever which can indicate inflamation somewhere in the body,
eye irritation, skin

Crohn 's Disease : An Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that is defined by inflammation of the digestive
system. It can affect any part of the GI tract, including the mouth and anus (Abbvie Inc, 2016)).
Crohn's disease does not have a cure and there is no exact cause for the occurring disease. "Since the
exact cause of Crohn's disease is unknown, it has been linked to a combination of environmental
factors, immune function and bacterial factors, as well as a patient's genetic susceptibility to
developing the disease" (History Cooperative, 2014). Lauren Page is 28 years old. She was
diagnosed with Crohn's disease when she was 24 going on 25 years old and was hospitalized during
her birthday week. Her breaking point was when she could not take the pain any longer. Lauren had
a fever of 104.5 and unbearable abdomen pain. She had also contracted an infection in her
bloodstream from developing a fistula from her vagina to her rectum. Luckily they were able to do
surgery to correct her fistula. She had a multitude of tests including: blood work, stool samples, CT
scans, MRI, X–rays, a balloon test, endoscopy and countless colonoscopies. Lauren's disease is
located in her large intestines. Chron's disease is not apart of Lauren's family so she was clueless to
what it was when she was diagnosed. It took about a month until they were completely certain that it
was Crohn's disease. Her iron was low and she was borderline anemic, had massive weight loss, and
chronic pain in her abdomen. She

Crohn's Disease Case Study
Crohn's disease (CD) is a specific inflammatory condition that is included in the group of
inflammatory bowel diseases. CD is a chronic and lifelong inflammatory disease that affects one or
multiple areas of the intestinal tract.1 CD can affect any segment of the intestinal tract or tissues
from other organs but usually affects the small or large intestine. Although not very common,
Crohn's disease can affect the stomach as well.3 The intestinal tract includes the small intestine
which consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ilium. The large intestine, which is also a part of the
intestinal tract, consists of the cecum; appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, and sigmoid colon.2
Crohn's disease is characterized by chronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diet and nutrition are a primary focus of the medical management by dieticians and
gastroenterologists. Medical doctors also prescribe both symptomatic medication such as
antidiarrheals or antispasmodics based on the severity of symptoms. Specific drug therapies such as
immune modifiers, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and aminosalicylates are also prescribed when
symptoms are more severe. The Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is a tool used to monitor
progress made by patients both by the healthcare professional and the patient.1 Routine screening
including colonoscopies are generally advised to help prevent colorectal cancer that is associated
with Crohn's

What Is Crohn’S Disease?. Crohn’S Disease, Also Known As
What is Crohn's Disease? Crohn's disease, also known as Regional enteritis or Regional ileitis, is an
inflammatory bowel disease that is with the patient for their entire life. With Crohn's, parts of the
digestive system develop ulcers which are deep, inflamed sores (Healthwise Staff, 2014). These
ulcers can cause excruciating pain for the patient. Normally, the small intestine and the first part of
the large intestine are the affected areas of Crohn's disease, but may develop anywhere in the
digestive track (Healthwise Staff, 2014). Inflammation caused by this disease normally spreads deep
into the affected layers of bowel tissue causing pain and may lead to life–threatening problems
(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017). Crohn's disease causes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diarrhea is common for those affected by Crohn's disease, and the cramping also contributes to
loose stools. Fever and fatigue are likely experienced because of inflammation or infection, which
also causes the patient to lose energy. Abdominal pain and cramping is caused by the inflammation
and ulceration affecting the normal movement of nutrients through your digestive system. The
mouth sores that are a possible symptom may be very similar to canker sores. With the pain and
cramping and the reaction in the wall of the bowel can affect the appetite and the ability to digest the
food taken in (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017). All patients who are affected by Crohn's may not
experience all of these symptoms, but they vary from patient to patient.
Causes for Symptom Flare Ups Symptoms may worsen if the person has any of the following
factors in their life. If they take certain medications it could cause the symptoms to become worse
for a period of time. If the person develops an infection, have hormonal or lifestyle changes, or takes
up smoking, the symptoms may become worse. The person should try to avoid these if possible so
that they don't experience worse pain (Healthwise Staff, 2014).
Diagnostic Information When one goes into

Symptoms And Treatment Of Crohn 's Disease
Crohn 's disease is a debilitating inflammatory bowel condition that has the potential to affect any
part of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease due to its relapsing and remitting nature decreases a
persons quality of life and can lead to complications such as abscesses and fistulae formation, which
then require recurrent surgical interventions. The therapeutic endpoint in Crohns disease
management is to induce and sustain remission, decrease complications, hospitalisations and
surgeries. Therefore, therapeutic management aims to change the natural course of Crohns disease
so that people with the condition are not disabled by its relapsing nature. This review whilst
establishing the clinical features of Crohns disease aims to investigate the efficacy of these standard
therapies. It also attempts to explore alternative approaches to managing Crohns disease that focus
on minimising flare–ups and complications. Conventional therapies include antibiotics,
glucocorticosteroids, 5–aminosalicylic acids, and to a lesser extent, immunosuppression with
azathioprine /6–mercaptopurine or methotrexate. Whilst, these therapies have helped control
symptoms the review finds they have made no attempt to modify the disease course. Recently, there
have been advancements in treatment, with the introduction of biological agents aiming to combat
the ineffectiveness of standard therapy by inducing and maintaining mucosal healing. This review
will outline the extend advancements, such as these

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case Study
Introduction Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that usually onsets early in
life. Characteristics of ulcerative colitis are inflammation, multiple ulcerations and shedding of
colonic tissues. This disease usually begin in the rectum and spread proximally to the colon;
affecting the colon's mucosa and submucosa. The treatment for this disease usually requires surgery
and/or a lifelong drug regimen. (Hinkle, J. L., Cheever, K. H., 2013) Epidemiology Inflammatory
bowel disease affects 1–2 million people in the United States, with over 300,000 new cases
occurring annually. Incidence of this disease has increased over the past century. Caucasians and
people of Jewish heritage have the highest prevalence of ulcerative colitis. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment of this disease is also intended to improve quality of live and prevent or minimize
complications; however, management depends on the part of the bowel this is affected, the severity
of the disease and if there are any complications (Hinkle, J. L., Cheever, K. H., 2013). Sedatives,
along with medications to prevent diarrhea and peristalsis are used to allow the bowel to rest and
heal until stool frequency and consistency returns to normal. Aminosalicylate are used to treat mild
to moderate inflammation ( Hinkle, J. L., Cheever, K. H., 2013). However, Mesalamine, a common
aminosalicylate used to treat inflammation in ulcerative colitis, only achieves remission in less than
50% of patients, with a high relapse rate for those who do achieve remission (Bewtra, M. et all,
2015) . In more severe cases, corticosteroids are used to treat this disease; however, when the dosage
is stopped, symptoms may return and if corticosteroids are continued, the adverse effects are
numerous (Hinkle, J. L., Cheever, K. H.,

The Inflammatory Bowel Disorder Known As Crohn 's Disease...
The fundamental purpose of this paper is to apprise to the reader pivotal information on the
inflammatory bowel disorder known as Crohn's Disease (CD). It is a rare disease that is usually not
wanted to be discussed by its sufferers, due to its sensitive nature of being a digestive problem.
Luckily, as this paper will show, it is now an issue slowly, but surely, being explored more openly. A
short introduction to the chronic disease will be divulged, pathophysiology and etiology will be
discussed to prepare the reader. Works researched will include articles by Brent A. Lashner (2013)
and Lindsey Konkel (2015). Symptoms, susceptibility, and diagnosis found on numerous resourceful
web sites will be provided. Other information will include risk factors and examples of typical tests
given to diagnose Crohn's Disease in possible sufferers. All articles and web sites used corroborate
with each other, information is consistent and validated. This paper will also delve into possible
management strategies for those affected by CD. Information on the Process of Crohn's Disease
Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Crohn's Disease is an intestinal disease first discovered by and
named after Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, "who first described the disease in 1932 along with colleagues Dr.
Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon D. Oppenheimer." (Foundation, 2015) Konkel (2015) refers to this
disease as belonging "to a group of conditions called inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)" (Konkel,
2015) CD is

Describe The Functions Of TREM-1

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