It is a short ppt about the construction and techniques used to build the greatest structure of all time , certain mysteries still lie there about the construction , wgich are yet to be solved .

1. CASE STUDY- “GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA”

3.  The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. The
pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the
beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom. There are about
eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt.
 The mummies of pharaohs and their families were placed inside a sarcophagus and then
buried inside the pyramids. Within each pyramid, often toward the center of the
structure, was a king's chamber.
 Actually, higher officials that is the person with powers and high class families were only
able to pay for “mummification”- the preserving of a dead body which was a costly
process to preserve their family members.
 So, they were in a search of structure to keep them in , which resulted in repetitive
building of structures finally leading to the formation of a “great” , “perfect”, “large” and
“marvellous” structure built by the best engineers and architects of all times, still
unknown methods of construction are discovered despite today’s technology.

4. Owner Khufu
Location Giza pyramid complex, Giza, Egypt
Coordinates 29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E
Architect Hemiunu
Constructed 2580–2560 BC (4th dynasty)
Type True pyramidHeight 146.7 metres (481 ft) or 280 cubits(ancient)
138.8 metres (455 ft) (contemporary)
Base 230.34 metres (756 ft) or 440 cubits
Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres (91,227,778 cu ft)
Slope 51°52'±2'

5.  It took twenty(20) years for the construction.
 The volume is estimated at 2,500,000 cubic metres.
 The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes.
 The accuracy of the pyramid's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base
have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length.
 The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760/280 royal cubits equates to 2π to an
accuracy of better than 0.05% .
 The design engineer used all the mathematics of “π” to reduce the errors to such
an extent that the result was the formation of a perfect structure and a hallmark
of world-class engineering.

6.  The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks.
 The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river.
 The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the "King's" chamber, weigh
25 to 80 tonnes.
 It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite
(imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the
construction of the Great Pyramid.
 At completion, the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white "casing stones“ , blocks
of highly polished white limestone.
 It has been suggested it was the mortar (Petrie's "cement") that made the joints
almost invisible seemingly impossible task possible, providing a level bed, which
enabled the masons to set the stones exactly.

7.  There have been many hypotheses about the Egyptian pyramid construction
techniques.
 Later pyramids were not built the same way as earlier ones.
 Most of the construction hypotheses are based on the idea that huge stones were
carved with copper chisels from stone quarries, and these blocks were then
dragged and lifted into position.
 The Greeks, many years after the event, believed that the pyramids must have
been built by slave labor.
 Archaeologists now believe that the Great Pyramid of Giza (at least) was built by
tens of thousands of skilled workers who camped near the pyramids.
 One mystery of the pyramid's construction is its planning.

8.  Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path
analysis methods.
 To move the stones overland, the Egyptians would have used large sledges that
could be pushed or pulled by gangs of workers.
 The sand in front of the sledge was likely dampened with water, something that
reduced friction, making it easier to move the sledge.
 Most Egyptologists agree that when the stones arrived at the pyramids, a system
of ramps was used to haul the stones up.
 A research also says that there was a canal system designed by engineers to move
the blocks in water reducing the effort and giving relief from the heat of sun.

9.  The engineering and technology of today cannot determine the exact way or
technique used by the Egyptians to build the pyramid , but it can be said that the
use of maths and presence of the mind of the engineers and architects was
incredible!
 Another mystery of pyramids is that it is said to be built by aliens , as some
technologies used in it were too smart for the people of that time , for e.g the use of
pi which equals to 3.14.
 Also the location creates a sense of doubt , as it is the geographic centre of the
earth, which was not possible for the engineers at that time to locate.