Nanking Massacre Case Study

Nanking Massacre Case Study
Introduction
Structure of the Investigation
Firstly, this investigation will take into consideration the Japanese revisionist evidence to support their claim of
falsification, that such evidence will include the challenge to methodology and hence evaluating the problems with the
evidence, demonstrating how the highly inconsistent facts arising from the Chinese sector indicates fabrication.
Secondly, this investigation will consider the Chinese motivation for falsification as well i.e. The Challenge from
Politics, investigating the political benefit that China has sustained from the Nanking Massacre and the effect that
politics has on the Historical inquiry. Lastly to be taken into consideration, the dispute over among the Massacre's most
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It is quite worth noting that the Rape of Nanking did take place in a military expansion into China (Chang, The Rape of
Nanking:The Forgotten Holocaust of WWII, 1998). The "atrocities" committed in China by the Japanese are described to
be unique to them, however if when looked at from a non–biased angle, it is clear that the action of the Japanese are no
different to the behaviour shown in many other imperialistic campaigns showing the indiscriminate murder, rape and
looting not to be trademark of the Japanese. When out of context of re–existing racial aggression in Asia, the Nanking
Massacre would become "a mere accident" of military operations and has been shown by the Chinese to be exactly that,
most prominently in 500 page history of army operation in the first 7 months of conflict (Thomas). This hence shows
how the removal of political context can be used to produce skewed interpretations and is commonly found among the
works of learned historians. It has been suggested by Hata Ikuhitko that if the Chinese had simply surrender like the
British at Singapore, then the massacre would not have occurred or not at all. But it is documented in both Chinese and
Japanese texts that the Chinese did not easily give up Nanking and a massive conflict had taken place before the
Japanese occupation (Ikuhiko). By placing the Japanese aggression in context, aggression seen toward the Chinese
seems almost natural and in addition, shows that China's claim that the attack was "unprovoked" can only be accepted if
no background to the event had occurred. By politicising the whole Nanking Massacre, the Chinese have taken the
Massacre out of context and hence have the moral high ground in any political or economical discussion (Eykholt,
Yoshida, & Yang, 2000). And hence shows the benefit and motivation for the Chinese to bring the whole ordeal out of
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12 O Clock High Analysis
War affects people deeply. It affects them as individuals and it affects them as a people. The experience of war and the
changes that happen are different but lives are never the same. Each film tries to describe this to those who haven't
personally experienced it. Where 12 O'clock High has a focus on the individual soldiers, City of Life and Death takes a
wider view from combatant to civilian to foreigner.
Early on war was depicted as glorified heroism. Before World War I, the Edwardian press "depicted war as distant and
safe; beneficial and desirable and even as some kind of sport or game." . It put emphasis on war's positive sides while
using understatement and metaphor to distance the public from the unpleasant realities." The soldiers who went into the
fight with the idea it was an outsized hunting trip quickly realized that the reality of war was very different from the
descriptions they grew up with. The Great War revealed a society blind to the useless waste and suffering of war. In the
1940's, Hollywood films were propaganda that sold patriotism and honor. Our guys were heros. Theirs were evil and
misguided. War wasn't easy but democracy and virtue clearly wins. "Hollywood turned out films that glorified the
American fighting man ... as he held high the ideals of democracy and fair play while ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It doesn't sugar coat things when, in the opening scenes, the men talk about a plane that was hit and the pilot who
heroically landed it – despite the blood all over the windshield after "shrapnel blew the back of Mac's head off." It
focuses on the effects that war has on individual soldiers. How the people who are ordered to risk their lives, sometimes
for a mission that they don't understand, learn to cope, grow, and come together – or fall apart. To act bravely despite
their doubts about what they are doing and

Nanking Atrocities
Nanking was not the only place of Japanese Army atrocities. Nanking held the distinction of allowing foreigners to
witness and survive the atrocities. I learned from the story that the Japanese Army would take drastic measures to
eliminate a people, to systematically use every means available to eliminate your enemy, people that may not have been
involved, people that got in your way and people you just took pleasure in killing. To even invite fellow military
personnel who were not even involved to come and watch as if it is some side show. A sick pride in performing your
duties.To knowingly kill people in many different possible ways, who are just scared and frightened, just to entertain
yourself. Why did killing go on even as

Pleasing Films for Historians and Mainstream Audiences
The transition from historical information to cinema is often a dangerous and controversial road, few films are able to
consistently please both historians and mainstream audiences. The topic of Sino–Japanese relations and China's anti–
Japanese war is frequently explored in the medium of film. Films such as City of Life and Death, Norman Bethune: The
Making of a Hero, Devils on the Doorstep, The Last Emperor, Nanking, Flowers of War and The Inn of the Sixth
Happiness all seek to investigate this turbulent period in Chinese history and to reflect upon the many different
perspectives involved. Although the medium of film can never accurately portray history or ever hope to achieve the
detailed work of a scholarly source, it can provide an emotional understanding of some of the most chaotic periods of
human history. The Second World War involved more than 100 million people from thirty different countries resulting in
the deadliest conflict in human history. How can anyone make sense of that on paper other than listing the number of
casualties? Film, deeply aware of its limitations has become a different form of understanding the past, capable of taking
a particular event such as war and exploring universal themes. Historian Natalie Zemon Davis states that: "Historians
want to chronicle what happened, to be sure, but also to explain why it happened and what difference it made...Although
there is an inevitable dialogue between the past and the present, the

Meiji Restoration And The Industrialization Of Japan
The 1868 Meiji Restoration ensued the state–led industrialization of Japan, adopting western practices to be comparable
to other industrialized nations. Included in this endeavor was the adoption of imperialism in 1894, embarking on the
aggressive expansion into Asian territories. Ultimately, the Japanese's expansionist policies resulted in a series of Sino–
Japanese wars that fostered war crimes against the Chinese and occupied territories. Many of these crimes involved
forcing women into becoming "comfort women" for Japanese soldiers and the Nanking Massacre, where Japanese troops
murdered upwards of 300,000 residents and raped the women of Nanking, China. Yet, although international tribunals
implicated Japanese military leaders after World War II for their wartime atrocities, the United States occupation
authorities soon released them to aid in the democratization of Japan. As many of these military leaders passed away,
Japanese officials placed their remains at the Yasukuni Shrine. Consequently, a visit from prime ministers to the
Yasukuni Shrine sparks outrage among the Asian governments hurt by the war criminals, as they believe the Japanese
government should not honor the men who committed war crimes. Yet, despite the outrage from other Asian
governments, the Japanese government refuses to change, displaying little remorse for their previous actions. Therefore,
issues of historical memory are a recurring issue in Japan's domestic and international politics

The Nankin Massacre in China: Historically Forgotten
Absolute historical fact is impossible to obtain. Although history tends to be thought of as based on facts, data and past
happenings, history in its very nature subjects itself to human biases, personal interpretations, personal interests, national
interests, and cultural values. The occurrence of the Raping of Nanking continues to be subjected to such interpretations.
On December 12, 1937, an outbreak of mass murder and rape was committed by the Japanese troops against Nanking
China during the Second Sino–Japanese War. This incident, which came to be known as the Nanking Massacre or the
Rape of Nanking, lasted for six weeks during which the Imperial Japanese Army murdered tens of thousands of Chinese
civilians and disarmed combatants. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Iris Chang, the author of The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II states, "Denial is an integral
part of atrocity, and it's a natural part after a society has committed genocide. First you kill them, then the memory of
killing is killed". This distorted historic memory of the Rape of Nanking has China yearning for an official apology from
Japan and desiring the world to know about the largest single city massacre in the history of the world. Unlike the
Japanese, the Chinese do not view the rape, death, mutilation and torture of what some suspect to be more than 300,000
civilians and surrendered soliders in a city of less than 650,000 inhabitants to be a hazy, forgettable past (Stanford). In
motivation of her own grandparents' stores about the escape from the massacre, Iris Chang wrote The Rape of Nanking:
The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. She details atrocities committed against Chinese by forces of the Japanese
Imperial Army and includes rare interviews with victims. Chang describes in gruesome detail the types of cruel torture
thrust upon the people of Nanking including mutilation, live burials, "death by ice", "death by fire" and "death by dogs"
(Chang 88). She also illustrates a brutal killing contest amongst the Japanese soldiers to determine who was the quickest.
On the rapes that took place during the massacre she states that "certainly it was one of the greatest mass

Nanking Massacre Research Paper
The Nanking Massacre According to Webster's Dictionary, the term "genocide" means "the deliberate and systematic
destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. The Nanking Massacre, also called the Rape of Nanking, lasted for six
weeks in 1937(The Rape of Nanking). Hundreds of thousands were killed due to the excitement of the takeover of
Shanghai. Residents and visitors were all killed in the path of the Japanese army's fight to win the war that had erupted.
The war crimes during the Nanking Massacre were committed by Japanese soldiers due to the war, the event that took
place, and the long–term effects on the world. After the fall of Shanghai in November of the same year, Japanese soldiers
were eager to continue the war and take over the then capital of China, Nanking. These takeovers were apart of the Sino–
Japanese War ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, "thousand of suspected members of the Chinese Army who had shed their uniforms for civilian clothing,
were apprehended, their hands tied behind their backs and led en mass to killing fields where they were shot, beheaded,
used for bayonet practice or killed in some other gruesome manner before being dumped into mass graves,"("The Rape
of Nanking"). The soldiers of the Chinese army would be killed even if they weren't fighting anymore. The Japanese
soldiers had no respect for anybody during this time of the war. It is said that twenty to eighty thousand women were
raped ,and then stripped away of everything. They were then killed after the Japanese soldiers were done with
them(Chang). This was one of the reasons why this event was called "The Rape of Nanking". These statistics were said
to be only in the first month of the Nanking Massacre. Bodies were dumped in rivers and mass graves. The Japanese
soldiers were able to finish off Nanking with the encouragement of their officers and trying to find new ways to kill all
of the people of Nanking and

Nanking Massacre
On December 13, 1937, one of the worst atrocities in history took place generating what the majority of the population in
the world is unaware about. Students learn about World War Two almost every year, specifically what happened in
Europe while missing what took place in China. When Prince Akaska was the in charge of China in the absence of
General Matsui, the Japanese decided to invade the City of Nanking. Nanking, the capital of China, went from being
great to ruins in a matter of six weeks. As soon as the Japanese invaded China, about 300,000 soldiers surrendered along
with a lot of citizens of Nanking in order to avoid experiencing one of the worst acts ever taken place. Soldiers knew, if
they chose to fight, conditions were going to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, a lot of women were killed and about 200,000 Chinese soldiers were killed. The attack left bodies littering the
streets for months. Raping did not take place only in houses or by individuals. It was being done in religious places,
gangs were raping women before killing them. Raping was taken to another level by the Japanese forces. They forced
fathers to rape their daughters and forced sons to rape their mothers, those who resisted were murdered. In addition to the
horrors visited upon the people, Nanking itself was also being impacted through the violence.
The Japanese did not also cause physical damage to the citizens of Nanking but also to Nanking itself. They looted all
the storehouses and seized virtually everything from the civilians. They also organized the burning of buildings in the
city. After they set fire to buildings using either gasoline or some other flammable chemical, they hid, waited and killed
people who came to extinguish the fire. Numerous people were killed from this specific

The Nanking Massacre: In What Causes Of The Nannking Massacre
Research Question
In what ways has the Nanking Massacre (1937–1938) been mythologized in history?
Abstract
Through an investigation of the existing accounts of the Nanking Massacre (1937–1938), this extended essay endeavours
to address the research question: In what ways has the Nanking Massacre (1937–1938) been mythologized in history?
By drawing upon the main arguments and framework that Paul Cohen developed in his book "History in Three Keys" in
order to assess the Boxer Rebellion, this essay applied a similar framework in order to interpret the Nanking Massacre.
This essay has arrived at a conclusion that no historian will ever find the "complete truth" about the Nanking Massacre
but Cohen's framework is viable in interpreting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to the mythologization of history that has resulted in the historical event to be potentially fictitious.
The Chinese insist that the Japanese need to realise like how the Nazis will be remembered for their atrocious treatment
towards Jews, the Japanese will be remembered for their inhumane treatment towards the 300 000 civilians that they had
"brutally slaughtered and systematically tortured" during the "Asian Holocaust", as Chang put it in the Rape of Nanking.
On the other hand, the Japanese government does not feel the obligation to fully disclose information and results of the
incident in their high school textbooks and instead prefer to build a nation of oblivious youth. Given the severe impact of
the problems of history on current Sino–Japanese relations, the two states are now encountering an urgent task to
eliminate historical mythmaking in national historiography. Thus the debate is sure to continue; both sides have too
much invested in the meaning and identity of these now distant events. The divergent tone and focus of these two
pioneering volumes illustrate how the gap between Japanese and Chinese positions remains formidable and likely

The Nanking Massacre
The Nanking Massacre was the killing of over 300,00 chinese soldiers and civilians and to go along with the lives lost
over 20,000 woman and girls were raped. This started following the Sino–Japanese War the japanese turned their
attention to Nanking. The nationalist leader had ordered all chinese soldiers out of the city to go to battle shortly before
the Japanese entered the city. The leader also forbade the official evacuation of its citizens. The massacre took place in
the capital of Nanking. The massacre itself only last a little over six weeks. It started in December 1937 and ended in
February 1938. In this research paper you will be shown the eight steps in how a genocide happens.
Classification
In the Nanking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then the raping started and continued through the whole six weeks. There was not any care until after it had happened
from the outside world. It was almost as if they were blind to it or just did not care. There were about 300,000 people
murdered in all. And only two people were taken down and tried for this.
Denial
The japanese government tried to cover up the murders. "However, the japanese side continues to obfuscate history.In
1982, Japan's Ministry of Education revised textbooks to replace the term "invasion" with "advance" to describe the war
in China, earning the ire of the Nanking public" (Xinzhu,31) Only two people of the thousands of troops were tried and
convicted which were Matsui and Tani Hisao. (Nanking Massacre)
Conclusion
So to sum up all of it the Nanking Massacre was from 1937 to 1938 in Nanking, China. The japanese came into the city
killed people and then progrested into raping for over six weeks. The japanese does not think it happened and the Japan
government does not care. And the Chinese now have a memorial mesum for the lost lives and December 13 is their day
to be remembered, In the future I think other governments should keep better watch over everything and step in if their
military is outta line in their

The Nanking Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, happened during the Second Sino–Japanese War of mass
murder and mass rape by Japanese troops in Nanking. The massacre started on December 13, 1937 and lasted 6 weeks.
During this time, soldiers of the Japanese Army killed Chinese citizens and took away all weapons from the chinese,
numbering an estimated 40,000 to over 300,000 and perpetrated widespread rape and looting. The Nanjing Massacre was
because of a very tough fight that the Chinese forces had put up in Shanghai from August to December 1937. The
Japanese military was caught off guard by how hard the fighting would be in Shanghai, and even though Chiang Kai–
shek eventually retreated, the battle cost the Japanese much more than they had anticipated. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the 12th, the defending Chinese troops decided to retreat to the other side of the Yangtze River. On December 13, the
6th and 16th Divisions of the Japanese Army entered the cityís Zhongshan and Pacific Gates. In the afternoon, two
Japanese Navy fleets arrived. The Japanese only took Nanjing power and prestige, thinking they were better than
everyone else. There are no official numbers for the death toll in the Nanking Massacre, though estimates range from
200,000 to 300,000 people.Back in Nanking, however, all was not lost.
An extraordinary group of about 20 Americans and Europeans remaining in the city, composed of missionaries, doctors
and businessmen, took it upon themselves to establish an International Safety Zone.Using Red Cross flags, they brazenly
declared a 2.5 square–mile area in the middle of the city off limits to the Japanese. On numerous occasions, they also
risked their lives by personally intervening to prevent the execution of Chinese men or the rape of women and young

Nanking Massacre
In the chapter of Allies and Enemies In the Asia– Pacific War (1937– 45) in the book Making of the Rape of Nanking by
Yoshida Tadashi, Yoshida illustrated the change of attitude of Chinese government toward the Nanking Massacre in 1938
during the League of Nations in Geneva. He argued "Because China's principal appeal at the League of Nations was to
European powers that could recall gas and air attacks from World War I, it made sense to emphasize similar current
assaults by the Japanese military" (36), that the Chinese government condemned the usage of gas weapons and air
attacks in the whole picture of atrocity of Japanese army cross the whole country instead of focussing solely on Nanking
Massacre, is to catch the attention of delegates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wellington Koo, the delegate of Republic of China put Nanking Massacre at the central evidence of his speech, depicting
the miserable state of Chinese civilians to condemn Japan and to call for the aid of other countries. However his
argument was not rewarded with the attention of other countries, which made him and the government to give up using
Nanking Massacre as the example of Japanese atrocity.
The second one is the Europe having enduring the calamity of chemical weapons during World War I was reason for the
Chinese government to turn to stress the atrocity by giving the massive bombing and gas weapons caused by the
Japanese army. As using the example of Nanking massacre was not effective, the government questioned if it was
because the Nanking Massacre was not something the European delegates can relate to. As a result, they talked about the
air attacks and gas weapons usage of Japanese army to try to appeal the European countries to feel the pain and to help
China.
Instead of giving first hand narratives of the Nanking Massacre, this historical research article revealed how the Chinese
government afterward view this

A Crime Against Humanity
Crimes against humanity is a deliberate act resulting in a large number of human suffering or death. Incidents like this
have happened many times in this world and are still happening today. Since the beginning of these crimes there has
been controversy on whether or not other countries should intervene in other countries affairs when it comes to crimes
against humanity. The main reason is protecting other countries sovereignty. They don't want to take over their right to
self determination and their right to govern themselves and make their own decisions. However the other side to it is that
when it gets to the point of human suffering and death and becomes a crime against humanity countries should intervene
and save civilians lives. Countries should not be allowed to make their own decisions after a crime against humanity has
started. My position on this issue is that when a crime against humanity has begun countries and the UN should
intervene and put a stop to it. In 1937 300,000 soldiers and civilians were killed and almost 80,000 women were sexually
assaulted, this was the Nanking massacre. The Japanese just defeated the Chinese in a bloody battle and now they were
going after the capital Nanking. The leader of China was fearful of the Japanese as they were a strong army so he
ordered the army to flee and left the untrained army. The Japanese quickly took over and tore the people and city to
ruins. The Japanese saw the Chinese surrender as cowardice and an

The Rape Of Nanking And The Three Of The Art Works During...
Korea was Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945. Korea had to endure many adversities and hardships during the Japanese
colonial period. Japanese did not treat Koreans as a human. They fiercely ignored and brutally harassed Koreans, as they
wanted to. At a similar time, during World War II, Japanese did nasty and cruel brutalities to the Chinese as they did to
the Koreans. After the World War II, Chinese still have many problems that have not been apologized by Japanese. One
of the problems that Chinese faced during the war was the rape. Women were the most vulnerable existence during the
war, and they were easiest existence to control. We can learn how the horror of the war affects on women. Through out
the Iris Chang's The Rape of Nanking and the three of the art works during World War II, which are Henri Matisse's
Daisies in 1939, Wilhelm Freddie's Portable Garbo in 1941, and Jean Dubuffet's Two Nude Woman in 1942, we can
recognize how the book and art use the same object, women in different point of view. The Rape of Nanking by Iris
Chang exposed the atrocities of the Japanese military during the World War II in the Chinese capital city, Nanking. Iris
Chang is a Chinese American who was born and raised in the United States. She depicts the inhumane violence
committed by the Japanese army during the war through various records and interview materials of survivors. From the
perspective of Japan, victim, and the America and Europe, she states how Japan, bold by the silence

History of Nanking Massacre
Despite having the horrific Nanking Massacre occur 70 years ago, its history is barely buried like many of the dead were
at the time. The Nanking Massacre (also known as the Rape of Nanking) occurred as a part of the 2nd Sino–Japanese
War, which would then become part of World War II. This war involved the Republic of China defending against the
invading Japanese forces. Unfortunately, China was weakened due to a civil war between the Communists and the
Nationalists, so it was easily invaded. The Nanking Massacre shows the negative elements of Human Nature and should
be taught in schools because it portrays the brutality of the Japanese in Asia. The Rape of Nanking started on December
13, 1937. This was the day the Japanese invaded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is estimated from 150,000 to 300,000 people were killed during the seven week period. The Rape of Nanking shows
the negative elements of humanity by portraying how the Japanese were relentless at their tactics toward the civilians.
The people of Nanking were at their mercy at all times and any violation meant instant death. The Japanese soldiers
acted without any discipline, chivalry, or honor, which were what the original bushido code had strived for.
The massacre is significant because it would pave the way for the future of any relations between China and Japan. Their
relationship is very strained already because Japan has not issued a mutually accepted apology for its war crimes (Yew).
Neither country is willing to give in due to denial in Japan and anger in China (Yew). The Nanking Massacre should be
taught in schools alongside the Holocaust because even though the Holocaust was extermination, both of these tragic
events show hatred at its core: Nazis against the Jews and the Japanese against the Chinese. This event displayed that
each gruesome mass killing, "does not highlight, but instead blurs the distinctions between us" (Yew). Japanese troops
were trained to believe the Chinese were inferior to them, therefore they must be killed. Similarly, the Nazis were trained
to believe the Jews were inferior. The Nanking Massacre also showed how no

The Causes Of The Nanjing Massacre
The Nanjing Massacre occurred over a span of 6 weeks in 1937, after conquering the Chinese forces stationed in
Nanjing, the Japanese troops began their infamous slaughter also known as the rape of Nanjing. This sequence of events
not only affected Nanjing historically, but the effect is has on current day Nanjing is nothing less than astonishing.
Throughout the six weeks an estimated 300,000 soldiers and civilians were killed (Controversial, Japanese say the
number is significantly lower). The Nanjing massacre is known as one of the most destructive mass murders in history as
it would take decades for the city and its citizens to recover from the horrifying attacks. (staff, 2009). Nanjing, one of
China's greatest ancient capitals located in eastern China is found in Jiangsu, China. Nanjing has a prominent place in
Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican
governments. Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1378–1644) rose to the throne in 1368,
overthrowing the Yuan dynasty and renaming it Yingtian and making it the dynastic capital in 1368. Emerging as the
political and cultural center of southeastern China at the time, it ultimately ended in a disaster and stained Chinese
history forever (Kuo, 2016) Nanjing at the time with about a population of approximately a million was a prime target
when Japan invaded China in 1937. That November, Japanese troops made their way into the city, and the

Eight Stages Of Genocide In Japan
"Kill all, loot all, burn all." This was the Japanese policy towards China dealing with the massacre (Sheng–Ping). To
begin, the term genocide has eight unique stages, various interpretations, and a specific root. In Japan, opposing
perspectives on who was to control Nanking created tension between the Japanese and Chinese. The horrendous actions
inflicted on the Chinese resulted because of eight specific stages. Sadly, genocide will not end unless nations across the
world work together to put an end to this horrifying concept. The genocide of Japan, directed by the malice of the
Japanese military regime, was based on the idea that any enemy soldier who surrendered was considered criminal, and
therefore, many people perished because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In 1933, Japan occupied Jehol Province, not including Chahar and Hopei, and wanted the Hopei as a demilitarized
zone" (Hua–ling 56). In 1935, the Japanese forced the Chinese to withdraw from their stations in Hopei and Chahar and
also ended all activities in the area. In September, Foreign Minister Hirota Koki, presented The Three Principles of
Hirota to the Chinese government demanding that China should stop using American and European influence to maintain
friendship, China should recognize Manchukuo, and that Japan and China mst establish a common defense against
communism (Hua–ling 58). After Japan withdrew from the League of Nations, they were no longer going for world
peace (Morley 72). "The Nanking Massacre refers to an exceedingly horrible massacre of civilians by the Japanese army
during a six–week period from December 1937 to January 1938 after its occupation of Nanking, then the capital of the
Republic of China" (Taso). General Iwane Matsui, the commanding officer in Shanghai, and the cabinet argued that the
capture of Nanking would convince the nationalist government to settle the incident (Morley 74). Even before the Rape
of Nanking, the Japanese had tried to use their power to force China to do things against their

The Nanking Massacre
In this book, Iris Chang brings to light the atrocities that occurred during the Nanking massacre by focusing on the initial
Japanese attacks on the city, the work of the international community to protect the Chinese, and the subsequent cover up
of the massacre. Chang's primary argument is that the events surrounding the Rape of Nanking have been downplayed
by western and Japanese scholars, and need to be discussed. A key element of the book is to counter a revisionist
approach to the events of Nanking which, in her estimation, pervade Japanese schools and have subsequently misled
westerners into believing that the Japanese military was not as vicious as they were. Her work does indeed provide a
gut–wrenching account of the event while sifting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sutton argues that the high reputation of the German advisors in China is overstated by historians, but the advisors did
provide high quality service to the modernization of the Chinese military. The author attempts to dispel the myths
surrounding the German advisory group, and demonstrate how the Nazi's implementation of their military tactics altered
the political landscape leading to the eventual break from the Nationalists, and alignment with the Japanese. While
Sutton limits his article on the implications of the German's training style, he does well to provide an alternative to the
traditional conception of this group by reasonably making the point that not only has their reputation been somewhat
exaggerated, but their impact may have prepared the Nationalists for the wrong style of war and not taken into account
Chinese

Essay on The Rape of Nanking
When most American people think of Germany, they think of sports cars made for the autobahn, sauerkraut, Adolf Hitler,
and the Holocaust. Compared to Germany, when most American people think of Japan they think of sushi, Godzilla
movies, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. World War II was such a
significant event in history that almost 70 years after it came to an end, today's younger generations often associate
former Axis controlled countries with the war. People around the world are filled with disgust and immense hate when
they hear the name Hitler, mainly because of his leadership under the Holocaust; which was the discriminatory mass
genocide of 11–17 million people, the vast majority ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bombings killed almost 200,000 Japanese civilians, some of which were not killed by the initial explosions but died
afterwards of radiation sickness and severe flash burns. Many feel that Japan did not deserve the bombings and if any
country deserved it, it should have been Nazi Germany because of the mass torture and murder they committed. Japan
certainly doesn't come to mind to many when it comes to the disgusting, discriminatory acts against humanity in World
War II. Growing up in the American school system, children are mostly taught of the events surrounding the Holocaust
and not of the atrocious war crimes committed by the Japanese army. Anyone who is knowledgeable of the acts of Nazi
Germany, would be shocked if they learned that there was a memorial in modern–day Germany dedicated to those who
fought in the war as well as those who committed those infamous acts in the concentration camps. The same should go to
an individual aware of what the Japanese did, as there is a World War II memorial in Tokyo that has the names of those
who perished while serving Japan. Not that the Japenese shouldn't honor their fallen soldiers, but that the memorial, the
Yasukuni Shrine, includes the names of soldiers who lost their lives during the Nanking Massacre, also known as the
Rape of Nanking. The Nanjing Massacre, or the romanisation spelling being Nanking, was the Japanese invasion and
occupation of then capital of the

The Rape Of Nanjing: The Nanking Massacre
The Rape of Nanjing, also known as the Nanking Massacre was a horrific event that took place in late December of
1937. The Rape of Nanjing was a period of time after Japan's victory against the Chinese in the Sino–Japanese war,
where Japanese soldiers entered into Nanjing, the capital of China on a quest to wipe out all Chinese troops that
surrendered during the war. Along with the clearing of the Chinese troops many Japanese soldiers targeted men women
and children, and tourists in Nanjing, brutally torturing, murdering,and raping around 300–600,000 of of them. Soldiers
would set fire to buildings killing those trying to escape, People were used as stabbing targets for war practice, females
from ages 8 to 70 were used for the soldiers entertainment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Japan and its army did not receive any consequences for what they had done to the city of Nanjing, they got away with
the murders of many and lived their lives as free people. There is no consequence brutal enough to punish the Japanese
soldiers who took part in the Rape of Nanjing, for the many crimes they committed. Because of their horrendous actions
the japanese soldiers should not have been able to live their lives happily without a punishment knowing what they had
done. Some consequences that should have been given to Japan and the participants are, the country should have to own
up to the crimes committed, those who participated should be imprisoned and isolated in a place away from the rest of
the world where they are only allowed to eat and drink until they die, Soldiers should have had to pay a great amount of
money to the living descendants of those killed during the rape of Nanjing, and each soldier who participated should
have been forced to give up important things and pay a large amount of money for the lives lost and damages done to the
city of Nanjing before being thrown in jail where they would spend the rest of their lives. The rape of Nanjing is an event
that should have never occurred, the amount of deaths should have been

Lest We Forget: Nanjing Massacre, 1937 By Xu Zhigeng
How the Rising Sun is Remembered
The Second World War, arguably the most influential conflict in world history, left legacies of valor and heroism as well
as legacies of unspeakable atrocities and violence. While the Holocaust in Germany deservedly draws significant
attention when the war is taught in history classes across the world, another such atrocity from this time period, the
Nanking Massacre in China, can at times be forgotten. Some historians, such as author Xu Zhigeng, argue that certain
Japanese officials deny that the massacre at Nanking even occurred. He quotes Shigeto Nagano, former Justice Minister
of Tokyo as having said about the war which he participated in, "It is wrong to consider that war an aggressive one."
However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As he tells it, On December 13, 1937, the Chinese Chief of Operations Liu Fei declared that, "The enemy [the Japanese]
is using air, land, and naval superiority to encircle Nanjing. It is clear that the city is indefensible. I propose we withdraw
on our own initiative after a symbolic fight." The Chinese command agreed that Nanjing was not possible to defend and
therefore surrender was necessary to prevent unnecessary loss of life. The general population of China and the Chinese
military banded together to support one another when hiding soldiers from Japanese killing searches. The general feel of
Zhigeng's book portrays the Chinese as victims of World War II, specifically victims of the brutality of the Japanese. His
introduction asserts that not did the Japanese commit these crimes, but some modern Japanese leaders refuse that these
crimes occurred. While Zhigeng's history may mostly, or even entirely, accurate, the main problem with his work is that
he does not offer a works cited. Throughout the work, he mentions how he used interviews, as well as other sources, for
his research, but he does not include any

Summary: The Rape Of Nanking
Nanking: Massacre or Military Accident?
Jonathan Chavez
World History
03/28/18
The Rape of Nanking is a very controversial topic, having been disputed upon since its occurrence during World War
Two. Many scholars argue for two distinct views, that of the Chinese and that of the Japanese. The Japanese, who were
the aggressors, say the event in Nanking was a military accident. The Chinese however, as the victims during this, say it
was a massacre. Due to the amount of organization, the ways the Japanese brutalized the Chinese, and the way the
Japanese government denies it, it is easy to say that this incident was no military accident, but a massacre.
The Nanking massacre wasn't a case of a few rogue soldiers or a military incident, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The fact that they do this, overlooking all that they did to the people of Nanking, proves that the Japanese even knew, it
was not an incident. Scholars say that the Japanese murdered anywhere from 300,000–400,000 thousand people (Roberts
1). Yet the Japanese government says that the number is inaccurate and hard to pinpoint (Fogul 123). If it truly was a
military incident they would own up to the facts about what they did and how many they killed, they could easily support
their claim by doing this and end the dispute. Keeping in mind how they are still reluctant to admit to anything, the
Japanese must be truly embarrassed or even afraid, to admit to what they did in Nanking. In fact, they have even tried to
revise history to support their claims. Many Japanese textbooks barely acknowledge the event or skip over it all together.
In other situations, textbooks say that they did not at all participate in the killing of civilians during the war, and that they
fought in self defense (Chang 375). Any Japanese not agreeing with this, and speaking out to bring the truth about the
event to light, are many times threatened by ultranationalists with everything from lawsuits to assassination (Chang 375).
There is no better way to prove someone's guilt and desire to hide something, than for them

Nanjing Massacre: The Rape Of Nanking
Nanjing Massacre referred to as "The Rape of Nanking". In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, imperial Japanese
Army forces viciously murdered hundreds of thousands of people – including both soldiers and civilians – in the Chinese
city of Nanjing. The horrific events known as the Nanjing Massacre, between 20,000 and 80,000 women were sexually
assaulted. Nanjing, then the capital of Nationalist China, was left in ruins, and it would take decades for the city and its
citizens to recover from the savage attacks.
The Chinese Government moved the capital of China from Peking to Nanjing in 1928. Nanjing's population the mid
1930s was well over one million people, mainly because many refugees were fleeing from the Japanese army that has
invaded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The safety zones that were set up to protect some of the citizens and refugees were raided and men were dragged out to
be killed or were shot on the spot. Large numbers of young men were dragged out of the city to be massacred.
Sometimes, they would take anywhere from several thousand to tens of thousands at one time. These mass executions
were mostly done with machine guns. There were even some instances where the Japanese would pour gasoline on these
people and then burn them alive. It was once reported that they poured gasoline on a group of people tied together and
shot at them, watching the bullets strike their bodies, then catch fire.
Many atrocities were committed in and around the city; most of them were against civilians. The Japanese soldiers
thought that killing these innocent people were fun and games. They invented new ways to brutally murder these people.
Some of these violent acts included stabbing, shooting, burning, gutting, digging out heart, decapitation, drowning,
castration, and sometimes punching or stabbing objects into the female

Nanking Massacre And The Nanking Massacre
In 1937, the Chinese city of Nanking was devastated when the Japanese Imperial Army invaded, killing around 300,000
people . The Japanese soldiers went into people's homes searching for Chinese soldiers, and killing civilians. These
devastating events are known as the "Rape of Nanking", or as the Nanking Massacre. However, the history of atrocities
like this are not always taught. Things such as the Japanese history textbook controversy show how one event can be
remembered, or portrayed, in many different ways. For the most part, history can be skewed for political reasons. For
Japan, making history their own had benefits, and these benefits could help the government keep their people on their
side of things, and it would try to legitimize their own views on their history.
The forming of loyalty and patriotism through selective teachings of the Nanking Massacre has built tensions between
China and Japan that have, and still do, separate two nations.
The history, which is taught correctly in most nations, is horrifying. The Nanking Massacre lasted for a span of a few
months, with Japanese soldiers sparing no man, woman or child. The title "Rape of Nanking" is to describe the raping of
women, numbering anywhere from 20,000 to 80,000 . Some of the Chinese captives, some of which were Chinese
soldiers, were forced to dig graves for groups of other captives to be buried alive in, and then would be buried
themselves when the next group of captives dug a new grave .
However,

The Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich was a summary of Adolf's journey from his boyhood to his final decision to end his
life. Shirer successfully made his case as he laid down many points that proved the foolishness of the German citizen in
becoming aroused by Hitler's power and not reacting to stop him from getting any more powerful. The point of view
must be addressed. Based on the author's choice of words and writing, it was clear that he had found Hitler distasteful as
he uses the words restless, bitter, demonic, and ruthless to describe the Fuhrer throughout the book. Therefore the
writings in the book could have been influenced by the fact that he lived and worked in the Third Reich and witnessed
Adolf Hitler's rise of power first hand. The audience of the book, based on the difficulty of reading and the content,
should be for young adults and older, historians, and for anyone interested in this topic. The book could be used for
further research into this subject or simply for the pleasure of new information that have never been seen before in other
famous Holocaust stories such as The Diary of Anne Frank. This book will definitely stimulate further conversation
among historians and history lovers and historiography on this subject as the author's thesis is quite controversial.
Overall, I have liked the thoroughness of this book and all the interesting insights in which I have never come upon with
other books talking about the Third Reich, I don't recommend taking this

Nanking Massacre Essay example
Nanking Massacre 1. The Japanese invasion of China immediately before and during World War II lasted from the early
1930's to 1945. During this dark period in modern Asian history, the Japanese military machine was motivated by an
uncontrollable desire for aggression, expansion and imperialism. The brutalities and atrocities committed by the
Japanese military in China and elsewhere in Asia finally ended with destruction on Japanese soil –– the atomic bombing
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, 1945. The victims of the Japanese militarists' aggression included the innocent
and peace–loving peoples of China, Korea, the Philippines, other south east Asian countries, United States, and Japan
herself. 2. In the past forty–five years, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By preparing this pamphlet, we hope to help initiate a long term movement to bring attention to the war crimes
committed by the Japanese militarists during World War II, and, by doing so, to unite with peace–loving people of all
nationalities to prevent the resurgence of militarism anywhere in the world. 6. In 1928, the Chinese Nationalist
Government moved the capital of China from Peking to Nanking. The city normally held about 250,000 people, but by
the mid–1930's its population had swollen to more than 1 million. Many of them were refugees, fleeing from the
Japanese armies which had invaded China since 1931. On November 11, 1937, after securing control of Shanghai, the
Japanese army advanced towards Nanking from different directions. In early December, the Japanese troops were
already in the proximity of Nanking. 7. On December 9, after unsuccessfully demanding the defending Chinese troops in
Nanking to surrender, the Japanese troops launched a massive attack upon the city. On the 12th, the defending Chinese
troops decided to retreat to the other side of Yangtze River. On the 13th of December, the 6th and the 116th Divisions of
the Japanese Army first entered the city. At the same time, the 9th Division entered Guanghua Gate, and the 16th
Division entered

Social, Cultural, Humanitarian Committee Summary
HSINMUN XII 2016
Committee: General Assembly 3: Social, Cultural, Humanitarian Committee (GA3: SOCHUM)
Expert Chair: Cheryl Lin (IBSH)
Issue: Regulating and reducing the alteration of history in public education
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
General Overview of the Topic
The course of history serves as an influential bridge that connects the past with our education, future, and perspectives
on crucial issues. In public education, history is a school subject that is taken by a large population of students, and
although authors and historians are working to create content with less bias, the course is bound to present subjectivities.
Such examples include the neglect towards the Soviet era war crimes in Eastern European countries or the lack of
attention given to the Nanking Massacre in Japanese textbooks. These misleading alterations of historical content can
often cause the minds of youths to lack important facts and instead be distorted with false information. Thus, in order for
society to achieve incremental equality and to preserve true and meaningful historical context, we must take initiatives to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She strongly disapproves of the textbooks that whitewash and minimize the consequences of this massacre. As the author
and director of Torn Memories of Nanking, Matsuoka has recorded testimonies of both survivors and perpetrators over
the past 28 years. Her extensive efforts are widely recognized with several awards outside of Japan and is nicknamed as
"the conscience of Japan" by the Chinese press. Although Matsuoka continues to remain as a minority voice and
controversial figure in Japan, she serves as a significant figure workings towards the lessening of historical

Genocide : The Rape Of Nanking And The Holocaust
All over the history of Earth, there has been multiple encounters between various nationalities. No matter if it is between
Jews and Nazis, Serbs targeting Bosniak and Croatian civilians, or the Sudan government against Darfuri citizens, there
has always been a threat to a certain group of people. Holocausts have happened all around the world, but they are
avertible. In the Nanjing Massacre, around 300,000 Chinese citizens were raped and killed by Japanese troops. It
occurred from December of 1937 to January of 1938 in Nanjing, China. This is located west of Shanghai, near the Jiang
River. Key components vary throughout each genocide, but in the Rape of Nanking they were the raping of women, the
short amount of time it occurred in, and the destruction of Nanjing. The Rape of Nanking was an event that occurred
between Japan and China. The Japanese army invaded Japan on December 13, 1937. (Mills)This was after a few events
occurred that angered Japan, including the Battle of Shanghai. In "The Rape of Nanking" it states how Japan's army, led
by General Matsui Iwane, invaded China. The Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai–shek wanted to keep fighting, and
did not back down. After a few weeks, Prince Asaka took over and he said "kill all captives." The soldiers took this
seriously, which resulted in many deaths. This source comes from the Arizona Digital Library, a trusted and well–known
online program. Thousands of Chinese citizens were killed, some sources say up to 300,000.

During The Nanking Massacre
In the earliest moments of civilization, violence has been man's innate response to a threatening situation. The human
body releases adrenaline, and a person has only a few moments to decide between fight and flight. War is the result of
man following his instinct to fight. The reason humans ever choose the fight reaction is because they feel threatened.
People want to protect themselves those who are close to them. Young adults who enter military forces are trained to
believe that violence is the answer to their fear. They believe they are protecting themselves and their families. In
Nanking, China, the former capital, young men followed their animalistic instinct to protect themselves and their
families. During the Sino Japanese War, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, they carried a fear that disagreement with their military training would result in political and social
"shunning" that could potentially be physically harmful to themselves and loved ones. The notion of violence as their
form of protection stemmed "from their feudal roots of government" that "took on a more militant style of leadership
during the early part of the 20th century " (Cook). Their finite militant style of government taught "to desire to serve
their nation, and [ as a result] the militaristic flavor of nation pervaded into the classrooms, where conformity and
obedience to teacher demands to value obedience and unconditional loyalty to the emperor was the rule of the day "
(Cook). Being young and impressionable, the students were groomed to have the utmost loyalty to their nation; often
times being abandoned by their families and friends if they didn't obey. The fear of disobeying their culture itself was so
great that it was enough for them to thoughtlessly obey the commands of any higher officer. In all, a Japanese "surrender
was an unthinkable act of cowardice and the ultimate violation of the rigid code of military honor drilled into them from
childhood onward" (Genocide). Along with the rigidness of their society, the militaristic style was emotionless, and left
them feeling disillusioned and

Identification And Evaluation Of Sources Essay
Bleck
Section A: Identification and Evaluation of sources This research paper is on the question of , What was the United
States and other nations Response to the Rape of Nanking? This question is highly important for historians because it
gives a view on how governments dealt with atrocities committed by nations and how they intervene.
One source that is valid to the topic would be They Were in Nanjing: The Nanjing Massacre Witnessed by American and
British Nationals written by Suping Lu. The book was published in 2004 in Hong Kong ; the publisher was the Hong
Kong University press. Although the book was written in 2004 it gives in–depth perspectives for non Chinese nor
Japanese citizens. The view of the book was written by Americans and British people who encountered the event during
December 1937. The book gives a detailed research and in–depth analysis on the perspective of other nations, such as
The United States and Britain. The value of the book is plentiful, giving the view of people who were not affected on site
when the massacre occurred. This allows a fresh view on how the event happened, since the chinese were massacred by
the japanese those views can be seen as polar opposites and only solely be based on the event itself – not the events that
followed. In a historical context the book possesses a value as the aid given from

Analysis Of The Article 'The Rape Of Nanking' By Iris Chang
In the article The Rape of Nanking, the author Iris Chang discusses the ways the Japanese used their cruel tactics to
torture the Chinese. In my opinion the Japanese should be held to the same standard of punishment as the Nazis. The
author illustrates this when she describes, "The Rape of Nanking should be remembered not only for the number of
people slaughtered but for the cruel manner in which many met their deaths." This shows that, the Japanese had been
torturing the Chinese in a cruel procedure that had forced them to meet their death. Furthermore, the Japanese were a
cruel ethnic group of people due to the fact that, "Fathers were forced to rape their daughters, and sons their mothers, as
other family members watched. Not only did live

Analysis Of The Nanjing Massacre: The Rape Of Nanking
There are numerous massacres that have occurred long ago that people aren't aware of, for instance the Nanjing
Massacre, or more commonly known as "The Rape of Nanking" was something so frightful to even read about, I can't
even imagine the pain and agony they felt. This massacre took place in Nanjing, China in late 1937 following the midst
of the Second Sino–Japanese War, when Hirohito (the emperor of Japan) ratified his army's proposition to remove the
restrictions of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners that is when the term "prison of war" was
terminated. The Nationalist leader Chiang Kai–shek ordered the removal of a great amount of Chinese troops from the
city in order to be successful in this battle. In effect, the

Background Essay: The Nanking Massacre
My research topic is the Nanking Massacre. The witness accounts I examined during my research have three
components, the testimonies of the survivors , the accounts of the Japanese soldiers and the accounts of American
missionaries who witnesses the event. Some of the narrative by the survivors were quite emotional. There were a lot of
details, picturing the barbarian crime the Japanese soldiers committed. I learned how they have to endure the painful
memory in telling their stories to tell the world what had happened and to repute with the people who claim the massacre
was fabricated by the Chinese government. Those witness accounts seemed to be crying in spitting every word about
how 3 hundred thousand civilians and unarmed Chinses soldiers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, the archive of the first–hand accounts by the American missionaries was new to me. It never occurred
to me that that much foreigners were staying at Nanking when they were trying their best saving Chinese people and
recording the massacre. A huge amount of written witness accounts were saved till today to tell the world what they saw
with their own eyes as critics question the authenticity of the witness accounts of the Chinese survivors or the Japanese
soldiers. The American missionaries were like a third party as they were not as involved in the Nanking Massacre as the
Chinese or the Japanese, and they tried to keep their emotions away while taking down the facts. However, bearing all
those people being killed, being raped but having little they can do for those innocent lives, the missionaries wrote from
hopeful and hopeless, but they were always standing with the Chinese people, building safe zones, tending to the injured,
the orphans, and burying the bodies. I learned their heroic acts and admire them for showing the light of humanity during
that horrific and dark

1. The Nanking Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, lasted six weeks. It started on December 13th, 1937, the
day the Japanese invaded and captured Nanking, which is now the city of Nanjing. During this period, the Imperial
Japanese Army killed civilians and injured Chinese soldier. There are no official death tolls but there is an estimate of
200 000 to 400 000 deaths. There were 20 000 to 80 000 women raped. Once one of China's most modern and
prosperous cities, the industrial city of Nanking took decades to recover from the devastation it experienced.
2. The Imperial Japanese Army was the official ground–based armed forces of the Empire of Japan from 1871 to 1945. It
was commanded by the Ministry of War of Japan and Imperial

Summary: The Rape Of Nanking
Chapter 1: Why it happened?
The Rape of Nanking, also known as "The Nanking Massacre" happened during the Second Sino–Japanese War in
Mainland China on December 13th, 1937 and the duration of this massacre lasted for around six weeks. During this time,
the Japanese has done a lot of cruel acts to the Chinese such as mass execution, raping, looting, burning and many
others. For example, people who ran away from the Japanese out of fear that are caught on the streets and alleys after
dark will be killed on the spot. These cruel acts have caused the Nanjing streets to be littered with dead bodies. Reasons
The rape of Nanking started by the order of Japanese General Matsui Iwane. He ordered the Japanese army to destroy
the city of Nanking in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, the Japanese soldiers were always described as heroes. By 1970, there was no open denial by the Japanese
regarding the Nanjing Massacre. In that time, there were a number of confessions or diaries by Japanese soldiers, which
confirmed and gave detailed account of the massacre. Japanese documentary of Rape of Nanking climaxed with the
appearance of Katsuichi Honda's series of articles. 'The Journey to China', published in November 1975, which was
based on the interviews with the survivors of the

The Nanking Massacre: A Social Psychological Analysis
I do and do not believe that it is rational to act contrary to one's self–interest. I believe it is rational when it pertains to
career paths. On the other hand, I believe that it is irrational in the broad sense where it contains violence, stealing, and
murder. A great example would be the Nanking massacre. This massacre occurred in late 1937, where the Japanese Army
murdered thousands of people in a Chinese city called Nanking. Within this time, 20,000 to 80,000 women were sexually
assaulted and killed (Rose, 2007, p. 103–105). This example relates to the general sense that contains violence and
murder, which I find irrational and unsettling. "A fundamental problem of social psychology is the moralization of an
individual by society in which he is born as a creature in which non–moral and egoistic tendencies are much stronger
than other tendencies" (Gantt & Burton, 2012, p. 439). This quote is relative to Nanking massacre, for the Japanese
army's men were not acting morally and did such actions due to their ego and respect for their society or country. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, it implies that "my sole duty is to promote my own interests exclusively and everyone ought exclusively to pursue
his own interests" (Chong, 1993, p. 23). Normally, a characteristic that describes ethical egoism is someone who does
not care about other people's interests. As an American, I notice that there are plenty of egotistic people. Such as, some
leaders only take action when it pertains to them, and benefits

The Rape Of Nanking Sparknotes
Throughout The Rape of Nanking, the brutal massacre of thousands of innocent Chinese citizens is brought forth through
the invasion of this ancient city taken over by the Imperial Japanese army. Iris Chang illustrates the graphic details of the
murder and rape of these victims through the perspectives of different sides of the attack. Chang; furthermore, ties in the
mass genocide and destruction displayed throughout the book with the example of the Japanese government's desperate
attempt to cover up the incident and the reluctance of the survivors to discuss it. In addition, the horrifying events of The
Rape of Nanking only further motivated an uncontrollable desire for aggression, violence, and imperialism in the Asian
community evidently ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of these factors ultimately led to the strategy to keep the incident of Nanking a secret for years to come. Chang warns
of the threats to current society, through the dangers of an unchecked government, and the overuse of power and greed.
Chang points out that many people, who had seen the aftermath of the town, continually denied the fact that it even
happened and came up with reasons for what might have gone on. "General Nagano Shigeto stated in an interview to
Mainichi Shimbun, "I think the Nanking Massacre and the rest was a fabrication...I was in Nanking immediately
afterwards. Those women claiming to be sex slaves were in fact licensed Korean prostitutes...Japan had no choice but to
go to war, because it was in danger of being crushed..." (Chang 203)
Although Iris Chang's book provides meaningful details and thoughtful interviews about the Nanking massacre, many
argue that her book is seriously flawed. Donald Zagoria asserted, "Chang's account, based on extensive interviews with
survivors and newly discovered documents, is utterly compelling yet, at the same time, in places unbearable to read"
(Zagoria 163). The novel is full of good intentions from Chang, but is also full of misinformation and harebrained
explanations. Joshua Fogel suggested, "The book begins to fall apart when she tries to explain why such a horror took
place. Part of the problem is her lack of training as a historian and part is the book's dual

Main Reasons for the Nanking Massacre
Part A:
My research question is: ''What Was the Main Cause of the Nanking Massacre?''
In this project, I will be investigating the different potential causes of the Nanking Massacre. I will then evaluate my
sources and then come to a conclusion in which I will state the main cause for this treacherous act. I will consider the
roots of the cause, and also the effect that it has had. I will look at the way that it has tied in with the massacre itself, and
I will explore further about the ways that it has affected the races; both the Chinese and the Japanese.. I will use sources
from documentaries, quotes and biographies.
Part B
The Nanking Massacre was a barbaric genocide held by the Japanese. It had occurred during a period of 6 weeks, ...
Part C:
I used sources such as the internet, as well as a book and a couple of clips. I used Wikipedia, but mostly the book; 'The
Rape of Nanking: An Undeniable History in Photographs.' Additionally, I used clips from the trailer for ''Nanking''
(2007). I believe that Wikipedia was useful because it gave a long detailed recapitulation on the entire massacre.
I only used Wikipedia for dates, but I believe that this would be moderately reliable since all the information on that site
has been proofread before publishing.
For my summary, I got most of my information from this book; 'The Rape of Nanking: An Undeniable History in
Photographs.'
In my perspective, non–fiction books are often fairly reliable seeing as the author must have done countless amounts of
research before publishing the book itself. The recounts in the book were full of detail, and had described all the events
properly complete with photographic evidence. I believe that the photographic evidence also plays a large part in my
summary, as it is something that had given me proof of the events, that the writer wasn't exaggerating or making stuff up
for commercial purposes.
The original intent of this book was to share history, and it was not made for entertainment purposes. This is why I
believe that this book is genuinely trustworthy, and a reliable source.
I also used clips as a double check against my found evidence. This is reliable, as these clips were taken by the people
involved in the

The Nanjing Massacre: The Rape Of Nanking
Brandon Wilson
Ms. Davies
English 10
Mar. 30, 2018
The Nanjing Massacre A Genocide is referred to as the mass murder of massacre of a single race or religion. In 1937 The
Rape of Nanking, now know as the Nanking Massacre, had begun. The entire genocide took place in China's once great
capitol, Nanjing. In 1937 the Japanese invaded China and eventually, Nanjing. Now, the events and atrocities that took
place were not like any other genocide, some might see them as much worse. The cruel forms of torture included rape
(both adult and child), death, public hanging, and many other ways of wickedly killing a human being. During this
invasion there were very many different ways that these events could have been prevented. Both on China's end and ...
Once Japanese troops had taken control of Nanjing, they began looking for anyone who might have been in the military.
If they found anyone who even looked like they were in the military, the would execute them. The japanese also began
creating games to kill people , they looted nanjing and raped several thousand women and children. In this situation, if
china would have sent more troops to support and defend Nanjing, the massacre would have had a chance of never
happening in the first place. Japanese soldiers appeared to be quite willing to be photographed with raised swords beside
their intended victims, in the act of bayoneting their victims, and posing with their dead victims in the slaughter
pits.........encirclement of the city would be complete by the early hours of 13 December. Across the lines, commander
Tang Shengzhi did not order a retreat until 5:00 p.m. on the twelfth. Tang was the very first to flee, crossing the Yangzi at
6 p.m. Tens of thousands of his troops–– until then trapped in the city with orders to defend it at all costs–– fled in chaos
as their command structure totally broke down."

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