Hypertension Essay

Hypertension Essay
Hypertension is a common and major cause of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. It is often
referred as the 'silent killer' because there are no symptoms in the early stages of the disease.
Hypertension, if untreated, can cause damage to the arteries and to the organs that are supplied with
blood by the arteries. Hypertension can originate from a lot of things such as improper diet, obesity,
genetics, etc. People with hypertension can contract a stroke at any time. The chances of a stroke are
very high.
Hypertension is commonly divided into two categories of primary and secondary.Primary
Hypertension has no identifiable cause of high blood pressure.The Secondary is high blood pressure
that's caused by another medical condition. Secondary
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Essential Hypertension
Essential hypertension can often be without symptoms and only discover that their blood pressure is
high during a doctor's appointment. Essential hypertension can begin at any age, however it most
often occurs first during the middle–age years. Hypertension is usually asymptomatic until
complications develop in affected organs. Common effects of hypertension range from dizziness,
flushed facies, headache, fatigue, epistaxis, to nervousness. Severe hypertension, a hypertensive
crisis, can cause severe cardiovascular, neurologic, and renal. Aneurysms, abnormal bulges that
forms in the wall of an artery, develop. They develop and grow for long periods of time, sometimes
years, without any visible signs or symptoms until they either rupture, grow ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
When the cuff is fully inflated to a certain maximum pressure, depending on the patient, typically
180 mmHg, no blood flow occurs through the artery. As it is slowly deflated a series of bounding
motions can be heard. The first of these numbers will be recorded as the systolic pressure, while the
last of these numbers will be recorded as the diastolic pressure. A BP reading, given in mmHg, has
two numbers. The upper number, the systolic pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when
your heart beats. The lower number, the diastolic pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries
between beats. Some people experience, what is referred to as, "white coat hypertension." This is a
type of hypertension wherein the patient believes the office to be a stressful environment and, as a
result, their BP is artificially higher. There are certain prerequisites before getting BP taken: you can
neither drink coffee nor smoke cigarettes for half an hour prior, you must use the restroom as
bladder volume may influence BP reading, and you must sit for five minutes beforehand. To
accurately diagnose someone, the doctor must take separate reading, on different days, at different
times. The ABCDE mnemonic can be used to help determine the presence of hypertension:
Accuracy of diagnosis, obstructive sleep apnea, aldosteronism, presence of renal artery; Bruits,

A Short Note On Hypertension And Secondary Hypertension
The reason why I selected to do my paper on hypertension is, hypertension is very common. About
70 million people in the United States have hypertension (High Blood Pressure Frequently Asked
Questions , 2015). Another reason why I selected to write my paper on hypertension is I want to
know why it is called the silent killer. I also want to know why it affect African Americans the most.
Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure reading of 140/90mmHg (millimeters of mercury) or
above. Blood pressure is the force blood exerts against your artery walls as it circulates through your
body. When the left ventricle contract and expels blood into the aorta the pressure on the artery wall
is called the systolic pressure. The more blood exerts on the artery wall the higher the blood pressure
is. When the aortic valve close, avoiding blood from flowing back into the heart and the arteries
readjust themselves is called diastolic pressure. When the heart is relaxed the pressure is at its
lowest. The two kind of hypertension are primary hypertension and secondary hypertension.
Primary hypertension develop over many years and there is no known cause for it. Primary
hypertension can be influenced by diet, heredity, obesity, stress, smoking and age (staff, 2015).
Primary hypertension cannot be cured, but it can be controlled sometimes through diet, exercise,
stress management, and medications. Secondary hypertension is caused by underlying condition
such as obstructive sleep apnea, kidney

Hypertension In Australia
In Australia, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality and has significantly
affected the Indigenous Australians, the ageing population and people living in rural and remote
areas (Parkinson & Parker, 2013). About 3.0% of the total Australian population of 23.5 million is
Indigenous people. In June 2014, the estimated Australian Indigenous population was 713,000,
around 357,000 females and 356,600 males (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW),
2015). The principle aim of this essay will be a critical review focusing on family analysis and
education plan in relation to the case of Amanda and Jim. The discussion of the
incidence/prevalence and causes of Hypertension in Australia and its classification and grading ...
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Lastly, support Amanda and Jim to engage in behavior change strategies to optimise their health and
wellbeing by encouraging them to be involved on secondary prevention or cardiac rehabilitation
programs; providing fact sheet on information and action plan of warning signs of heart attack;
giving appropriate psychological management and counselling strategies; and tailoring advice and
maintaining motivation and communication to maximise adherence to treatment plan (National
Heart Foundation of Australia,

Hypertension Number
Hypertension numbers are a trigger of many heart ailments and stroke. But what are hypertension
numbers? Blood strain is given as numbers, "x" over "x". The "x" is a number that symbolizes the
quantity of mercury within the diagnostic instrument that measures the pressure. The highest reading
is a systolic reading and the underside quantity is a diastolic reading. The systolic reading is the
stress as the guts beats and the diastolic indicator is the pressure when the guts is at rest. It's these
numbers that present the totally different stages of hypertension.
There are various different signs and signs that may point to hypertension equivalent to headaches,
dizziness, pounding in the ears, and frequent bloody noses. All of these can present ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
...And our data is persistently altering due to thorough analysis and study.
When the blood stress studying is taken the 2 numbers of the reading current the stress imparted to
the blood by the pumping action of the heart (the high number, systolic) and the pressure that
continues to be in the blood between heartbeats (the lower quantity diastolic). Each of this readings
present how effectively your blood vessels carry out throughout the blood circulation.
In the not–so–distant past, greater attention was given to the lower quantity (diastolic) and it was
thought that a excessive first number (systolic) wasn't such a giant deal, particularly at older age.
However, the current studies indicated critical findings about the damage that the systolic blood
stress causes in the body. And as a result the pondering has changed and now it is believed that
systolic blood stress would possibly even be a better menace in older patients than an elevation of
the diastolic

Secondary Hypertension
Hypertension is a common condition where the long term force of blood against your artery walls is
high enough it may cause health problems, like heart disease (Mayoclinic, 2015). It is also known as
high blood pressure. Your blood pressure is the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount
of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps it will narrower your
arteries making your blood pressure higher (Mayoclinic, 2015). High blood pressure generally
develops over many years. It will nearly effect everyone eventually (Mayoclinic, 2015). You can
work with your doctor to control it once you know you have hypertension. You can have high blood
pressure for years and not have any symptoms. Without symptoms damage ... Show more content on
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High blood pressure is common in adults, but children are also at risk. Most children have high
blood pressure that is caused by a problem with the kidneys or heart. Some times for kids with high
blood pressure it could also be from an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise (Mayoclinic, 2015). High
blood pressure will cause damage to organs and blood vessels. You are at a risk for a heart attack or
stroke since the hardening and thickening of the

Hypertension With Rationale
5. Medical or Surgical Management of Hypertension with Rationale:
There are many methods of treatment for hypertension. This includes exercise, a healthy diet,
quitting smoking, and medications. Some medications that might be prescribed to a hypertension
patient are thiazide diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensin–converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,
calcium channel blockers, and renin inhibitors. Thiazide diuretics, also known as water pills, help
improve the kidneys. They eliminate the sodium (salt) and excess water which reduces the blood
volume. Thiazide diuretics are most commonly the first drug that is prescribed to a hypertension
patient. These types of drugs include hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), chlorthalidone, and many
others. Beta ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient diagnosed with having high blood pressure could easily deny it. This means that they
don't want to believe that they do, in fact, have hypertension. However, denial could also be a result
of the patient not understanding what hypertension is and how it affects him/her. Once the patient is
diagnosed and understands what this means for him/her, this could lead to psychological distress.
This includes anxiety and depression. Anxiety and/or depression could come from simply knowing
that they have hypertension or from the medications that the patient is placed on to treat their high
blood pressure. These are considered as side effects of the medication rather than from the high
blood pressure itself, although that is possible. Depression is a feeling of sadness, hopelessness, or a
feeling of being discouraged. Anxiety is a feeling of worry or nervousness. The family of a patient
who is diagnosed with hypertension would be affected by the response of the patient. Seeing their
loved one in distress caused by the challenges that he/she faces to treat their high blood pressure or
even the depression or anxiety can lead to psychological distress among the family itself. This
means that the loved one could become depressed or have anxiety. However, this can also be due to
the expense of the treatment. High levels of depression and anxiety in either the patient or family
can lead to horrible events such as an abuse of alcohol or controlled substances, a lack of motivation
for life, or in extreme cases, suicide. Even though hypertension can be a hard thing to cope with,
there are some methods that can help. Some methods could include meditating or yoga. This relaxes
the patient and family while also providing a form of physical activity. Another way for the patient
and even the family to cope could be exercising. Although exercise alone may not completely

Hypertension Medication
Modeling the Determinant of Access to Hypertension Medication: Using a Multinomial Logistic
Regression
ABSTRACT
The main objective of the study was to understand the general influence to people diagnosed with
high blood pressure not being able to seek help from a healthcare provider due to costs. This paper
analyzes findings from five different groups of audiences, belonging to diverse cultures and further
the relationship between income and hypertension. The results showed that lowincome individuals
were susceptible to issues of high blood pressure with focus on the effects of prescription to the
general health. Additionally, the study looked at the demographic factor –education and sex to the
patient's ability to control their hypertension. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the researches, it is common wisdom that uninsured adults reported overall health, compared
to the individuals who were enrolled in medical insurance facilities like the Medicaid. They are less
likely to report multiple health conditions. However, the reason behind the number of uninsured
individuals reporting less issues of hypertension is the fact that most of these issues go unnoticed.
These conditions were more likely undiagnosed and uncontrolled. The research found out that about
80% of the uninsured adults had an uncontrolled condition, compared to the 63.4% of the insured
adults. This shows that technically, uninsured adults had more issues with hypertension, only that
they were not diagnosed and their conditions are not

Outline On Hypertension
1
Hypertension: the facts Hypertension is very common especially as you get older
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major public health problem that affects more than one
billion people worldwide. In the UK, 31.5 per cent of all men and 29 per cent of all women have
high blood pressure. One in three adults with hypertension is not receiving treatment, as
hypertension is not always diagnosed.
One in two people with hypertension do not have adequate blood pressure con– trol. The proportion
of the population who have hypertension rises with increasing age; while only 10–20 per cent of
people aged 35–44 years have hypertension, 60–70 per cent of people aged 65–74 years have it.
Men and women who live until they are

Case Study Hypertension
Normal blood pressure range is less than 120 Systolic and less than 80 Diastolic.
Prehypertension range is 120–139 Systolic or 80–89 Diastolic
High Blood Pressure (hypertension) Stage 1 range is 140–159 systolic or 90–99 Diastolic
High Blood pressure (hypertension) Stage 2 range is 160 or higher systolic or 100 or higher
Diastolic
Hypertension Crisis (emergency care needed) range is higher than 180 systolic or higher than 110
diastolic after a general health assessment all abnormalities and acute symptoms should be reported
to the registered nurse.
Diabetic Educator A diabetic educator will help Mr. Hardy by encouraging a healthy lifestyle and
appropriate self–care behaviours using a range of specialised knowledge and skills. They will help
him understand his personal health risks, the meaning and implications of those risks and helping
him come up with a management plan.
Physiotherapist A physiotherapist will assess the effects the stroke had on Mr. Hardy's movement.
They'll then plan a rehabilitation programme by setting appropriate goals for Mr Hardy to achieve.
General Practitioner It is the GP's will assist Mr. Hardy to make choices ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Persistent high blood pressure causes blood to travel through our body so quickly that it puts too
much pressure on your arteries that can create tears, this leads to scar tissue that fat particles,
cholesterol etc. can get stuck on and begin to start building up causing the artery to become hard and
narrow which can block blood flow to your heart, kidneys brain and legs. This is called
atherosclerosis (Atherosclerosis is common in older people, but especially people with diabetes,
smoke and are overweight/obese, this relates back to Mr. Hardy as he is all of these

Reaction Paper On Hypertension
Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic. It is a leading risk factor and a silent killer for people around
the globe. It affects 78 million people in the United States and 1.13 billion people worldwide. It is a
major risk factor for coronary heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral
vascular disease, retinal hemorrhage, visual impairment, renal disease, ischemic and hemorrhagic
stroke. As people get older, developing high blood pressure is almost certain to happen. Most of the
time the cause of hypertension is unknown, which is known as primary hypertension. Other factors
such as, environment, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol, genetic factors, ethnicity, and diet have
also been connected to high blood pressure. It is important for nurses to educate their patients on
how detrimental hypertension can be and what they can do to prevent it. Once a patient has high
blood pressure and they are not doing things to try to improve it or prevent it from getting worse,
things can get out of control quickly. Before the patient even realizes it, they could have an acute
myocardial infarction. Nurses can educate on hypertension every time they see a patient, even if that
patient does not already have hypertension or pre–hypertension. It's all about preventative measures,
which are aimed at decreasing the workload on the heart, preventing organ damage, and reducing
cardiovascular and stoke risks. Talk to patients about modifying their diet. A great way to do

Effects Of Hypertension On Patients With Hypertension
Running head: GARLIC IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION
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Garlic in Patients with Hypertension
Alexandria Jean Cruz ?
Remington College ?
September 21, 2015
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Running head: GARLIC IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION
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Introduction
Hypertension is one of the most influential risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which

can quickly threaten human health. In 2013 more than 360,000 American deaths involved high
blood pressure as the main or involving cause (CDC, 2015). Maintaining a healthy blood
pressure can involve many factors. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing due to lifestyle,
smoking, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition, which can lead to stroke, heart attacks, and
death (CDC, 2015). Approximately 70 million American adults have high blood pressure and
only half are controlled (CDC, 2015). Hypertension can be treated with medications, changing
lifestyle, and eating healthy. Coincidently, garlic is an herb which researchers have studied in
order to reduce blood pressure. Garlic supplements have been associated with a blood pressure
lowering effect of clinical significance in patients with untreated hypertension Ried et al (2010).
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a growing field in the nursing practice. There
is further need to explore the use of garlic as a CAM to help reduce hypertension. This paper will
discuss four

Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension or (PH) is a rare disease that causes high arterial blood pressure in the
lungs due to the blockage, narrowing, or destruction of arteries. High blood pressure in the
pulmonary arteries can strain the right ventricle, causing it to overwork, and can eventually lead to
right heart failure and even death. There are two types of pulmonary hypertension, primary and
secondary. Primary pulmonary hypertension is known as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
or (IPAH). IPAH currently has no known cause and mainly affects women in their childbearing
years. Secondary pulmonary hypertension is typically caused by various diseases and commonly
found in older individuals. For this experiment it was hypothesized that protein ... Show more
Further research into the Protein Kinase C and its association with voltage–activated potassium
channels (BKCa) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) will hopefully proved a clear
answer as to why idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) occurs, its mechanism, and the
synthesis of a new medication in the future that could manipulate the mechanism to reverse

Hypertension In The Community
We, as the Student Health Advocates of the greater San Diego region, would like to communicate
and educate you, the public, on the new guidelines released from the Joint National Commission
regarding the diagnosis, management, and treatment on the condition of hypertension in our
community. By definition, hypertension is abnormally high systolic blood pressure. This condition is
extremely prevalent in society as it affects every 1 in 3 adults, which estimates out to approximately
78 million individuals. Furthermore, only 82% of people affected by hypertension are aware they
have it, and of those, only 75% are under current treatment. This under recognition and under
treatment of hypertension is due to a variety of reasons. For example, (1)

Hypertension Outline
. Introduction A. What is hypertension? 1. Force of blood against arteries too high 2. Two kinds:
primary and secondary hypertension B. Who gets hypertension? 1. 60 million Americans have it 2.
Factors include: age, poor diet (increased salt intake, fatty foods), obesity, lack of exercise, stress,
and genetics
II. Description and history A. How was hypertension first discovered and by who? 1. William
Harvey was a physician that first learned enough about the heart to know that there was
hypertension 2. The first measurement of blood pressure was done in the 1700s by Stephen Hales B.
What constitutes as high blood pressure? 1. Normal blood pressure ... Show more content on
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Pre–hypertension is 120 to 139 systolic or top number blood pressure, 80 to 89 diastolic or bottom
number of blood pressure 3. Hypertension is characterized as anything over 144 systolic and
anything over 90 diastolic
III. Blood pressure basics A. The body 1. In order to survive and function properly, your tissues and
organs need oxygenated blood that your cardiovascular system provides, when heart pumps it
pushes blood though network of vessels 2. High blood pressure is a problem because if your vessels
have too much pressure, they will be likely to be damaged or rupture and the associated organs and
tissues will damage, including parts of your body that cannot regenerate cells such as the brain B.
Measurement 1. First force is the systolic or top number blood pressure, occurs when blood pumps
out of the heart 2. Second force is diastolic and is the resting period between heartbeats
IV. Signs and symptoms A. Physical traits 1. No symptoms most of the time, so this disease can be
virtually undetectable unless you take blood pressure 2. Severe hypertension signs include severe
headache, blurry vision, nausea and vomiting B. Brain

Symptoms Of Hypertension
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death because it has almost no warning signs.
Conventional treatments can control blood pressure through the use of prescription drugs. New
advances in medicine may offer a better prognosis with a lowered risk of side effects.
The heart pumps blood to all organs of the body, including the brain, by blood vessels. Pressure
builds up when the vessels are narrowed by the force of blood pushing against the walls of the
arteries. When this pressure is sustained over time, it damages blood vessels and can damage the
heart itself resulting in heart disease or stroke. Symptoms of Hypertension:
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is known as the "silent killer" because there are no obvious
symptoms

Hypertension
Hypertension is word that is used to describe high blood pressure .Blood pressure is the force the
blood produces against the arterial wall as your heart pumps. The heart pumps the blood though the
artery as it flows it pushes the blood against the walls of the arteries creating pressure. The higher
the pressure is against the wall the higher the blood pressure will be. The pressure is related to the
size of the artery which the blood passes through the smaller the artery is the higher the pressure will
be. The pressure is measured in milliliters of mercury Blood pressure is at the highest when the heart
contracts or pumps the blood through the arteries this measurement is called the Systolic pressure.
The blood pressure is at the lowest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His general appearance is he is mildly over weight middle–aged Hispanic male his exam reviles no
other findings. After interviewing Mr. Garcia learning that he has been married for eighteen years
and has been employed for the at the same company for ten years this will allow me to believe that
he should have "well– developed sense of control ,and is confident in his abilities'"(Redman p331).
Mr. Garcia also obtained an associate's degree in business using this information will help me come
up with a plan of care know the patient is able to understand the written information that might be
provided. Mr. Garcia and I agreed on a learning plan together."The teaching plan provides the
overall blueprint or outline for instructions that Cleary defines the relationship among the
behavioral, objectives, instructional content, teaching strategies , time frame for teaching , and
methods of evaluation"( Redman p335).We spoke about that there is no cure for hypertension and
that it can be controlled with the appropriate treatment. Mr. Garcia states that he prefers written
material rather than verbal information we agreed that everything that we talk will also include
written material. The plan explained that many things will increase his blood pressure such as
physical activity can raise it temporarily stressful situations will increase blood pressure Mr. Garcia
is employed at a high pressure position the plan included the use of Complementary and

Hypertension Of Hypertension And Secondary Hypertension
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg on two or more blood
pressure readings taken at each of two or more visits after initial screening. There are two types of
hypertension which are the primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension. Essential
hypertension is referred to patients with hypertension without any secondary identifiable cause.
Secondary hypertension has an identifiable cause, such as renal artery stenosis or
pheochromocytoma, and is managed as part of the primary condition (Papadakis, 2014).
The Joint National Committee published JNC 7 in 2003 which established different classification of
hypertension. According to JNC 7, blood pressure was considered normal when systolic was less
than 120 mmHg and diastolic was less than 80 mmHg. The prehypertension range was systolic 120–
139 mmHg or diastolic 80–89 mmHg. Stage 1 hypertension was categorized as systolic of 140–159
mmHg or diastolic 90–99. Stage 2 hypertension was categorized as systolic greater than 160 mmHg
or diastolic greater than 100 mmHg (JNC 7, 2003).
Hypertension is a major medical problem in America with high morbidity and mortality. According
to Center for Disease Control statistics released on 2015, it is estimated that about 70 million
American adults have high blood pressure, with a ratio of 1 out of every 3 adults in America living
with hypertension (CDC, 2015). In 2012, CDC conducted a statistical analysis of data collected by
National Health and

Hypertension : Hypertension And Essential Hypertension Essay
Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular
diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the
world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of
vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg
(systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential
hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters
play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary
Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and
2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from
infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to
decline by 3%. The main causes of hypertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight,
alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc.
Basically, arterial blood pressure (BP) is directly proportional to the product of blood flow (cardiac
output, CO) and the resistance to passage of blood through pre–capillary arterioles (peripheral
vascular resistance, PVR) Hypertension can be caused by either an increase in Cardiac Output (CO)
or by an increase in Peripheral Resistance (PR) BP = CO X PVR
Renin Angiotensin

Hypertension
Hypertension
Sha'mes Lashawn Handford
Moss Point High School
November 16, 2012
Abstract
Hypertension is the most chronic medical condition that adults have. This disease affects many
organs of the body including the heart, eyes, and kidney. Hypertension can increase with age,
weight, and inheritance. Generally, the hypertensive population is increasing but physicians are
working on various treatments to prevent and control this disease. Prescription drugs in the United
States are highest to adults with hypertension than any other medical cause. Studies show that the ...
Officially, malignant hypertension is the most severe hypertension. The lower blood pressure
reading is eighty mmHg but malignant blood pressure reading is at a high of 130 mmHg. Malignant
hypertension is relatively uncommon, occurring in only one percent of the hypertensive population.
It is more common in young African–American men than any other ethical group. Malignant is a
blood pressure that is so high that it can actually cause damage to organs, particularly in the nervous
system. This is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate care from a doctor or physician
(Medline Plus, 2012).
Patients that are diagnosed with hypertension usually are unaware of it. Millions of people are sent
home to be monitored for twenty–four hours, after finding out. If someone's blood pressure is
enormously high, he may have certain symptoms. Symptoms can vary from nose bleeds, to chest
pains, or even an irregular heartbeat. If patients have these symptoms, they should see a doctor
immediately. They could be having a hypertensive crisis, which can lead to heart attacks, strokes,
and or death (Mayo Clinic, 2012).
There are primary care doctors for patients that are hypertensive. Internal medicine physicians, but
most people call them Internists. These physicians specialize in the diagnosis and treatments of adult
diseases. Family physicians focus more on preventing and treating the disease other than seeing how
someone

Regulating Hypertension
Regulating Hypertension Through and Activity and Exercise Intervention According to Ackley,
Ladwig, and Makic (2017), "the nursing process is an organizing framework for professional
nursing practice, a critical thinking process for the nurse to use to give the best care possible to the
client" (p. 2). This process is a series of steps with the intention of gathering information from an
individual to analyze if there is a problem within one's medical history. One way that a disease entity
can be found is by creating a genogram. For the purpose of this paper, the author created a
genogram and was able to determine a disease entity that was most prevalent in his or her family
medical history. The disease that was found to be the most significant was hypertension based on the
assessment of each family member and the author's strengths and risks. With the information that
was observed through the initial steps of the nursing process, the author will continue to use this
process to assess and diagnose the disease entity found within the family genogram to plan an
evidence–based intervention with desired outcomes to fix the problem, to then ... Show more
Gordon's (2008) Functional Health Pattern will evaluate the health status and make judgment about
whether a problem or potential problem exists that requires nursing intervention. It also assesses the
status of a previously identified problem or condition in relation to projected outcomes. Lastly, it
identifies the strengths present in the situation, be it an individual, family, or community, that can be
used to help solve problems. (p. 1)
There are a couple health patterns that can be used to help control hypertension, but the functional
health pattern that will be addressed throughout the rest of the paper to help with the prevention of
hypertension is the Activity–Exercise

Postoperative Hypertension
Postoperative hypertension may cause serious adverse events with both cardiac and non–cardiac
patients.1–3 Postoperative hypertension generally occurs within 30 minutes after surgery has been
completed and may last up to two hours. Acute perioperative hypertension occurs in 80% of people
undergoing cardiac surgery and 25% of people undergoing non–cardiac surgeries, such as head and
neck surgery or renal transplantation. If not treated appropriately, an acute increase in blood pressure
may be related to further undesired complications, such as myocardial ischemia, stroke, bleeding,
and heart failure. Hypertensive emergencies such as postoperative hypertension are more common
in patients with uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or renal disease. The main risk factor
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypertension is presented as an increase in blood pressure. Blood pressure is the product of
increased cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. The risk factors are what attribute to the
pathophysiology of postoperative hypertension. Hypercarbia causes an increase in catecholamine
concentrations, which increases blood pressure. To decrease the risk of end organ damage and
surgery complications associated with hypertension, therapy should be initiated in patients with
systolic blood pressure above 180 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 110 mmHg once the
risk factors (pain, hypercarbia, and excitement on emergence of anesthesia) of postoperative
hypertension have been treated. There are many complications and other underlying conditions may
be associated with patients postoperatively and the medications chosen to initiate should be based on
each individual patient. The ideal medication to treat postoperative hypertension has a quick onset
and a short duration of

Hypertension : Signs And Symptoms
Hypertension: Signs & Symptoms
Hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure higher than 140 over 90 mmHg, with a
consensus across medical guidelines (Beevers, 2007). Hypertension is linked to many illnesses and
often effects the overall health of many individuals across the nations. The exact causes of high
blood pressure are not known, but several factors and conditions may play a role in its development.
Activities such as chronic smoking, being overweight, obese, the lack of regular physical activity,
including too much sodium in the diet, and even extra levels of alcohol consumption. Hypertension
carries along with it some additional factors that include stress, older age, genetics, family history of
high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, adrenal–thyroid disorder, and sleep apnea. These issues
contribute to the severity of the disease and are subsequently intensify the depth of their devastation
in regards to the human body.
High blood pressure itself is usually asymptomatic, meaning that patients do not experience any
direct symptoms of the condition. This is why hypertension is often referred to as "the silent killer,"
as it can quietly cause damage to the cardiovascular system. The damage done to the system
warrants unexpected strokes or heart attacks. These occurrences happen unexpectedly often leaving
devastating results or ultimately ending in death. Blood pressure does vary throughout the day,
lowering during sleep and rising on awakening. It also

Hypertension And Its Effects On Hypertension
WHAT IS HYPERTENSION
ERICA SAAVEDRA
PALM BEACH VOCATIONAL INSTITUTE
WHAT IS HYPERTENSION
Hypertension, sometimes known as "Silent Killer" is America's freighting combative illness we
struggle to regulate. Due too many health risk factors, many people are sometimes unaware of
hypertension until suffering from severe damaging effects.
High blood pressure is a growing problem in today's life Controlling it is the key priority.
Approximately 50 million people in the United States are affected by hypertension and
approximately 1 billion worldwide. In this paper, it will outline different topics that will help better
understand, What is hypertension, Causes and Affects to Hypertension, Medication treatments that
help regulate, and Hypertension Programs that are available in helping regulate this illness.
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENTION Hypertension, as
we all know the term High Blood Pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg
and the diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg. Hypertension is a Chronic medical condition that
occurs when blood flow in the arteries are high causing artery walls to narrow and thin, blood
pressure is the result of two forces the amount of blood measured being pumped out of the heart and
into the arteries and the amount of time heart rest between each heartbeat . Systolic pressure occurs
when the left ventricle is mostly contracted, the diastolic preforms when the left

Muscular Hypertension
Opening: Ocular Hypertension is a term consults cases in which the pressure inside one's eyes
increases to a higher level than normal. This pressure is named after "intraocular pressure". There is
one way to measure eye pressure by using millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). The normal range of
eye pressure is from 10–21 mm Hg. Ocular hypertension happens when the pressure is higher than
21 mm Hg. To broaden more knowledge about this condition, please follow the information below.
Body:
What cause of ocular hypertension?
High eye pressure is resulted from the state that the production and drainage of fluid in the eye aren't
treated the same. The drainage system that normally drains the fluid from inside the eye works
improperly. More fluid repeatedly growing but can't be drained due to the incorrectly functioning
drainage system. As a result, this leads to an increased quantity of fluid inside the person's eye.
Therefore, the pressure is raised. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It'd better we try to think about a closed, sustainable water tank. The more level of water is poured
into the tank, the greater the pressure inside it is. Similarly, high pressure inside the eye occurs – the
more fluid, the greater the pressure. Moreover, the optic nerve in the eye can be destroyed by
overload of the pressure.
Which symptoms of ocular hypertension?
Most people with ocular hypertension do not go through any symptoms. That's the reason why
regular eye tests should be performed with an ophthalmologist. It is the key to avoid any risk to the
optic nerve from the high pressure.
Above all, regular eye examinations are urgently important for those who are at high danger, such as
blacks and elderly

Types Of Hypertension And Secondary Hypertension
In the year 2000 it was estimated that about 25 percent of people worldwide had hypertension and
this number is expected to keep rising further increasing the risk for millions in developing
cardiovascular disease. There are two main types of hypertension. Secondary hypertension is caused
from an underlying disease in the adrenal or renal systems or by use of certain medications. It is
resolved when the cause is treated or removed. Primary or essential hypertension is the most
common type with the cause being unclear although the incidence is higher with age and weight.
Pathophysiology
The amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance the arteries have to blood flow
determines the blood pressure. High blood pressure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although both of these readings are important after the age of 60 the systolic reading is more
significant due to the association with cardiovascular disease. Two to three blood pressure readings
will be taken at separate appointments before a diagnosis of hypertension can be determined.
Although the causes of essential hypertension are unclear a number of factors have been known to
increase blood pressure. Changes either from genes, behavioral, or the environment which disrupt
the normal functions of the body may cause a rise in blood pressure. Other factors that increase
blood pressure are kidney fluid and salt balances, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system,
sympathetic nervous system activity, and blood vessel structure and function (Bolivar, 2013). Since
blood pressure homeostasis is accomplished by multifactorial mechanisms if there is a change in one
of these mechanisms another attempts to correct this change in order to maintain a normal blood
pressure. When this system fails and blood pressure can no longer be normalized by this method
than essential hypertension results.
The kidneys regulate the body's salt balance by retaining sodium and water while excreting
potassium. Any imbalance in the kidneys function will expand blood volumes causing blood
pressure to rise. The renin–angiotension–aldosterone

Hypertension Manifestations
The vast majority know about the issues linked with hypertension. Nevertheless, many individuals
aren't aware of the serious symptoms. If your blood pressure is on its elevated state.
It is really on its greatly elevated stated; you might encounter one of these symptoms.
– Dulling sensations
– Poor blood circulation
– Head agony or migraine
– Debilitated vision
– Dazed spells or dizziness
– Bleeding nose
– Breathing issues
– Blood while urinating
– Thumping sensation in neck and ears
Here's the means on how to be aware about Hypertension Manifestations.
If ever that you encounter any of these manifestations, see a specialist quickly. It's imperative to get
the issue analyzed so the specialist can endorse the fundamental treatment. Hawthorne, potassium,
and Omega–3 supplements can lessen hypertension. You ought to consult about supplements with
your specialist. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Late studies demonstrate that a few patients can control their hypertension by natural procedures
alongside professionally prescribed

Hypertension Of Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a disorder that can happen after 20 weeks of gestation and characterized by high
blood pressure (BP≥140/90 mm Hg) and proteinuria. This syndrome occurs in 2–8% of pregnancies
and lead to 25% of the perinatal morbidity and mortality all over the world. (1. Williams J. W.
williams Obstetrics. chapter 40, section 11–1 2014. Reproductive Tract Abnormalities.) Factors that
may increase the occurrence of preeclampsia include: obesity, diabetes, nulliparity, chronic kidney
diseases, chronic hypertension before pregnancy, immune disorders, family history of preeclampsia,
twin or multiple pregnancy and a personal history of preeclampsia. The activation of maternal
inflammatory system due to abnormal placental development, which induces

Family Hypertension
As we continue to develop into an adult, we must look at our genetic factors to see what diseases we
are at risk due to our family history. In my family we are at risk of hypertension which is also
referred to as high blood pressure. This disease consists of "having abnormally elevated blood
pressure which affects the way the heart pumps blood. A person diagnosed as hypertensive when his
or her blood pressure is greater or equal to 140 nm Hg systolic pressure or 90 Hg diastolic pressure"
(Whitbourne, 95). Behavioral changes that can meditate my genetic risk would consist of eating
healthy and making sure I exercise enough to keep my blood flowing correctly. Several members
from my father's side have this disease and the maintenance that is

Pathophysiology Of Hypertension
2. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension with Rationale:
The etiology (cause of disease/disorder) of hypertension (high blood pressure) is unknown.
However there are numerous factors and conditions that contribute to the development of high blood
pressure. These factors and conditions include, but are not limited to: smoking, obesity, old age,
sleep apnea (definition to follow), a high sodium (salt) diet, or a lack of exercise/physical activity.
Although smoking has not been definitively proven to cause hypertension, it does have a lasting
effect. Every time someone smokes a cigarette, their blood pressure temporarily increases. This even
lasts a few minutes after you have finished. Another factor, obesity (body mass index higher than ...
This is done by placing an inflatable cuff around the upper arm and is measured on the pressure–
measuring gauge. There are two numbers read when taking a blood pressure and it is usually given
in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). The first, top number is the systolic pressure. It measures the
pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. The second, bottom number is the diastolic pressure.
It measures the pressure in your arteries between beats. There are four categories that a blood
pressure measurement falls under. The first is normal blood pressure which means the reading is
below 120/80 mm Hg. The second category is prehypertension. In this category, the systolic
pressure ranges from 120 to 139 mm Hg or the diastolic pressure ranges from 80 to 89 mm Hg. The
next category is stage 1 hypertension. Within this category the systolic pressure ranges from 140 to
159 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure ranging from 90 to 99 mm Hg. The fourth and final category is
stage 2 hypertension. This is the most severe of the four categories of hypertension. The systolic
pressure can be from 160 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg or higher during
stage 2 hypertension. Another test that a doctor could perform is a 24–hour blood pressure
monitoring test. This is called ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The device used provides a
more accurate blood pressure reading over

Hypertension (HTN)
Hypertension (HTN)
Hypertension (HTN), a chronic form of high blood pressure is diagnosed through a series of
diagnostic tests which are performed in order to formally establish the particular disease or
condition. Once this is recognized, treatment options can be identified for the particular diagnosis
and help lower blood pressure. Because of Vicki's frequent travelling it could be a potential barrier
to treatment options, so due to the unique situation the patient is taught that a lifestyle change will
be imminent. In addition to prescribing medication, complementary and alternative medicine
treatments are also available which could benefit the patient. When the particular disease or
condition is established, a prognosis for the disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tests also concluded that Vicki is suffering from Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and will be
supplemented with Lozol (Thiazide diuretic) to remove excess fluid and is also used to help lower
hypertension levels. Frequent monitoring of body systems is important to prevent serious side
effects from prolonged hypertension and the use of the drug therapy. There are still other alternative
treatment therapies available, namely a lifestyle change.
Since the patient does not live a stable or an average existence several lifestyle changes will have to
be made. First, eating healthy foods at home and while travelling will be of the utmost importance,
also decreasing the salt intake in her diet. Increasing physical activity to maintain a healthy weight
and reduce stress while helping to control high blood pressure, alcohol consumption and smoking
must cease as well. Checking her blood pressure at home will attest that the medication is

Portal Hypertension Paper
Hello, my name is Amy Gordon and I will be discussing the disease process of Portal Hypertension,
and discussing how the disease process can affect the neurological, gastrointestinal, reproductive,
skin, hematological, metabolic and circulatory Systems. I will also be discussing the types of
treatments, the average annual cost of medication therapy, side effects of the medications, and how
to prevent exacerbation of the disease from occurring.
Portal Hypertension is known as an increase in the pressure of the portal venous system (Lewis,
Heitkemper, Dirksen, & Bucher, 2014). Portal Hypertension puts an individual at risk of damage to
the vessels that lead to the liver, resulting in poor blood circulation (Lewis et al., 2014). As portal
hypertension ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason I have chosen the medication therapy is for five reasons: the individual will have less
drop in potassium levels with a potassium sparing diuretic (Lehne, 2013). The individual will be on
Klor–con to assist with keeping the potassium levels within the normal range only if not on a
potassium sparing diuretic. Lasix will help with prevention of ascites, by removing the excess fluid
around the major organs and abdominal area (Lehne, 2013). Inderal is the drug of choice in the
prevention of bleeding, due to increased pressure in the portal vein (Lehne, 2013). Finally, I would
have the individual in some form of antibiotic therapy three times a week, to help prevent bacterial
peritonitis (Lehne, 2013). This will decrease the mortality rate, due to multiple system organ failure
caused by infection (Lehne,

Hypertension Pre Eclampsia
10 Deadly Effects of Hypertension – Are You Aware of Them?
By Sung Leong | Submitted On September 14, 2015
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Expert Author Sung Leong
Hypertension, perhaps better known as 'high blood pressure' is one of the most common and
dangerous health conditions in the entire world. The Main reason why hypertension is considered so
dangerous and life threatening, is the fact that it can lead to a number of other very serious, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Basically it is a combination of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. This means that sufferers of the
condition will be at a much greater risk of suffering a heart attack, a stroke, or a number of other
conditions which affect the blood vessels. Hypertension, as you know, already damages the blood
vessels, and can act as a precursor for metabolic syndrome in the near future.
Erectile dysfunction – When men become aroused, blood rushes to erectile tissue in the genitals,
causing them to have an erection. Hypertension however, can result in erectile dysfunction, making
it extremely difficult for men to achieve, and maintain, an erection. This is because overtime, the
arteries leading to the genitals can become damaged, which greatly reduces blood flow. As blood
flow is reduced, less will be able to rush into the erectile tissue, meaning an erection will be far less
likely.
Damaged bones – Hypertension often leads to an increase of calcium being excreted from the body
via urine. Our bones require substantial amounts of calcium in order to maintain their health and
density, so the more calcium we excrete, the less we will have in our bones. This can lead to
weakened bones and can eventually result in

The Physiological Effects of Renovascular Hypertension...
Renovascular hypertension, also known as renal hypertension, is a condition in which chronically
elevated high blood pressure is caused by a narrowing of the renal arteries. The renal arteries are the
arteries that bring blood to the kidneys (9). This blood is processed by which the kidneys filter the
blood, removing some substances and sometimes adding others. The kidneys also have several
functions, which can be negatively affected by renovascular hypertension. One function is the
regulation of water and ion balances within the body. In order to do so, the kidney is also
responsible for the removal of waste products and foreign chemicals from the blood by excreting
them in the form of urine. Another function of the kidneys is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Concept 1: Renal Artery Stenosis as the Cause of Renovascular Hypertension
Renovascular hypertension is most commonly caused by prerenal factors, which are conditions that
result in a decrease in blood flow to the kidney, which is also known as hypoperfusion. In many
cases, the prerenal factor that causes renovascular hypertension is renal artery stenosis. Renal artery
stenosis is defined as the narrowing of the renal artery that produces a decrease in blood flow into
the kidneys (3). Renal artery stenosis is most often caused by atherosclerosis (1). Atherosclerosis
occurs when there is a buildup of fatty substances within the walls of the arteries, which is what
causes the narrowing. The fatty substances, like cholesterol and triglycerides, harden over time and
become plaque, which increases the resistance of the arteries by decreasing the circumference, but
also by making the arteries less elastic (5). When arteries are less elastic, they are unable to expand
and recoil properly, which causes stiffening. Factors that can lead to atherosclerosis include a poor
diet that is high in fat, physical inactivity, and cigarette smoking (1). When the narrowing of the
renal artery occurs, there is a decrease in blood flow

Hypertension Management. Detecting Hypertension Isn’T Easy,
Hypertension Management
Detecting hypertension isn't easy, and controlling hypertension is crucially devastating worldwide.
High blood pressure awareness needs to be identified in a global standpoint to effectively lower
hypertension. High–blood pressure treatment plan is vital, using the combination of lifestyle
changes and medication adherence (Khatib et al., 2014). This paper highlights hypertension using
qualitative articles, CASP Tool, matrix, and to provide the effective change to healthcare outcomes.
Qualitative Articles
Hypertension is one of the most common diagnosis in the family practice and it's the leader of
morbidity and mortality. The first article is a systematic qualitative review about using spinal
stimulation for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article used a systematic search strategy by using a computerized search engine to research the
validity of spinal manipulation on hypertension (Mangum, Partna, & Varek, 2012). The CASP Tool
Appendix A is designed to appraise articles to efficiently help think about issues systematically.
According to the CASP Tool Appendix A, the study extensively analyzed bias, which impends
internal validity of the cohort, case series, randomized clinical trials, and case studies related to
SMT and hypertension. The Cochrane Collaboration High Risk of Bias standards analyzes the
articles chosen in the systematic search for spinal manipulation and hypertension. The bias standards
are exceptional because it includes different biases like selection, performance, attrition, and
detection bias (Mangum, Partna, & Varek, 2012). The articles used for the systematic research were
qualitative base and were categorized from low bias, unclear bias, and high bias. There are 95%
confidence intervals calculated when researching the consistency and comparison of results in the
tables and text for systematic articles (Mangum, Partna, & Varek, 2012). The validity is clearly
established. The results of these articles are narrowed down from 208 to ten because they focus on
spinal manipulation to treat hypertension. The low bias articles Goertz et al and Plaugher et al didn't
prove a clinical pertinent in the decrease of blood pressure. The clinical

Systemic Arterial Hypertension
Hypertension also known as high blood pressure, it is a familiar condition which is determine by the
amount of heart pumps the blood and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The
more heart pumps the blood, the smaller the arteries gets and the higher blood pressure. According
to The World Health Organization, Hypertension in leading cause of cardiovascular mortality
(Carvalho, Da Costa). There are plenty of modifiable and non– modifiable risk factors that deal with
high blood pressure. Modifiable includes genetic factors, race, age, gender, and ethnicity. Non–
modifiable factors includes lifestyle, salt intake, wright, stress, alcohol, absence of exercise
(Carvalho, Da Costa). It is important to promote health because hypertension ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The strength of an article/ journal is very clear and up to the point. From the start of the
introduction, it is very much clear and it gives up facts about how hypertension is not a simple issue
to deal not only adults but now days even kids go through this problem. The authors used example
of a research and statistics to support the topic. The weakness of this article is the authors should
have explained why hypertension is important in health promotion in more depth. This article is
only based on statistics and research rather than explaining in details about high blood pressure in
adolescents. Overall, this article was straightforward and I would recommend to my colleague
because they have kids and they should learn many facts and statistics regarding hypertension. I
think everyone should read this article because it is a complex issue in health society. In addition, it
is a well–written article with an important message regarding the health of people in the world, not
just

Study on Essential Hypertension
PRESENTATION BY:
GIZELLE WILKINSON
SUBJECT: ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
STUDENT NUMBER: M00037713
CLINICAL SCIENCES II
INTRODUCTION
Essential hypertension, otherwise known as primary or idiopathic hypertension, is a condition of
raised blood pressure with no identifiable cause. Secondary hypertension occurs when blood
pressure elevation results from a specific and potentially treatable cause. These include renal
diseases, endocrine causes, congenital cardiovascular causes and pregnancy.
This study however, will focus on essential hypertension so as to avoid unnecessary confusion.
Blood pressure is relative to each individual and tends to vary markedly depending on height and
weight. Levels of blood pressure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the arteries, there is thickening of each of the layers in the vessel wall, thus narrowing the lumen
and reducing its effectiveness. A similar development occurs in the arterioles causing increased
rigidity of the walls thus reducing their ability to contract and expand. Hence the lumen size is
reduced. As a result, there is slowing down of the blood flow resulting in 'ischaemia' of cell tissue.
This then increases the pressure through the vessels and the left ventricular myocardium or heart
muscle undergoes hypertrophy. Ischaemic heart disease and left ventricular failure are common
results of hypertension in this case.
Due to occurrence of the above, the blood vessel in the brain become more fragile and paves the
way for haemorrhage. Damage to small blood vessels within the cerebral hemispheres produce
microscopic infarctions (localised necrotic areas) appearing as small areas of brain destruction that
fill with fluid, otherwise known as hypertensive lacunae.
In malignant hypertension the vessels undergo similar changes but more acutely. Therefore the

damage is more severe, leading to actual cessation of blood flow through the vessels. This results in
multiple areas of tissue necrosis as in the glomeruli of the kidney.
As the glomeruli are part of the filtration system in the nephron of the kidney, damage can hinder
removal of waste products, salt and water from the blood stream. Progressive destruction of

Essential Hypertension
According to research, more than 1 in 3 individuals of the American population have some form of
cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is at the forefront for being the most widespread circulatory
problem in adults. This condition is distinguished by a person having consistent elevated blood
pressure. Although the ranges for healthy blood pressure is different for everyone, medicine tells us
that the ideal pressure should remain near 120/80 mmHg. These numbers are a representation of the
force being exerted into our arterial system. The first number (Systolic) displays the amount of force
upon the arterial walls while the heart beats. Whereas, the second reading (Diastolic) is a
measurement of pressure while the heart is relaxed. One notably ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some symptoms experienced by very few is a sudden increase in nose bleeds, dizziness and
headaches. On average a person will not present any signs or symptoms from being hypertensive, it
is for that reason that regular monitoring of BP is necessary. Syncope can be a result in too much
blood flow to the legs and not enough traveling upwards to supply the brain, which causes a person
to faint. Despite these subtle appearances, people will not seek medical attention because they do
appear as significant problems. Early detection allows us to effectively control the disease.
Hypertension often goes unnoticed until it reaches life threatening stages. The gradual debilitating
effects of Hypertension is why it commonly referred to as "The Silent Killer" (Ilyas, 2015).
Hypertension is a lifelong disease with no cure. Since Vicki has been diagnosed as being
hypertensive, she should implement immediate life changing commitments. Following the
physicians treatment guidelines will allow her to live a more normal

Assignment On Hypertension
ABBREVIATION EXERCISE # 1 NAME: Caroline Geary
EXPLAIN WHAT IS WRONG WITH THE PATIENTS THAT HAVE THE FOLLOWING
DIAGNOSIS ON ADMISSION. Spell out each abbreviation, then explain as if you were telling
someone with no medical knowledge. (2T means secondary to while r/o means rule out)
SOB, HTN, hyperglycemia
This patient is suffering from shortness of breath, hypertension, and hyperglycemia.
Hypertension is high blood pressure. The normal blood pressure range for adults is less than
120/80mm Hg. This patient has a blood pressure reading above 140/90mm Hg. Hyperglycemia
means the patient has an abnormally high blood glucose or sugar levels.
UTI, CHF
This patient has two problems. The first is the patient has a UTI or urinary tract infection. A urinary
tract infection is a bacterial infection that occurs in any part of the Urinary System. For this reason,
the infection can affect the bladder, urethra, or kidneys. The infection is caused by the Escherichia
coli or E. coli bacterium. The infection can be treated with antibiotics. In addition, cranberry juice
helps make the patient's urine acidic as the bacteria prefer alkaline urine to grow rapidly.
The second problem is the patient is suffering from congestive heart failure. This means the patient's
heart is not able to pump sufficient amounts of blood to meet the body's needs. Congestive heart
failure can be caused by coronary artery disease or hypertension.
r/o new CVA The patient was being tested to see if he

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