2. 2
Securing the sceneSecuring the scene
• 1. Electrical hazards
• 2. Chemical hazards
• 3. Noxious & Toxic gases
• 4. Ground hazards
• 5. Fire
• 6. Unstable equipment
Before performing anyBefore performing any
First Aid,First Aid,
Check for:Check for:
3. 3
Chain of Survival
Early
Access”911”
Early CPR
or First Aid
You
Early
Defibrillation
EMS on
scene
Early
Advanced
Care
Hospital
In order for a person to survive:
Pay attention to:
HISTORY; what happened; from the casualty or bystanders
SYMPTOMS; what only the casualty can tell you
SIGNS; what you can see for yourself
4. 4
Universal Precautions for Airborne
& Bloodborn Pathogens
HIV & Hepatitis
Tuberculosis
Gloves & Respiratory
Barrier devise are a must to
prevent transmission of
diseases
5. 5
DURING TREATMENTDURING TREATMENT
•avoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over theavoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the
woundwound
•avoid contact with body fluidsavoid contact with body fluids
•use a face shield or mask with one-way-valveuse a face shield or mask with one-way-valve
when doing active resuscitationwhen doing active resuscitation
•use only clean bandages and dressingsuse only clean bandages and dressings
•avoid treating more than one casualty withoutavoid treating more than one casualty without
washing hands and changing gloveswashing hands and changing gloves
AFTER TREATMENTAFTER TREATMENT
•clean up both casualty and yourselfclean up both casualty and yourself
•clean up the immediate vicinityclean up the immediate vicinity
•dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves anddispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and
soiled clothing correctlysoiled clothing correctly
•wash hands with soap and waterwash hands with soap and water
6. 6
Fundamentals of First AidFundamentals of First Aid
Activate EMS SystemActivate EMS System
“911”
• 1. ABC (airway-breathing-circulation)
• 2. Control bleeding
• 3. Treat for Shock(medical
emergencies)
• 4. Open wounds & Burns
• 5. Fractures & Dislocations
• 6. Transportation
8. 8
Reaction TimeReaction Time
• If CPR/Artificial respiration is administered
• Chance of brain damage
0 to 4 minutes -
4 to 6 minutes -
6 to 10 minutes-
10 minutes + -
Recovery rate ofRecovery rate of
victim if hasvictim if has
artificialartificial
respiration donerespiration done
immediatelyimmediately
Oxygenated
blood flow
must get to
brain
9. 9
A-B-C’sA-B-C’s
• Use chin lift/head
tilt
Look.-listen-feel for breathing
Attempt to Ventilate
Ventilate Every 5 seconds
• Establish responsiveness
Check pulse Recovery position
10. 10
Cardio Pulmonary ResuscitationCardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
• Should be trained to perform this
procedure
• If done improperly, could harm victim
• Courses available everywhere
• New in Late 2006
– 30 Compressions to 2 Breaths
– For Everyone!
16. 16
Pressure PointsPressure Points
Where the artery
passes over a bone
close to the skin
Temporal
Facial
Carotid
Sub-clavian
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Femoral
Popliteal
Pedal
18. 18
ShockShock
Shock affects all
major functions of the
body
loss of blood flow to
the tissues and
organs
Shock must be
treated in all
accident cases
19. 19
Treatment for ShockTreatment for Shock
•Lie victim down if possibleLie victim down if possible
•Face is pale-raise the tailFace is pale-raise the tail
•Face is red-raise the headFace is red-raise the head
•Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing
•Keep victim warm and dryKeep victim warm and dry
•Do not give anything by mouthDo not give anything by mouth
•No stimulantsNo stimulants
20.
21. There are three types of heat
emergencies you may be
required to treat.
1.Heat Exhaustion
2.Heat Stroke
3.Heat Cramps
22. Heat exhaustion is less
dangerous than heat stroke.
It is caused by fluid loss which
in turn causes blood flow to
decrease in vital organs,
resulting in a form of shock.
23. Signs and Symptoms
Cool, Pale, and Moist Skin
Heavy Sweating
Dilated PupilsHeadache
NauseaVomiting
Body temperature will be near normal.
24. Get the victim out of the heat and into a cool
place.
Place in the shock position, lying on the
back with feet raised.
Remove or loosen clothing.
Cool by fanning or applying cold packs or
wet towels or sheets. If conscious, give
water to drink every 15 minutes.
25. WHILE HEAT
EXHAUSTION IS NOT A
LIFE- THREATENING
EMERGENCY LIKE HEAT
STROKE, IT CAN
PROGRESS TO HEAT
STROKE IF LEFT
26. Heat cramps are muscular pain
and spasms due to heavy exertion.
They usually involve the abdominal
muscles or legs. It is generally
thought this condition is caused by
loss of water and salt through
sweating.
27. Get victim to a cool place.
If they can tolerate it, give one-half
glass of water every 15 minutes.
Heat cramps can usually be avoided
by increasing fluid intake when active
in hot weather.
28. Heat Stroke is the most serious type
of heat emergency.
It is LIFE-THREATENING and
requires
IMMEDIATE and
AGGRESSIVE treatment!
Heat stroke occurs when the body's heat
regulating mechanism fails. The body
temperature rises so high that brain damage
--and death-- may result unless the body is
cooled quickly.
29. Signs and Symptoms
The victim's skin is HOT, RED
and usually DRY.
Pupils are very small.
The body temperature is VERY
HIGH,
sometimes as high as 105
degrees.
30. Remember, Heat Stroke is a life-
threatening emergency and
requires prompt action!
Summon professional help.
Get the victim into a cool place.
Do not give victim anything by mouth. Treat for
shock.
31. COOL THE VICTIM AS QUICKLY AS
POSSIBLE IN ANY MANNER POSSIBLE!
Place the victim into a bathtub of cool
water, wrap in wet sheets, place in an air
32. 32
Diabetic emergenciesDiabetic emergencies
Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)
Result of insufficient sugar- Fast onset
•Cold clammy skin, pale, rapid respiration's and pulse,
incoherent
•Treat by giving sugar bases products
Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)
Too much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onset
•Warm, dry skin, slow respirations, smell of rotten
fruit on breath
•True medical emergency, activate EMS system
immediately
Find out if victim has past diabetic historyFind out if victim has past diabetic history
33. 33
Snake & Spider bitesSnake & Spider bites
Rattlesnake Copperhead Black Widow Brown Recluse
Limit activity
Constricting bandage above
Cold application
Advanced medical attention
39. 39
Severe Burns and Scalds
Treatment:
•Cool the burn area with water for 10 to 20 minutes.
•Lay the casualty down and make him as comfortable as possible,
protecting burn area from ground contact.
•Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting clothing
from the injured area before it begins to swell.
•Cover the injured area loosely with sterile unmedicated dressing or
similar non fluffy material and bandage.
•Don't remove anything that is sticking to the burn.
•Don't apply lotions, ointments, butter or fat to the injury.
•Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere with the injured area.
•Don't over-cool the patient and cause shivering.
•If breathing and heartbeat stop, begin resuscitation immediately,
•If casualty is unconscious but breathing normally, place in the
recovery position.
•Treat for shock.
•Send for medical attention and prep for transport.
40. 40
Minor Burns and Scalds
Treatment:
•Place the injured part under slowly running water,
or soak in cold water for 10 minutes or as long as
pain persists.
•Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, and
shoes from the injured area before it starts to
swell.
•Dress with clean, sterile, non fluffy material.
•Don't use adhesive dressings.
•Don't apply lotions, ointments or fat to burn/
scald.
•Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere.
•If in doubt, seek medical aid.
41. 41
Chemical BurnsChemical Burns
Treatment:
•Flood the area with slowly running water forFlood the area with slowly running water for
at least ten minutes. (or proper neutralizingat least ten minutes. (or proper neutralizing
agent)agent)
•Gently remove contaminated clothing whileGently remove contaminated clothing while
flooding injured area, taking care not toflooding injured area, taking care not to
contaminate yourself.contaminate yourself.
•Continue treatment for SEVERE BURNSContinue treatment for SEVERE BURNS
•Remove to hospital.Remove to hospital.
42. 42
Fractures & DislocationsFractures & Dislocations
Must treat for bleeding
first
Do not
push
bones
back into
place
Don’t straighten break
Treat the way you
found it
43. 43
IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...
1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.
2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area
3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back
into its socket.into its socket.
The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow,The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow,
finger, or thumb.finger, or thumb.
DislocationsDislocations
LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:
1. swelling1. swelling
2. deformed look2. deformed look
3. pain and tenderness3. pain and tenderness
4. possible discoloration of the affected area4. possible discoloration of the affected area
44. 44
SplintsSplints
Must be a straight line
break
Can be formed to shape
of deformity
Be careful of temperature
change
45. 45
PROPER CARE:PROPER CARE:
1. While waiting on help to arrive, keep the victim lying down in the recovery1. While waiting on help to arrive, keep the victim lying down in the recovery
positionposition
2. Control any bleeding, and be sure that he is breathing properly.2. Control any bleeding, and be sure that he is breathing properly.
3. Do not give the victim any liquids to drink.3. Do not give the victim any liquids to drink.
4. If the victim becomes unconscious for any amount of time, keep track of4. If the victim becomes unconscious for any amount of time, keep track of
this information so that you can report it when medical help arrives.this information so that you can report it when medical help arrives.
HeadHead InjuriesInjuries
A sharp blow to the head could result in a concussion, a jostling of theA sharp blow to the head could result in a concussion, a jostling of the
brain inside its protective, bony covering. A more serious head injurybrain inside its protective, bony covering. A more serious head injury
may result in contusions, or bruises to the brain.may result in contusions, or bruises to the brain.
OTHER SYMPTOMS TO LOOK FOR IF YOU SUSPECT A VICTIM MAY HAVEOTHER SYMPTOMS TO LOOK FOR IF YOU SUSPECT A VICTIM MAY HAVE
A BRAIN INJURY:A BRAIN INJURY:
1. clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose, or mouth1. clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose, or mouth
2. difficulty in speaking2. difficulty in speaking
3. headache3. headache
4. unequal size of pupils4. unequal size of pupils
5. pale skin5. pale skin
6. paralysis of an arm or leg (opposite side of the injury) or face (same side6. paralysis of an arm or leg (opposite side of the injury) or face (same side
of the injury)of the injury)
46. 46
Neck & Spinal InjuriesNeck & Spinal Injuries
CARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT
•ABCABC
•extreme care in initialextreme care in initial
examination — minimalexamination — minimal
movementmovement
•urgent ambulance transporturgent ambulance transport
•apply cervical collarapply cervical collar
•treat for shocktreat for shock
•treat any other injuriestreat any other injuries
•maintain body heatmaintain body heat
•if movement required, 'log roll'if movement required, 'log roll'
and use assistantsand use assistants
•always maintain casualty's headalways maintain casualty's head
in line with the shouldersin line with the shoulders
48. 48
These are symptoms of what?
• Uncomfortable pressure ,
squeezing, fullness or dull pain in
the chest or upper abdomen
• Shortness of breath
• Pain in shoulders, arms, neck or
jaws
49. 49
These are possible symptoms of what?
• Pain
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Distortion of limb
53. 53
If you find an unconscious victim, you
should first:
• A. Try 2 rescue breaths
• B. Open the airway
• C. Call 911
• D. Treat major bleeding
54. 54
If a choking victim becomes
unconscious, you should:
• A. Beat them on the back
• B. Check the mouth for
obstructions
• C. Try 2 rescue breaths
• D. Use abdominal thrusts
55. 55
If you get something stuck in your eye,
you should:
• A. Use a tissue or gauze to pull it
out.
• B. Flush it with water
• C. Cover the eyes and get to a
doctor
• D. Rub it, and blink repeatedly
56. 56
Rescue breathing should not be done:
• A. On supervisors
• B. If the person has a pulse
• C. On drowning victims
• D. If the person is breathing
57. 57
Fall victims should be treated:
• A. The same as burn victims
• B. The same as choking victims
• C. As if they had a broken neck or
spine
• D. As soon as they wake up
59. 59
Victims of electrical shock can:
• A. Have serious burns
• B. Be disoriented
• C. Have no pulse
• D. All of the above
60. 60
The best place to check for a pulse is:
• A. The back
• B. The neck
• C. The foot
• D. Inside the left armpit
61. 61
The biggest killer of burn victims is:
• A. Shock
• B. Infection
• C. Contamination of blood
• D. First aiders
62. 62
When calling 911, you should tell them:
• A. Your location
• B. The number of victims
• C. The type of injury, if known
• D. All of the above
63. 63
Heart attack victims usually:
• A. Refuse to believe they are having
one
• B. Like to jog a bit
• C. Have back pain
• D. Show all the symptoms
64. 64
For second degree burns you should:
• A. Make sure you pop all blisters as they
appear
• B. Wrap in dry, sterile dressing
• C. Coat with burn cream
• D. None of the above
65. 65
For sprains, you should:
• A. Apply pressure bandages
• B. Soak in hot water
• C. Apply cold packs
• D. Give two rescue breaths
67. 67
If bitten by a snake, you should:
• A. Use a snakebite kit to open the
wound
• B. Use a tourniquet
• C. Apply cold packs and call 911
• D. Drink plenty of alcohol
68. 68
Moving a victim with broken bones can
result in:
• A. Damage to internal tissues and organs
• B. Paralysis
• C. Death
• D. All of the above
69. 69
You are most likely to perform first aid
at:
• A. Home
• B. Work
• C. Sporting events
• D. On the highway
70. 70
You cannot be successfully sued as a
first aider because of:
• A. Lawyers aren’t like that
• B. People don’t sue those
who try to help them
• C. The Good Samaritan Law
• D. The Bill of Rights
