From Oil To Renewable Energy Essay

From Oil to Renewable Energy Essay
The world is depended on oil and soon oil will become more valuable than gold and could lead to a
worldwide war. Price for oil could soar to above two hundred fifty dollars per barrel. Oil and other
fuel cell also cause green house gases which contribute to global warming. China is consuming two
times more petroleum than 1996 and India is projected to consume three times the oil it currently
does by 2050. Global house gas emission has increased by twenty percent from 2003 to 2006.
Energy consumption has increased exponentially throughout the globe. The U.S. department of
energy projects energy consumption will increase seventy percent from 2003 to 2030. The world has
agreed to reduce emission by twenty five percent before 2020 and by over ... Show more content on
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Unlike gasoline or diesel, biofuels release little pollution. It can also be used to produce electricity
by heating water using biofuels and using the steam produced to rotate a turbine. Another method is
to allow the biofuel to decay and produce methane. Methane is commonly used as fuel for car,
heating, cooking, and producing electricity.
Many including Rothkopf, Grunwalf, and Ruiz–Marrero claim that biofuel is not the solution but
rather will become a problem. They claim that if biofuel was produced in large quantity then
agriculture would convert from food to fuel. According to the World Bank, over seventy five percent
of the rises in food prices is directly caused by biofuel. Indonesia is the leading producer of palm
oil, a major biofuel. In order to increase productivity, the people destroyed thousands of trees to
plant palm tree. The destruction led to an increase in carbon production. Indonesia moved from the
21st most carbon producer to the third. Another major producer of biofuel is Brazil. If Brazilian
farmers were to deforest the Amazon rainforest, it could cause a fifty percent increase in global
warming. Through the world, deforestation accounts for over twenty percent of carbon emission. A
gallon of biofuel requires the same amount of grain as a person would eat in a year. The switch from
food to fuel would cause a worldwide food shortage and an increase in world hunger.
Another major issue with biofuel is
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America’s Foreign Oil Dependency
America's Foreign Oil Dependency:
What are the options to stop this crisis?
For
Professor Sharon Mitchener
From
August 11, 2006
BUS 531
Research Proposal
Abstract
The topic of this paper is America's foreign oil dependency. The purpose of this paper is to suggest
how might America completely destroy or at least greatly mitigate its dependency on crude oil to
fuel Americans' cars, especially foreign crude oil. Library literature, newspaper articles,
encyclopedias, and the Internet were all sources used to compile this paper. The conclusion reached
in this research topic is that America's great foreign oil dependency is a crisis and other energy
sources to fuel our cars need to be adopted and implemented before the people ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, gasohol is considered to have helpful environmental effects. Research proves that by using
gasohol instead of regular gasoline, carbon monoxide emissions will be reduced by as much as 17
percent, carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 4.2 percent, and hydrocarbon emissions will
be reduced by 5 percent. The use of gasohol also greatly reduces emissions of benzene (a known
highly fatal carcinogen).
Cons Though ethanol may be better for the environment and ultimately the American farmer, it still
has several disadvantages. The first disadvantage is that ethanol can be much pricier than gasoline,
depending on where you live in the United States. Fuel price data from the Department of Energy
(DOE) shows that in the Midwest (where the majority of America's ethanol is produced) ethanol
sells for almost 30 cents less per gallon than conventional gasoline. However, on the West Coast,
filling up with ethanol would cost a driver an average of 35 cents more per gallon. In the Mid–
Atlantic States, ethanol would cost drivers ever more: a full 44 cents per gallon. The higher price of
ethanol in many areas is made worse by ethanol's second disadvantage that it, regardless of the price

you pay for it, contains less fuel efficient energy than gasoline. In short, this means cars won't travel
as far on a tank of gas, and most cars fuel economy will decrease by 20–30 percent. This is very

Reducing Number Of Infiltration Cycles For La0.8sr0.2feo3...
Independent Study Report
Reducing Number of Infiltration Cycles for La0.8Sr0.2FeO3–YSZ Cathodes
Xiaoyan Li
Abstract
In order to decrease the number of cycles of infiltration and maintain a comparable cathode
performance, the viability of using a conductive composite scaffold of La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 and yttria–
stablized zirconia (YSZ) with one infiltration cycle was investigated. The infiltration material is
nitrate salt solution of La, Sr, Co and Fe to form La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 perovskite phase.
Cathodes fabricated from scaffolds using different ratios of LSF–YSZ were tested by impedance
spectroscopy with the results showing that the ohmic resistance decreases as the amount of LSF
increases. In addition, scaffolds calcined at 1350oC exhibited ... Show more content on
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1,2 In this case, YSZ is included in the cathode to provide ionic conductivity, as well as enhancing
the connection between the electrode and the YSZ electrolyte. YSZ in the electrode also helps match
the thermal expansion of the electrode to the electrolyte.1–4 The functions of LSM in the composite
cathode include providing electronic conductivity and catalytic activity, but with negligible
contributions to ionic conductivity.4,5
The conventional method for fabricating the electrode is to deposit and sinter a mixture of the
electrode composites onto a dense YSZ electrolyte.4 The sintering temperature must be a
compromise, high enough to ensure the good connection between YSZ in the electrode and the
electrolyte, but low enough to prevent solid state reactions between the electrode composites.2,5
Indeed, most conducting perovkites are unable to be prepared due to the formation of insulating
phases at high temperatures required for YSZ sintering.4 Therefore, the infiltration method was
initially developed to separate the high calcination temperature required to densify the YSZ
electrolyte from the lower calcinations temperature needed for the other electrode components.1,4,5
Furthermore, the infiltration method provides a nonrandom structure where the electronically
conductive components are deposited into the previously formed porous YSZ scaffold.1–4
Infiltration also forms superior

The Benefits Of Alternative Fuel
The first use of any form of fuel was nearly two million years ago thanks to the curiosity of Homo
erectus. Since then fuel has become significantly more advanced, starting from ordinary wood to
what is now comprised of numerous chemicals and life threatening processes to obtain liquid and
gaseous fuels. These fuels are used to warm our homes, generate electricity, and even transport us
from one end of the globe the other. The most commonly used fuels are charcoal, natural gases, and
LPG. Most of the fuels we use today are problematic for future generations as they are non–
renewable, and produce harmful chemicals that will traumatize the environment. Though no fuel is
without it 's cons, the following data should suffice in explaining the benefits of alternative fuel 's
such as Ethanol, Biodiesel, Hydrogen, Methanol and even sources that are always readily available
such as solar, hydro, and wind. Today coal is one of the most utilized fuel sources, especially within
the U.S. which comprises of 39% of U.S. 's electrical generation. Though its abundance and
conversion to kWh 's makes it a potent supplier, trapped within coal are impurities such as sulfur
and nitrogen that turn into pollutants once oxidized. Because of the hazards from burning coal the
use of it as a fuel source has declined since its extensive use during the 1800 's. Oil is now the world
's number one transportation fuel source, and though it is not a significantly cleaner fossil fuel, it
does produce less

Hydrogen Fuel Of The Future
With nations like Costa Rica, Albania, Paraguay, and Iceland all currently running on 100%
renewable electricity, the notion of clean Audi e–fuels rule and sustainable energy is becoming a
more realistic and feasible option in the minds of many.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and has been present since the beginning of
time. Hydrogen is the smallest element in the universe, hydrogen consists as a diatomic, gaseous
molecule with a single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen does not exist in its pure form on the
planet, but it is present as a compound in molecules like water, glucose, natural gas, and even oil
(Busby). Because it is found in such a variety of sources, hydrogen is the perfect power source for
fuel cells.
What exactly are hydrogen fuel cells and why will they be the fuel of the future? Hydrogen fuel
cells are a mechanical device that convert the electrochemical energy found in a fuel source, like
hydrogen, into electrical energy, with the only byproducts being heat and water (Hoffmann 6). In all
fuel cells there are two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte, a membrane capable
of moving ions, in between the two (Sorenson 73). During their operation, hydrogen fuel is injected
into the anode side, while oxygen, usually from the air, is pumped to the cathode. The hydrogen
molecule disassociates, and the proton passes through the electrolyte to join the oxygen, while the
electron from the hydrogen molecule travels in an

The Pollution Of Fossil Fuels
The world is currently run on decayed plants and animals that have been transformed into crude oil,
coal, and natural gas, by exposure to heat and pressure over millions of years. These materials are
known today as fossil fuels, and they produce 84% of all energy created in the United States (Suplee
2014). Although these sources are extensively used, they have a limited supply, eventually they will
run out. Even with new extraction methods such as fracking and offshore drilling the deposits of
fossil fuels in the world will diminish because of the extreme rate at which they are being used.
There is much speculation as to when the Earth will be sucked dry, but whether it's 10 years from
now or 1000, the threat still looms. However, there is a much greater problem fossil fuels pose that
already affects everyone today. The burning of crude oil, coal, and natural gas to create energy cause
pollution that affects the atmosphere, the water, and the health of everyone. The smog that comes
from the smokestacks at power plants fills the air with more carbon dioxide than nature can balance
out. This excess carbon dioxide interferes with the atmosphere and pokes holes in the ozone which
is the major cause of global warming. Over the next 100 years it is likely the global temperature will
rise by 11 degrees (Suplee 2014). Not only are temperatures rising but the emissions are mixing
with rainwater creating acid rain. This mixture of water and toxins pollutes water which harms trees,

Oil Dependency Essay
Brian Turner Turner 1
Professor Dimon
English 091
November 5, 2006
"Oil Dependency: Increase Research Funds" America's dependency on foreign oil is slowly
crippling the average citizen's hard–earned income with outrageous fluctuation in gas prices. The
American government seriously needs to step it in gear and start taking action on possible
supplemental energy sources to replace foreign oil and actually begin providing those sources to the
public without overpricing. Today's foreign oil is polluting our air and crushing we as American's
pockets. "Rising U.S. demand for imported oil accounts for more than a third of the U.S. ... Show
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But with more money for further research into the problem, this could ultimately become obsolete
with the hybrid car. There are other means of possible future solutions to our oil dependency, one
being hydrogen fuel cars. This is my main personal solution to oil energy. The process of retracting
hydrogen from water to be stored within a power cell is genius. This fuel cell is the power source for
the car's engine to run. Maker's of this cell are attempting to develop a hydrogen power center than
can be kept at the owner's residence for fuel fill–ups. The idea is for water to be pumped within this
power center and then separate the hydrogen molecules to be stored within a hydrogen cell. This
greater hydrogen cell within the center would be able to be pumped or drained into the car's power
cell, ultimately creating an alternative fuel source for motor vehicles. With good intentions, there are
already some companies sponsoring further research for this technology. "The FreedomCAR and
Fuel Partnership includes the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), United States Council for
Automotive Research (USCAR), whose members are DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor
Company and General Motors Corporation; and five major energy companies. The government
research program supporting the partnership's goals is part of the administration's $1.7 billion
initiative

Current State Of Fuel And World Energy Demand
Current State of fuel & World Energy Demand
Post 18th Century Industrial revolution has created a dependency on fossil fuels such as coal, oil
and natural gas for all technological and transportation demands that engineer modern society.
However. Such demands, and even their expected future demands threatens the overall worlds
energy supply and generates large strains on the environment. The Hydrogen economy article
published by Physics Today in December 2004 anticipated that the world energy demand will
double by 2050 in response to population growth and industrialisation of developing countries.
(Crabtree, Dresselhaus and Buchanan, 2004).
An article by Todd Woody of The Atlantic (Woody, 2013) has stated that developing countries will
account for 65% of the world's energy consumption by 2040. The majority of such consumption
being produced by non–OCED nations such as India and China. This figure was published by the
United States Energy Information Administration. This can be summarised as a 2.2% annual
increase in fossil fuel usage in non–OCED countries compared to that of 0.5% in OCED
communities such as some of the EU, North America and Australia. Figure 1.1 iProjected world
energy consumption (Eia.gov, 2013)
Further study has shown that due to this increased demand for fossil fuels, the Global Carbon
Project showed a 2.1% increase in greenhouse gas emissions in 2012. With 57% of those emissions
coming from developing countries. India and China contributed a third of

Hydrogen Powered Vs Electric Powered Vehicles
Hydrogen Powered Versus Electric Powered Vehicles The human race is in the midst of an energy
crisis. The gasoline used around the world is currently a non–renewable resource. As the title
suggests, the gasoline will eventually be totally consumed in part by the gas guzzling vehicles
common today. For this reason, scientists have spent decades researching and developing alternative
sources of fuel in order to power daily life on Earth for many years to come. There is a wide array of
renewable fuel sources in use presently. These alternatives vary in efficiency, affordability, and
many other aspects. Hydrogen powered and electric powered vehicles are two comparable
alternatives that have increased in popularity and functionality in recent years and will continue to
do so in the near future (10 Reasons, 2015).
History
Hydrogen powered vehicles initially became a reality with the invention of the first internal
combustion engine in 1806. The engine was powered by a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases.
This led to the first hydrogen powered car in 1908. Hydrogen powered vehicles were further
advanced in 1935 with Henry Garrett's electrolytic carburetor which allowed the cars to run on tap
water. In the 1970's, Archie Blue created and patented a new carburetor that produced enough H2
(hydrogen) gas to power a car motor (History of Hydrogen, n.d.). Today, most commercial hydrogen
vehicles use fuel cells to power their engines. Electric powered vehicles had a slightly later

What Is Vetus, Georgi The City Of The City?
The name of our city is Vetus, Georgia. Vetus is located in Atlanta, Georgia and was founded on
December 29, 1847. We have a population of about 463, 878 people. The climate of Vetus usually
tends to be hot and humid. The most well–known natural features located in our city include the
Cattachoochi river, the Stone Mountain, and the Lake Lanier. Vetus is extremely well suited for
business, and is even considered to be one of the top business cities. In–fact, Vetus contains many
world headquarters of popular corporations such as Coca–Cola, Home Depot, UPS,. Unemployment
is about 4.9%, and job growth is about 3.4%. Infrastructure in Vetus, Georgia is suited to fit the
exact needs of elderly people, and people with any type of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The people that will have access to these futuristic elements will be anyone that can buy a car of this
kind although this car is recommended for older people. What does our city do for it citizens? Our
city provide for the people. We have public schools all around our city for all ages. In our city we
also have public hospital or clinics that people can go to stay healthy. We will provide health care
for the citizens to make it easier for them to want to be healthy. Fire and police stations will help out
with crime rates and lower them, making it safe for younger and older kids to travel to public spaces
to have fun. Every city has their problems that they are always working to fix. In Vetus Georgia we
have mainly employment and transportation issues for the older people population. We are working
for solutions for employment and transportation issues. These are our problems that we are working
to find solutions for. We know that elderly people may not be able to work, for health reasons or
because they can't find a job that they are capable of doing. It can also be hard to find a good paying
job that comes with what they want or can do. Before finding a solution in our city to elderly people
it was hard to keep up rent. Homes were too expensive. Something we can do about employment is
to fix it by lowering how much houses cost for people at a certain age like giving them a discount. It
connects to our city because we want all our citizens happy and it will make it

Alternative Future Energy Storage And Conversion Systems
Metal–air batteries have been intensively explored as an alternative future energy storage and
conversion systems owing to their intrinsically high energy and power densities, the relatively
mature research on air electrode, and cost effective composition of non–noble fuel electrode, as well
as in response to the high energy demand for portable devices and electric vehicles even stationary
power plants [1–5]. Of late, research into the metal–air techniques has been focused on Zn–air
(~1,000 Wh kg–1), Li–air (~13,000 Wh kg–1), and Ge–air (~1,500 Wh kg–1) batteries because of
its very high specific energy and energy density with open cell air cathode structure [3–6]. With
these devices, however, the electrochemical energy could be stored in the stationary part as form of
sacrificial metal anode. This distinct architecture would make a limitation approach for large–scale
commercialization unless the anode can provide good electrochemical reversibility and high cyclic
durability.
As a feasible alternative to continuous operation, recently, a high temperature liquid metal–air
energy storage cell (LMAESC) in conjunction with a solid oxide electrolyte has been investigated
applying post–transition metals such as In [7], Sn [7–17], Sb [18–25], Pb [7], and Bi [12] as a
sacrificial electrode, so–called liquid metal anode (LMA). Since these liquid metals has relatively
low melting point, it can improve the anode polarization by incorporating liquid wetting materials to
spread on the

Hybrid Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles
In this day and age, our world is being consumed by the rapid growth of the world's population.
From the beginnings of time with cave men thousands of years ago up until the Industrial
Revolution, the number of people living on this planet never passed a billion, and was always
growing at a slow pace. When the Industrial Revolution hit the population skyrocketed to over 7
billion people. The growth of population has not slowed down since then, and more technological
advances are popping up everyday to help balance the rapid growth. The amount of people in the
world is literally growing each and every day. As the population grows we put more demands on our
planet to provide for the billions and billions of people inhabiting it. The world ... Show more
In 1990, the decision by the California Air Resources Board to limit air pollution by enforcing the
rule that 2% of each automaker's sales must have zero emissions in the 1998 model year. This
decision opened the door completely for electric vehicles and essentially mandated the automobile
industry to make developments in hybrid/electric vehicles (Anglin 1). Functional hybrids have
additionally been around for over a century. By 1900, a Belgian carmaker introduced a hybrid that
had a small gasoline engine along with an electric motor. Like the history of electric cars, the
production of hybrid vehicles was at a standstill between the 1930's and 1960's due to the
development of the piston combustion engine, and the fact that oil consumption and air quality were
not pressing issues. After this period of time, hybrid vehicles once again attracted interest and by the
1990's more time and energy were going into the development of hybrid vehicles (Berman 1). Most
manufacturers developed EV's on an experimental basis in the 1990's, often with research subsidies
from the government. But since these initial breakthroughs, the manufacture of EV's driven solely
by an electric motor has been discontinued due to practical considerations. The key problem was
their limited range, often less than 100 miles, and the recharging process took upwards of several

Who Killed the Electric Car?
Who Killed the Electric Car?
Take – Home Midterm
Natalie Farrugia
6759091
Professor Larose
SOC3116 D
March 4,2015
1.
A relevant social group is a group of people who share the same set of meanings, or feelings,
attached to a specific artifact. In this case, it is all groups of people who feel the same way about the
electric car.
There are many relevant social groups involved with the electric car. They include General Motors,
the consumers/drivers/fans of the EV1, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the federal
government, Ovonics (battery company), and the oil companies.
General motors is a relevant social group because they are the ones who manufactured and sold the
EV1. They originally decided to abide by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately, consumers were excited about the EV1 and wanted to see them succeed. In contrast
however, there were many consumers who were unaware of the EV1 and/or did not have enough
information regarding these new vehicles. This could have made the difference in keeping the
electric vehicle alive; if everyone had been made aware of this vehicle, it may have had a larger
demand, and may be prominently driven on our roads today.
This interpretation was similar from the stand point of CARB. They saw it as a way to solve their air
quality problem and to better the state for future generations. However, Alan Lloyd of CARB,
interpreted it slightly differently because of his biased opinion (became the Director of the
California Fuel Cell Partnership).2 He, along with the oil companies, saw it as a loss of profits
because if people started to only drive the EV1, then they would not need oil as much or as often.
The EV1 was not a good thing to the oil companies and they did not want it to succeed. Oil
companies even went as far as manipulating oil prices in order to deter consumers from switching to
oil alternatives. Ultimately, this may be the main reason, combined with others, as to why the
electric car died.
Like the oil companies, the government did not want the EV1 to succeed since oil is a multi–billion
dollar industry. They would also lose money if the oil companies did not sell as much. Therefore,
they fought to weaken the

America Must Invest in Energy Efficiency Essays
America Must Invest in Energy Efficiency
In recent years our country has had many debates over what must be done to lessen the amount of
oil that our country consumes. It is well known that we need to make some type of change to help
not only the environment, but also lessen our reliance on imported oil. President Bush recently
announced his new plan that could someday greatly reduce that amount of oil that Americans use by
replacing oil with hydrogen fuel cells. Although this plan is a step in the right direction, it is not the
answer. There are far too many downsides that could actually hurt our country in the long run. One
problem is that the plan proposed by Bush will take far too long before any changes will be seen. ...
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. If cars were required to run on 55 miles per gallon, the U.S. would save about five million barrels
per day. This alone is about seven times the amount of oil that was imported from Iraq alone last
year (Kennedy 11). All major auto companies can already make cars that run on seventy miles per
gallon; meaning that Clinton's goal was nearly reached. However, because funding is being cut by
the new plan, these cars will most likely never be available in the large market. We do need to
someday totally end our reliance on oil, especially in cars, but why stop funding a plan that would
have an immediate effect? Money is simply being wasted due to the fact that millions of dollars
were spent on a plan that is being ended because funding is suddenly being spent on new areas of
research. We need to continue funding Clinton's plan even if we do start more research in hydrogen
fuel cells.
A second major problem with the plan is not easy to see at first. You must look much closer at what
types of research is being done. There are two ways that hydrogen fuel cells can be made. One is by
a reaction with oxygen. These cells are about 70% efficient and the only emissions are water vapor.
The second way it by using oil or coal to make the cells. These cells are about 33% efficient and
release harmful emissions into the atmosphere (Abelson 1469). I feel that we should fund research
into using oxygen as opposed to fossil fuels when making hydrogen

Essay on NETW583 FINAL EXAM
1. (TCO A) The relationship between speed of innovation and product obsolescence is (Points : 5)
direct (as innovation speed increases, products become obsolete more quickly). inverse (as
innovation speed increases, products become obsolete more slowly). indirect (there is an effect, but
it cannot be directly determined). nonexistent (there is no relationship at all).
Question 2.2. (TCO A) Which of the following products would be considered novel? (Points : 5) A
detergent advertises that it can remove spots. A company announces it has produced a recreational
hovercraft for sale in toy stores. A cell phone company announces that it now offers text messaging.
A college ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Question 11.11. (TCO F) If a firm invests in continuous innovation and willingly cannibalizes its
existing products with more advanced products, the firm can (Points : 5) lose a significant number
of customers. introduce the next generation product while continuing to reap profits from the current
product. prevent competitors from achieving a significant technological gap. just use deployment as
a mechanism to earn revenues from its innovations.
Question 12.12. (TCO F) Which of the following is an advantage of making a new generation of
technology backward compatible? (Points : 5) Consumers will have to buy completely new
complements. Consumer switching costs may be lower because they anticipate using their existing
complements. Competitors will be unable to imitate the company's strategy of making the
technology backward compatible. It is typically less expensive to make a new generation of
technology backward compatible than to not make it backward compatible.
1. (TCO A) In the opening case, Honda was developing both hybrid electric vehicles and hydrogen
fuel cell vehicles. Which do you think would take longer to diffuse through the market and why?
(Points : 40)
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a
conventional internal combustion engine(ICE) propulsion system with an electric propulsion system
(hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence

Marketing And Sales Of A B2b Business
1. Refer to Pacific Agriscience (A) a. Essentially, Pacific Agriscience (refer to hereinafter as "PAS")
will be changing from a B2B business to B2C business (or F2F as termed). To transit to this F2F
model, I foresee 3 major challenges PAS will face in implementing it: i. Their current marketing and
sales approach are not effective & will need to be changed. Before this, PAS was mainly engaged in
B2B sales – they sold to Australian importers/registration holders who in turn sold to distributors
and finally to the farmers (end–consumers). In the new F2F model, they will sell directly to the
famers. They may need to add and/or change their sales channels to engage these farmers. While the
traditional brick–and–mortar store and mail marketing may continue to important, PAS will also
need to consider the important of social media and e–commerce. For e.g. can their current website
support online purchases (probably much more frequent now) & payment? ii. Their current logistics
and distribution set–up is insufficient and will need to be updated. When PAS engages in F2F now,
it is likely they will now need to hold inventory and manage the distribution and delivery. (In the
past, it was probably the Australian importers and the distributors who were holding the inventory
and managing the deliveries). They will know need to consider having warehouses and manage a
proper delivery system especially now to cater to more diverse and spread–out customers. iii.
Maintain a

Potential Of Microbial Fuel Cells
Potential of Microbial Fuel Cells
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy by the
catalytic and metabolic reactions of microorganisms. The microorganisms function as a catalyst in
the electron transfer between the electrodes. A MFC is just like any other fuel cell in its function
which can undergo a half cell reaction. A typical microbial fuel cell consists of anode and cathode
compartments separated by a cation (positively charged ion) permitting specific membrane. At the
anode, the organic matter or substrate is oxidized by microorganisms, generating CO2, electrons and
protons. Electrons are transferred to the cathode through an external electric circuit, while protons
are transferred to the cathode through the membrane. Electrons and protons react in the cathode,
combining with oxygen to form water.
A simple REDOX reaction takes place in the fuel cell. The rate of the reactions can depend on the
internal resistance, bacteria, substrate, semi–permeable membrane and electrode configuration. The
basic reactions that occur when microorganisms consume a substrate such as sugar in the presence
of O2 they produce CO2 and H2O. But, when oxygen is not present they produce CO2, H+ and e–.
At Anode,
C12H22O11 +13H2O → 12CO2 + 48H+ + 48e−
At Cathode,
O2 + 4e− + 4H+ → 2H2O
The applications of MFC's are that, they can be used for electricity generation, bio–hydrogen
production, wastewater treatment and bioremediation. While

Nuclear Battery
ABSTRACT
The short and unpredictable nature of the conventional chemical batteries, along with the frequent
replacements that they require, has created an acute need for a reliable, longer–lasting and rugged
source of energy. Moreover Radars, spacecrafts, interstellar probes and other advanced
communication devices require much larger power than that can be met by conventional energy
sources.
The solution to long term energy source is the nuclear powered batteries which have a life span of
few decades and can pack in energy densities thousands of time greater than conventional battery
sources. Hence, there is an urgent need to harvest enormous amount of energy released naturally by
the tiny bits of radioactive material.
Unlike ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Technology Energy Density (milliwatt–hour /milligram)
Lithium ion in a chemical battery 0.3
Methanol in a fuel cell 3
Tritium in a nuclear battery 850
Polonium–210 in a nuclear battery 57 000 Energy Content in Different Type of Batteries
"IT IS A STAGGERINGLY SMALL WORLD THAT IS BELOW,"
Said physicist Richard P. Feynman in his visionary talk to the American Physical Society, when he
envisioned the fabrication of micro– and nano devices and declared that one day the entire
Encyclopaedia Britannica could be written on the head of a pin. Feynman's vision has finally begun
to manifest, thanks to ever more sophisticated microelectronics. Micro and nano scale machines are
ushering a multibillion–dollar market as they are being incorporated in virtually every electronic
devices.
Among the trendsetting applications in this development are ultra dense memories capable of
storing hundreds of gigabytes in a fingernail–size device, micromirrors for enhanced display and
optical communications equipment, and highly selective RF filters to reduce cell phones size and
improve the quality of calls.But, again, at very small scales, chemical batteries can't provide enough
power for these micro machines. As the size of such a battery is reduced, the amount of stored
energy goes down exponentially. Reduction in each side of a cubic battery by a factor of 10 as the
volume is

Hydrogen And Its Effects On The Environment
Hydrogen is the most popular on this list, there are many great things about hydrogen such as it is
not harmful to the environment, hydrogen is actually very safe; this is because it uses a chemical
process in the fuel cell to use the hydrogen as a fuel, it is much more efficient than gasoline power,
and research has shown that hydrogen can actually clean the environment around them. Nonetheless
hydrogen has some major problems such the fact that it is extremely expensive to pull hydrogen
from water making it much more expensive than other renewable resources. Also the pollution
created from making the fuel cells essentially cancels out the benefits of hydrogen. Experts state that
"hydrogen that escapes during the production process could erode the ozone layer even further and
exacerbate global warming." (Watson) Researchers also need to find a way to store hydrogen as it
highly flammable compared to gas, and in low density hydrogen has to be transferred under high
pressure ––– making the transport very bulky and impractical. (Watson) Biodiesel is essentially
diesel that made from renewable resources. Biodiesel is not used very much in America, however in
countries in Southeast Asian are embracing this alternative fuel source. Biodiesel can be made from
a variety of biological organisms such as corn, grass, or fats. "Biodiesel has a net energy balance of
2.8, with a range of –0.27 to +5.3 based on different assumptions for how to assign energy usage
and by–products."

Solar Hydrogen Production Techniques ( Me5220 Fall 2014...
SOLAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES (ME5220 Fall 2014 Term Paper) VERMA,
Saumitra December 12, 2014 Abstract Solar Hydrogen economy is analyzed as a possible solution
to the looming energy crisis. The present and future energy needs are projected and solar hydrogen
potential to meet these needs are evaluated. Different solar hydrogen production techniques are
classified according to the process involved (thermochemical, electrochemical and photochemical).
Salient points on these methods are mentioned. An economic assessment of a conceivable solar
hydrogen economy is also performed. PV water electrolysis along with hybrid technologies like
solar methane reforming and solar cracking are suggested as a good short to midterm solution. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of literature is available on different solar hydrogen production techniques.[3,4,6,7,8,9,10]
Categorization of these techniques is ambiguous and all the methods have not been discussed in any
single literature. An effort has been made to include all the solar hydrogen production techniques
and classify them according to the process used: thermochemical, electrochemical and
photochemical. An economic analysis of a possible solar hydrogen economy is also examined.
Finally, some of the conclusions are listed and avenues for further research are also suggested. 2.
Hydrogen Producing Potential of Solar Energy Solar energy can be used to produce hydrogen in two
ways. They can either be used personally or for mass production. According to an analysis
performed by Singliar[11] on Honda FCX assuming an average distance of 12,000 km/year, annual
hydrogen consumption will be 140 kg. Honda has developed a "Solar Hydrogen Station" which
produces 0.5 kg of hydrogen per day.[12] This amounts to 180.5 kg of hydrogen per year, easily
satisfying the need of a personal fuel cell vehicle. Figure 1: Solar Hydrogen Station [12] The United
States consumes an average 128 billion gallons of gasoline per year. [13] According to a study by
Levene et al. [14], 1110 billion kg of hydrogen can be produced using solar and wind energy.
Assuming 1 kg of hydrogen is equal to 1 gallon of gasoline in energy content, hydrogen potential is
8.7 times the

The Coming of Intelligent Green Vehicles
A Report from the TechCast Project While many people simply want to get from A to B,
transportation options (and especially automobiles) have to meet a variety of consumer demands:
They must be clean, affordable, safe, and increasingly intelligent. Here is an overview of the choices
and challenges for carmakers and consumers over the next 10 to 15 years. Imagine being able to sit
back during your morning commute while your car does the driving. Would you move closer to the
country? Take up the oboe? Finally read 'War and. Peace? And just imagine the freedom it would
bring to those who are disabled. Take, for instance, the legally blind man who earlier in 2012 took a
spin in Google's self–driving car to go to Taco Bell and then ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And China, driven by the need to conserve energy and avoid pollution, plans to have 5 million
vehicles powered only by electric motors (all–electrics) on the road by 2020. All–electric vehicles
(EVs) have existed almost as long as gas–engine vehicles, offering advantages of "refueling" with
relatively cheap electricity, quieter ride, and simpler mechanisms. They emit no pollutants, require
no fossil fuels, and the electricity to power them can be generated from clean sources such as wind
and solar in years to come. They can be recharged from 110 or 220 volt outlets at nominal cost and
do not require oil changes, tune–ups or emissions inspections. The shift to electric–powered cars is
expected to cause sales of gasoline and diesel powered cars to begin to decline about 2020. EVs
remain limited by range on a single battery charge and time required for recharge. However,
significant advances in batteries and capacitors and the emergence of home and public charging and
exchange stations are making EVs more practical. Some plug–in hybrids, like the GM Volt, are
designed for all–electric drive with on–board charging. Improvements in technology will show up
directly as models with increased range for all–battery or all–ultraca–pacitor mode appear in the
market. Auto manufacturers are offering broader selections, and prices are nearly

Reasons For Going Hybrid Cars
8 Reasons to Go Hybrid 8 Reasons to Go Hybrid Sales of hybrid vehicles in the United States have
jumped from a curiosity of 17 sales in 1999 to 470,383 in 2014.[1] The annual growth rate of the
hybrid market has advanced across all makes and models and includes luxury vehicles, family
sedans and economy vehicles. Hybrid car owners can save hundreds of dollars on fuel costs, get
maintenance costs that are comparable to gas–powered vehicles by spreading them over the life of
the cars, enjoy tax incentives and driving perks and find hybrid vehicles in attractive models from
their favorite manufacturers.[2] Hybrid Technology Becomes Increasingly Common This article will
explore some of the benefits of going hybrid, which include getting lower fuel costs, driving
greener, cutting noise pollution and reducing dependency on foreign oil. Increased hybrid options
include affordable and indulgent Hondas, Subarus, Acuras and many other models for single drivers,
families and business transportation. Benefits of going hybrid include –– but aren 't limited to –– the
following advantages: 1. Increased Fuel Efficiency The Toyota Prius leads the market in hybrid fuel
efficiency, according to FuelEconomy.org, because the model gets almost about 50 MPG no matter
where you drive or live.[2] Other hybrid cars also get mileage ratings of more than 40 MPG. Hybrid
cars can achieve these astonishing efficiency ratings while enjoying the full range of torque, acc
acceleration and driving–range

The Pros And Cons Of Hydrogen
Jasmine Nguyen, Annie Vo
The energy source that will have a thorough description from how it works to what it's made of and
much more, is hydrogen fuel source. The first fuel cell was invented by Sir William Robert Grove in
1839. Hydrogen is the fuel of destiny mainly due to it's elevated transformation efficiency,
salvaging, and non–contaminating nature. Hydrogen plays a higher role in the sustainability of life
and can be employed to cause energy. Hydrogen can also be manufactured using several various
processes such as electrolysis, solar energy, and can be assembled, both thermochemically and
biologically. Electrolysis is the process of using a dynamic current to isolate water into hydrogen
and oxygen gas. Unfortunately this procedure has more intensive energy. The electrolysis process is
pretty valuable since it involves high energy consumption. The energy used to generate a current in
the electrolysis process is pretty valuable since it involves high energy consumption. The energy is
also limited from fossil fuels like oil, natural gas or coal. The electrical charge that is tested to water
will shatter the chemical bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms. As a result, it will produce
charged particles called ions. The ions must be free to proceed in order for electrolysis to work.
When classic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As time in the future comes near, hydrogen could join electricity as an important energy carrier. An
energy carrier is able to transport and deliver energy in a useable form to consumers. There are
renewable energy sources such as the sun and wind, but they can't produce energy all the time. With
hydrogen being a fuel cell, it has a higher efficiency than diesel or gas engines. Most fuel cells are
able to operate without making sound, compared to central combustion engines. Therefore they're
perfectly convenient to be usable in buildings such as

Using Alternative Energy Sources For The Uk Market Essay
1 Introduction All the vehicle OEM 's are making a major effort to improve fuel consumption and
reduce tailpipe CO2 emissions. One of the most common application for reducing tailpipe CO2 is
using alternative energy sources than gasoline and diesel [1]. In accordance, this paper aims to
present an outline design for a PHEV version of the Ford Focus family hatchback for the UK
Market. 1.1 Manufacturer's Corporate Position As quoted in official company page, Ford's blueprint
for sustainability goes beyond improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions to define
sustainability as a business model that creates value by preserving and enhancing environmental,
social and financial capital [2]. This approach confirms an enthusiasm that will eventually lead to
hybrid/electric cars for Ford. Such improvement will mean a lot for UK market, as Ford is a very
strong brand in UK, with Ford Fiesta being the top selling car, while Ford's C segment
representative Focus is in 3rd rank among all competitor models [3]. Additionally, penetrating in
electric/hybrid market holds huge potential since 81% of UK population lives in urban areas [4]
which is the already focus market for E.V. & electric hybrid car manufacturers. 1.2 Market Status,
Market Expectations and Government Support EV range is the top concern for potential consumers
[5], [6] worldwide. Therefore, the range is the most critical item within the technical requirements
of an electric / hybrid car. In Great Britain, average

Lab Report On Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( Sofc )
Abstract
In order to decrease the number of cycles of infiltration and maintain a comparable cathode
performance, the viability of using a conductive LSF–YSZ composite scaffold with one infiltration
cycle of LSCF was investigated. XRD patterns of LSF–YSZ powder presented that at 1400oC and
1300oC calcination, an obvious shift in LSF peak occurred, indicating Zr doping into LSF and
forming a less conductive phase. Different ratios of LSF–YSZ scaffolds were tested by impedance
spectroscopy with the results showing that the ohmic resistance decreases as the amount of LSF
increases, and 1350oC scaffold has a much lower ohmic resistance than the 1400oC one. A pure
YSZ cell infiltrated with 35 wt% LSCF was used as reference and by comparing it with a cell
composed of 70:30 LSF–YSZ scaffold calcined at 1350oC with one cycle of LSCF infiltration, a
comparable cell performance both in ohmic and non–ohmic parts was achieved.
Introduction
In solid–oxide fuel cells (SOFC), the typical cathodes with the best performance are usually
composites of the electrolyte oxide and an electronically conductive and catalytically active oxide
which is usually a perovskite.1,2 For example, in cells made of yttria–stablized zirconia (YSZ)
electrolyte, the conventional cathode composite is a mixture of YSZ and Sr–doped LaMnO3 (LSM).
1,2 The commonly used YSZ electrolyte oxide in the electrode is to enhance the ionic conductivity,
thus increasing the electrochemically active region in the electrode. 1–4

Hydrogen As An Alternative Source Of Energy
Khaled AlGhunaim NASC 130 Professor Gartner November 16, 2015 Hydrogen As An Alternative
Source Of Energy The contemporary industrial sector has been built on the capacity created by
energy. The bulk of human activities from survival to economy rely on the use of energy. Indeed,
widespread access to energy has a significant influence on the level of achievement a particular
jurisdiction achieves (Johnstone, Mayo and Khare 572). Access to energy sources determines the
quality and course of life undertaken by the residents of a specific region. Numerous factors interact
to determine the supply of energy. Among them include the cost, quantities available and the extent
of availability. The fact that fossil fuel is the primary source of energy means that distribution is
uneven. It should be noted that oil, coal, and natural gas account for three–quarters of the global
energy consumption. Indeed, it is estimated that traditional forms of energy such as wood and
animal dung form the primary source of energy for close to two billion people across the globe. The
realities raised by the use of fossil fuels create an incentive to explore alternative forms of energy
sources. The use of hydrogen as an alternative source of energy provides several new advantages to
the world in terms of abundance, pollution, and its future importance to the business world along
with everyday use to the people. The abundant nature of Hydrogen's existence and simplicity in
structure make the compound an

The Uk And Scottish Governments
The UK and Scottish governments are committed to supporting innovation on sustainable hydrogen
energy for pollution free environment. In the UK, this focus on innovation is managed by different
players such as Government, Research Organisations and Private Enterprises. Many studies have
pointed out the need for this innovation, which in some cases must be radical, with increases of
between 2 and 10 times the current level of innovation. The European Union for example, mentions
that it will take between 48 and 60 billion Euros of investment in innovative technologies to achieve
the objectives of decarbonisation and energy security. Despite the numerous benefits of innovation
in sustainable hydrogen energy, in particular to Spain, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This will ascertain the role governments should play and also private entities, and the most
appropriate instruments to foster innovation. Need of Innovation in Energy Sustainable hydrogen
Energy remains fundamental to economic development and welfare of society. To reach levels
similar to those of developed countries being, many countries will need, and try to, increase their
energy consumption. In addition, there is still a large number of people (more than a billion,
according to estimates from the IEA) without access to advanced forms of energy, and will also
contribute to increased overall consumption when achieved, hopefully, this access (Agbossou, et al.,
2001). Therefore increasingly global society need more resources to provide this growing demand
for sustainable hydrogen energy services, which collides with the finite nature of fossil energy
resources, now the main source of energy globally, and with the shortage of other resources needed
to produce, transport or consume energy. This lack of resources is already leading to significant
increases in prices, and more, at high price volatility, with corresponding negative effects on the
global economy and in different countries, depending on their exposure or dependence energy
(Meadowcroft, 2009). Moreover, fossil energy

Essay on Hydrogen Car Power of the Future
Hydrogen: Car Power of the Future Abstract Recent years have shown an increasingly large need for
a practical renewable energy source for such reasons as diminishing fossil fuels and increases in
greenhouse gasses. Hydrogen appears to be a way out of this gasoline–dug hole, or at least, a way
out in the future. Hydrogen fuel cell cars are being engineered as we speak as the technologies to
refuel them cleanly are being proposed. Unfortunately, most of the technologies associated with
hydrogen are still in the prototype/pre–production stages and require better enhancements before
becoming mainstream. This paper assesses the practicality of hydrogen power in cars both now and
in the future while explicating the actual process of how a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Hydrogen is comprised of a Hydrogen: Car Power 3 small, positively–charged proton with a
negatively–charged electron orbiting very fast, a model analogous to the earth orbiting the sun, or
the moon orbiting the earth. Fuel cells take advantage of this structure. Using a membrane and a
catalyst, hydrogen is broken up into a proton and an electron. While there are many different
membrane models for fuel cells, the most appropriate one for car travel is the Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane (PEM, also called the Proton Exchange Membrane). It is called this because protons are
able to easily pass through the membrane. However, because the membrane does not allow electrons
to pass through it, the electrons take a detour through an electrical circuit to the other side of the
cell. If hydrogen is supplied into the cell at a steady rate, the stream of electrons in the electrical
circuit creates electric power. However, like all batteries, you need a positive end (cathode) and a
negative end (anode); in other words, the hydrogen atoms must have a "reason" to make this
electrical circuit. And what is this reason? Oxygen. With oxygen at the other end, hydrogen is more
than willing to create this current so that it can bind and form H2O, or water on the other end.
Unfortunately, one fuel cell alone produces less than 1.16 volts, which can't really do much on its
own. However, when dozens or even hundreds of fuel cells are lined up together

Hydrogen Power and Energy
Most of the energy we produce causes waste and pollution. Water allows us to cut some of this out
of the equation. In 1874, a French author named Jules Verne wrote that hydrogen has the potential to
be our next fuel source long before its potential was even discovered. And above all else, its
abundant! Not only is the earth covered in 70% of water, but 90% of all matter contains hydrogen in
it. Hydrogen itself produces miniscule amounts of pollution when burned. The problem that stands
is that hydrogen is only found as a compound, and not by itself. Water contains a good amount of
hydrogen, but also contains oxygen. However, we can extract the hydrogen atoms through a process
called electrolysis. Electrolysis separates the hydrogen atoms from the oxygen atom to create HHO
gas.
The problem with this however is that electrolysis requires electricity to decompose the compound.
The more current that is passed through the water the more chemical change it will undergo.
Electrolysis is carried out in an electrolytic cell which don't contain a membrane. These cells
contains two electrodes which separates the oxygen and the hydrogen.
Now when most people think of converting water into energy, they usually think of water powered
cars. Even though this is not entirely what electrolysis does, it isnt too far off. Fuel cell technology,
even though it is still being developed, works with electrolysis to make this possible. An obstacle
with making fuel cell technology possible is

World-Scale Hydrogen Economy: Pros and Cons Essay
Proponents of a world–scale hydrogen economy argue that hydrogen can be an environmentally
cleaner source of energy to end–users, particularly in transportation applications, without the release
of pollutants like particulate matter and carbon dioxide. However hydrogen continues to have
technical obstacles associated with it, including storage issues, due to the fact that hydrogen has a
high energy density by weight, but has a low energy density by volume when not highly compressed
or liquefied. A lot has been written about hydrogen and human being's emergence into a "hydrogen
economy". There are many studies published and numerous advances in the related technologies. As
a matter of fact the November 13th edition of the journal, Science, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrogen freely bonds with other elements and is therefore bound into molecules on earth. Plants
use Photosystem II to carry out a hydrolysis reaction in their chloroplasts; cleaving a water molecule
and biding the hydrogen into carbohydrates while letting the oxygen free. This is where the energy
in fossil fuels is originally derived. On earth hydrogen is mostly found in water. Hydrogen makes up
roughly 11% of the mass of water and water is roughly 0.09% of the total mass of the earth. [2]
How do you free the hydrogen? There are at least four ways do so. The most common is "steam
reforming", 95% of current hydrogen production comes from steam reforming fossil fuels.
Environmentalists argue that using carbon–rich fuel sources like fossil fuels would defeat the
purpose of switching to hydrogen in the first place; Using fossil fuels would just turn a non–point
source emission (from tailpipes), into a point source emission (from power plants). They argue the
solution to carbon pollution is to combine hydrogen production with renewable non–carbon
releasing forms of power, like wind energy and solar power. Hydrogen carries energy through its
attractiveness towards other elements. When hydrogen bonds with gaseous oxygen (O2) energy is
released. The products of this reaction are energy and water, (H2O). We can use this energy to
power electrical devices and

Microbial Fuel: An Environment Friendly Project Proposal
The current costs that are associated with Water treatment are astronomical in most cases it can be
on the order of billions of dollars,
INTRODUCTION
The present has brought many benefits like new technologies. But along with benefits, the present
also brought consequences. One consequence would be the pollution in the atmosphere and
environment. Scientists have come up with many alternative energy methods like wind power, solar
power, and tidal power. Along with those sources of energy comes a form of energy not yet
implemented into the system.High energy requirement of conventional sewage treatment systems
are demanding for the alternative treatment technology, which will be cost effective and require less
energy for its efficient operation. In addition, due to global environmental concerns and energy
insecurity, there is emergent interest to find out sustainable and clean energy source.[3] One such
method is This method uses microbial fuel cells (MFCs). A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioreactor
that converts chemical energy in the chemical bonds in organic compounds to electrical energy
through catalytic reactions of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions, [6]meaning Microbial
Fuel Cells function by the reduction of oxygen or nitrates. This process can only generate electrical
energy if it is performed under anaerobic conditions. While creating energy, this process can also
simultaneously treat wastewater. Since this process is able to both treat water, supply

Pest Analysis of Hong Kong
Political:
In the next few years, China is saying that they are going to be investing billions of dollars into
Hybrid technology. Honda is a automobile company who is well known for developing ad
researching hybrid technology. They have been on the forefront of this new technology and for this
reason they will be a top choice for this new hybrid technology. They will need to show the Chinese
government that their technology is worth investing in. If they manage to do this, they will be bale
to receive large amounts of money to use for the development of new hybrid technology.
The Chinese government is also aiming to put some millions of hybrid cars into use within China
within the next few years. Seeing as how Honda is already ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Also, if Honda decides to make a big change to hybrid technology, they will see other companies
dominate the petrol car industry and gain much more market share.
The Chinese automobile market has grown by 1/3. This means that there is a lot more room for
automobile companies like Honda to expand and grow. Honda will be able to increase its production
and sales as the market will be bigger.
Social:
Consumers are not yet fully convinced by hybrid and electric technology, which means that there
are not many firms producing and developing this technology. This means that there is not very
much competition in this market sector. Since Honda is a company who does produce and develop
Hybrid technology, they have a much better opportunity to make money here. Since they will see
little competition, they can attract a larger consumer base. In the short run, Honda may see a larger
market share in this sector but as more and more firms decide to move to hybrid technology, more
competition will arise.
Consumers are currently looking for better gas mileage and performance in cars that they buy.
Honda's hybrid cars has very good gas mileage, however, they do not have as good performance as
petrol cars. This means that even though Honda's hybrids are appealing due to their gas mileage,
consumer may still stick to petrol cars because of the better performance. Honda will need to
develop better technology to satisfy consumer wants.

Chinese

Battery Conditioning ( Auto Repair Shops
Battery Conditioning | Auto Repair Shops Lewisville, TX
The batteries for a hybrid are a source of dread for many owners, who realize eventually they will
require replacement with new or reconditioned batteries. Now you have an additional option in the
Lewisville area. Fifth Gear Automotive offers battery conditioning for your hybrid vehicles. Bring
your hybrid vehicle to Fifth Gear Automotive auto repair shops in Lewisville, TX for conditioning
of your battery pack by our certified experts.
You may not realize it, but many hybrids completely shut down if they run out of gas. It is a
protective feature on several brands of hybrid vehicles, with the intention to protect the costly
batteries. Not all hybrids have the mechanism, and those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Contact Fifth Gear Automotive hybrid battery specialists in our auto repair shops in Lewisville, TX.
Improving Your Hybrid 's Efficiency
You have probably heard how you drive affects your gas mileage, and its just as true with a hybrid
as any other vehicle. Accelerating and braking gently are essential for improved efficiency. In the
hybrid vehicle, accelerating gradually will ensure electric motor use only, maintaining efficiency
and possibly assisting you to surpass the EPA mileage estimate. This habit is especially beneficial in
heavy traffic conditions.
Factors Affecting the Battery Lifespan
A conditioned battery can provide reliable service for years properly conditioned. Fifth Gear
Automotive hybrid battery specialists are certified to provide batter conditioning. Trained to the
highest standards of the industry, you can rely on the conditioning of your hybrid battery in our auto
repair shops in Lewisville, TX. However, you should be aware of the following factors which can
affect the lifespan of a conditioned battery:
While battery packs can be reconditioned an unlimited amount of time, age is one of the factors that
can affect its length of service after conditioning.
Extreme temperatures in your location, the elevation and heavy use of the vehicle.
Operating the vehicle in a manner that places the battery in an extreme profound discharge state is
discouraged for old or new batteries alike.
Only use a certified hybrid battery specialist for service

A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug
This report shows a comparison between hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicles (FCHEV) and
battery (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell (FCEV) electric vehicles. Comparing infrastructure and
technology requirements along with the lifecycle cost of the drivetrain (the main components that
generate power and deliver it to the road surface) over 100k miles taking fuel costs and capital costs
into consideration.
This can then be compared to a conventional petrol–fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE)
drivetrain. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis shows that FCEVs could achieve lifecycle costs
similar to conventional petrol vehicles in the near future. However, both the BEV and FCHEV have
significantly lower lifecycle costs. Looking forward, the drivetrain lifecycle costs of FCEVs could
range from around £5000 to £15000, whereas those for BEVs range from £4300 to £7600 and
FCHEVs, from just under £3000 to £8400. All vehicle platforms exhibit significant cost sensitivity
to drivetrain capital cost. The BEV and FCHEV are relatively unaffected by electricity costs but the
FCHEV and FCV are affected by the cost of hydrogen. The BEV and FCHEV are alike in lifecycle
cost and one could offer an advantage over the other depending on driving patterns.
In conclusion, the hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicle would be the best route towards future
development of the fuel cell electric vehicles.
1. Introduction
Transport is one of the main contributors towards

Fuel Cell Disadvantages
Hydrogen fuel cells are an emerging technology that could be the next mass produced energy source
of the future. The application of hydrogen as a fuel source can be used to power cars, homes, and
even cell phones. Hydrogen is the most abundant molecule in the universe. The most profound use
for hydrogen fuel cells will be for vehicles. Hydrogen fuel cells will revolutionize the automobile
industry. Hydrogen fuel has been used by NASA since the early 1970s to launch space stations and
other rockets into orbit (Renewable Energy World). A fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to
produce electricity, heat, and water. Fuel cells are often compared to batteries. Both convert the
energy produced by a chemical reaction into usable electric power. However, the fuel cell will
produce electricity as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied, never losing its charge (Renewable
Energy World). There has been a big push in recent years for automobile companies to produce
lower emission producing vehicles. Hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles can help to solve the issue.
Hydrogen is clean burning, producing only water vaper as waste. Hydrogen Fuel cell vehicles will
be zero–emission, reducing air pollution (Bernard Meyerson). Fuel cell offer all the same benefits as
conventional fuel powered cars with cruising range up to 500 miles. To refill a take with hydrogen
will take about three minutes, about the same amount of time as traditional fuel fill ups. Down side
is the first production of

Alternative Power Solutions Essay
Alternative Power Solutions
Our society has become reliant upon technology and continues to increase with time. Computers
and many other electronic devices are used in the houses and educational applications. These
technologies depend on the energy companies to function. The quality of power that the consumer
receives is determined by the area that they live. There are many different ways that these
companies go about providing energy. The largest form of energy in the United States is coal.
Coal is a general term for a wide variety of solid materials that are high in carbon content. Most coal
is burned by electric utility companies to produce steam to turn their generators. Some coal also is
used in factories to provide heat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nuclear power is a very cost–effective form of energy but has many safety concerns involved with
this form of energy. The by–product of this reaction is very radioactive and highly dangerous to the
public. "Radioactive materials emit penetrating, ionizing radiation that can injure living tissues."
(Nuclear Energy). The government has not yet found a suitable way of dealing with this waste. The
only way to store this waste is in large containers deep underneath the ground that are monitored.
"Many nuclear wastes remain radioactive for thousands of years, beyond the span of any human
institution."(Nuclear Energy). There was an incident in America in the 1970's near Harrisburg PA
where a plant emitted radioactive particles into the air due to a partial melt down. Due to public
complaints about the hazards of the plants they have ceased to build any other plants. The
probabilities of a catastrophe to happen is very low but the amount of damage it could produce
would be great. Therefore the government does not invest in the further research of this energy
source.
Geothermal energy is another way to produce electricity.
Geothermal Energy is naturally occurring renewable source of thermal energy. Thermal energy
within the earth approaches the surface in many different geological formations: volcanic eruptions,
geysers, fumaroles, and mud pots. Generating electric power from geothermal resources

Real Textile and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Novel...
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an upsurging technology in the field of bio–energy generation
along with wastewater treatment. The microbial fuel cell generates energy with the help of microbes
that makes it green future source of energy. In MFC, anaerobic microbes degrade organic matter and
produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e–) at the anode. H+ ion diffuses through the proton
exchange membrane (PEM); and e– are transported through an electrode via an external circuit to
the cathode. At a cathode, e– and H+ ions combine with oxygen to form water (H2O), this results in
power generation [1]. MFC has limited open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.14 V because of the
standard redox potential of NADH/ NAD+ and O2/H2O of –0.32 V and +0.82 V ... Show more
Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment
process includes physical extraction of dyes by adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion–
exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another
process to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical
Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical degradations are uneconomical and
unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic,
microbial culture. But purely anaerobic digestion of azo–dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine
and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result in high amounts of sludge
[12–14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a
solution with the advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].
Real textile wastewater (RTW) has low biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the chemical oxygen
demand (COD) ratio, which implies chemical treatment is required. RTW also has greater color
appearance; high total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solids (SS), high temperature and variable
pH (from 5 to 9) depending on dye. On the other hand, domestic wastewater has almost neutral pH,
high BOD, normal temperature and high volume as well. Gingell and Walker [17] proposed two–
step mechanism for degradation of azo–dyes Step 1 is the

Climate Change And Environmental Threats
Climate change and environmental threats came more into focus in the last years and presently they
represent a large challenge for the society. This means that environmental considerations have to be
integrated into a number of different decisions made by businesses, individuals, policymakers and
public administrators (Finnveden et al.
2009). Environmental Systems analysis is the field that 'attempts to find supply technology systems
solutions to these challenges' (Chalmers University, 2012)
In the last years, many tools and methods have been developed to evaluate the environmental
impacts of different systems, such as Life Cycle Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA), Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), Strategic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Environmental effects include the materials and energy resources required to make the product, and
also, the wastes and emissions produced in the process. It is often called as 'cradle to grave' view of
seeing resource consumption (Pehnt 2006). Results of LCAs can be valuable for recognizing areas
with large environmental impact, and for evaluating and improving designs. Therefore, in order to
identify the environmental performances, for example, emissions and energy savings, from different
type of renewable energy, a full evaluation from 'cradle to grave' should be done. LCA is then has
been the method to measure the total impact of resource consumption. LCA is a multistep technique
for calculating the lifetime environmental impact of a product or service.
The International Standard ISO 14040 described the levels of an LCA as follows:
Goal and scope definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation of results Figure 7.1 Phases of a LCA study (ISO, 2006)
7.1 Life cycle assessment and micro CHP systems
There are only a few studies at present that focus on LCA of SOFC implemented systems (Staffell
& Green 2012; Giannopoulos & Founti 2011a; Pehnt 2001; Pöschl et al. 2010; Patterson et al. 2011;
Lunghi et al. 2004). The majority of them focus on the use phase of the SOFC unit, considering only
natural gas as a fuel. Staffell et al (2012) carried out a carbon footprint assessment of a SOFC based
on domestic CHP with the current embedded

Microbial Fuel Cells use bacteria to convert waste into...
Microbial Fuel Cells use bacteria to convert waste into electrical energy. These bacteria break down
almost any biodegradable organic waste including sewage and water waste and use it as fuel to
generate power. Places like Penn State University and The Biodesign Institute in Arizona State
University are already testing and improving this new alternative energy. According to Penn State
University they have achieved in producing 1.5 watts per meter squared of amount of waste water
taken in and believe that a large industrial plant will be able to produce near 0.8 watts per meter
squared and will be able to support about 500 homes (9). This is a new technology that is being
avidly researched, however it is not currently used in large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This cell uses bacteria like Shewanella oneidensis and Rhodoferax ferrireducens and many labs are
attempting to find better strains of bacteria more suited to the process (3). This fuel cells work in
two parts. Basically, the microbial fuel cell has two halves, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic means
with presence of oxygen, anaerobic means a lack of oxygen. When bacteria consume their "food" in
aerobic conditions they produce carbon dioxide and water, however when it's in an anaerobic
condition they produce carbon dioxide, electrons and protons. The MFC has the bacteria put in the
anaerobic chamber of the cell and decompose water material that contain glucose and/or acetate.
The bacteria also free hydrogen ions and electrons. The electrons flow from an anode into the
cathode. The hydrogen ions however just pass through the barrier; soon the electrons and hydrogen
ions are in the aerobic chamber and combine with the oxygen forming h2o. The H2O is released and
electrical energy is produced from the transfer off the energy between the Anode and Cathode (or
Anaerobic and Aerobic chambers).
Microbial Fuel Cells have a large variety of benefits due to its versatility and choice of fuel.
Firstly it can use most biodegradable organic matter including human and animal waste, sewage,
etc. This is great as there is no limit to the fuel and it is easy to find. Secondly, it reduces cost

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