The Effects Of Related Words On The Short Term Verbal...

The Effects Of Related Words On The Short Term Verbal...
The effect of related words on the short term verbal memory of psychology students.
The aim of the investigation is to research the use of semantically grouped words, to aid memory
recall. This relates to studies such as the Method of Loci which believed since all the words are
connected in an environment they are easier to remember as they are associated together. [1] The
experimental hypothesis is that the number of words recalled will be increased by the words being
related. Laboratory experiment was the method used, in a lecture theatre setting and a within
participant's design. Twenty, first year psychology students, ages 17 to 38 years old, were studied on
their ability to recall words read out by the examiner after a period of time. In the first condition the
words were unrelated while in the second condition the words were all related together and this
caused an increase in the participants remembering them. In condition one the mean number of
words recalled was 6.6 with the highest score being 9, while on the other hand, condition two had a
mean of 10.2 words recalled and the highest scoring participant got 12 words correct.
Introduction
Memory has been shown to be a model, involving a process that requires attention for the
information to enter the short term memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) believed that if the
information is then rehearsed, it is moved into the long term memory. [2] The aim of the experiment
was to test whether semantically related words
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Idea Of Maintenance Rehearsal
Abstract
Craik & Lockhart (1972) suggested levels of Processing Theory, which specified that stimulus
inputs experience consecutive processing operations. A study was conducted using two groups with
different rehearsal techniques and each were then asked to recall from a list of words that had been
read out as precisely as possible. There has been considerable criticism of this theory however as
Baddeley questioned, 'Is the levels approach based on false assumptions'. The idea of maintenance
rehearsal is one that many people are still uncertain of. Psychologists such as Atkinson and Shiffrin
have also made assumptions on memory based on maintenance rehearsal yet whether this is a false
concept is yet to be discovered.
Introduction
Craik and Lockhart (1972) suggested that memory is just a product of the complexity of handling
data and there is no clear variance between short term memory and long term memory. This theory
then resulted in different theories being brought forward in order to prove this statement correct or
incorrect. Craik and Lockhart then suggested the concept of shallow processing. This style of
processing usually takes one of two forms: Phonemic processing, which is encoded by sound or
structural processing which is encoded visually. Shallow processing only encompasses maintenance
rehearsal and leads to fairly short–term holding of information. They also suggested the idea of
'deep processing' which primarily involves semantic processing. Deep processing

The Multi-Store Model
Multi–store model and the working memory theories show how the brain receives and transfers
information. A neurons are nerve cell that are building blocks for the nervous system. Which
specialized in transmitting information in the form of a stimulus throughout the body and brain in a
chemical or electrical form that the brain can handle and then store the information in the brain
system.
Multi – store model of memory
Literature review 450 Words
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin were the first two to reveal how the human memory works in
1982, and they design the multi store model. According to them both information is stream through
the memory system then separated into a set of stages for the information to be stored. The three
stages of process for the memory are sensory memory, short–term memory and long–term memory.
Each stage of the process, there are limitations in the terms of capacity, duration and encoding.
For sensory memory input which comes from the five traditional senses that are sight, hearing, taste,
smell, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To test this idea they plan the double task technique. Double task techniques participants were asked
to carry out a primary task whilst alongside engaging in a secondary task at the same time to
challenge the concept of a single store system for short–term memories and suggested that there are
four separate department to our working memory in short term memory. Which are the central
executive, phonological loop, visuo–spatial sketchpad and episodic buffer. The central executive
controls the three features and holds no information, just distributes information. As for
phonological loop consists of two separate stores department which are the phonological store that
processes the words we hear and the articulatory control process which processes written words, so
it called a loop because it continuously loops words and these are the four features of the working

What Is The Multistore Model Of Memory?
The Multistore Model of Memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) says that the memory is made up of
three different stores. Information goes into the sensory memory, which then goes into the short term
memory and then the long term memory is the information is rehearsed. Miller put forward the idea
that the short term memory had a capacitor 5–9 pieces of information (Magic 7, which is 7
plus/minus 2). This is supported by evidence from studies, such as Jacobs (1887), where he found
that on average people could remember 7.3 letters and 9.3 numbers out of all the letters in the
alphabet and a list of numbers in a span test. TheSTM had a duration of approximately 18 seconds.
This is shown in Peterson and Peterson's study (1959) where 24 students were asked to recall
trigrams, and so that they did not go into the LTM they were aked to count backwards in threes from
a random number straightt after. They found that participants could recall 80% of the trigrams after
3 seconds, and after 18 seconds they could only recall 10%. This reinforces the idea that the STM
can only hold information for unto 18 seconds.
The multi–store modle aslos states that when information is rehearsed, it is transferred from the
short term meory to the long term memory. If the information is not rehearsed then it is lost from the
STm and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is strong evince to support the idea that there is differences between the STM and the LTM in
terms of encoding, duration and capacity. This model is also supported by case studies, such as
Scoville and Milner's study (1957) of a man refered to as HM. HM had sever epilepsy so surgeons
removed the hippocampus from both sides of his brain. This left his STM intact but he could not
remember many events that had occurred over the last 45 years of his life and he could not form
new long–term memories. This supports this model as it shows that there is a physical location that
LTM transfer ties place

Essay about Mulit-Store Model of Memory vs. Working Memory...
Compare and contrast the multi–store model of memory with the working memory model.
This essay will firstly briefly describe the theories and important facts about the original multi–store
model of memory (MSM) and the working memory model (WMM).
This essay will then evaluate the key studies within these two models and explain the strengths and
weaknesses of the main theories.
The final part of this essay will be to examine the similarities and differences between the two
models.
The first issue that needs to be addressed however is what exactly is memory? " Without memory
we would be servants of the moment, with nothing but our innate reflexes to help us deal with the
world. There would be no language, no art, no science, no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The existence of sensory memory was proven by Sperling (1960), in this experiment Sperling
discovered that after showing the participants a series of letters for less than a second they where
then asked to recall as many letters as possible but on average they only could recall about 36%.
According to Lloyd et al (1984) about 5% of all of a persons memories that are stored in their
sensory memory are transferred to their short–term memory.
The short–term memory allows a person to store the information for long enough for it to be used,
the short–term memory can also be called the working memory however this term later came to
have a different meaning. The short–term memory however only has a limited capacity to store
information; Miller (1956) claims that in order to save space in a person's short–term memory they
chunk information together but despite this space saving the short–term memory can only hold
seven plus or minus two of these chunks of information. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971)
this information can be stored unaided for about 15–30 seconds, this time frame can be extended by
rehearsal.
It is commonly accepted that a person's long–term memory has an unlimited capacity to store
information; this information can effectively be stored for the persons entire life if needed. Bower
(1975) claims that among other information that is stored within a person's long–term memory are
five key pieces of information. " A spatial model of the world

Essay on Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory Model
This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974
in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi–
store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi–store model failed to explain most of the
complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short
term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested
previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an
enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a
limited– capacity system that stores and processes information.
According to Baddeley and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is interpreted as because the capacity of the phonological loop is limited in time (in Smith,
2007).
Further evidence for the existence of the phonological loop comes from Conrads and Hulls (1975 in
Passer, 2009) experiment in which they examined the effect of phonological similarity. They found
that serial recall in a list of similar sounding words tended to yield poorer results with participants
finding it difficult to remember compared to words that sounded different. It has also been found
that recall in semantically similar words tended to have little or no effect, supporting the idea that
verbal information is transferred in a phonological manner in working memory. In addition, Vallar
and Papagno (1995 in Smith, 2007) found that the phonological store in brain damaged patients
were dysfunctional.
Moreover, Hardyk and Petrinovich (1970 in Parkin, 1993) found the articulatory loop to be crucial
when being presented with complex information. In their study they measured participants throat
muscle and forearm muscle activity although some may argue that this was not a good technique to
carry out. Their findings led to them conclude that when participants were presented with complex
material their articulatory loop would come in to function (in Parkin, 1993).
In addition, memory span tasks support the existence of the articulatory loop showing that task
ability heavily depends on a

Evaluate two models of one cognitive process
Cecilia Nguyen Evaluate two models of one cognitive process This essay will be discussing one
particular cognitive process: the memory by evaluating two models, which are the Multi store model
introduced by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 and the Working memory model by Baddeley and
Hitch in 1974. The first model is the multi store model. It was first proposed by Atkinson and
Shiffrin in 1968 and is a typical example of the information–processing approach. According to this
model, memory consists of three types of memory stores: sensory stores, short–term store and long
term store. Sensory stores consist of the eyes, nose, fingers, tongue, etc and the corresponding area
of the brain. The sensory stores ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The visuo–spatial sketchpad when planned a spatial task and it saves memory temporarily. The
episodic buffer is the general store, it integrates info from the central executive, the phonological
loop and the visuo–spatial sketchpad and forms long term store. Research evidence for the working
model of memory varies. Case studies of brain damaged patients support this model a lot. The case
study of KF – a brain damaged patient with no problem with long term learning but some aspects of
his immediate memory were impaired. This has proven that the working model of memory was right
when suggesting that short term store works independently of long term store. In addition to
evidence supporting this model, Baddeley and Hitch did a research on making participants do two
tasks using the same or different components. Task one occupied the central executive, task two
either involved the articulatory loop or both the central executive and the articulatory loop. Speed on
task one was the same whether using the articulatory loop or no extra task. This shows that doing
two tasks that involve the same component causes difficulty. It also suggested that when two
different components are used, performance is not affected. Even though the working model of
memory is better than the multi store model, it still has some weaknesses. For example the role of
the central executive is vague and it needs more research. Also there were problems with

Information Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition
Information Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition
Historically, viable theoretical models have been developed and applied throughout the history of
the field of psychology in an attempt to better understand how the human mind receives, processes,
stores, and retrieves information. Understanding how the human brain receives, processes, stores,
and recalls information is significantly important to psychological research of cognitive
development and identifying deficiencies in learning. The vast compilation of theoretical views
regarding brain functioning and cognitive development are sometimes overwhelming and
contradictory, however a basic framework from valid and reliable theoretical views appears to be
dominant among the masses. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, such theories have suggested modalities that may be employed to administer and
command instructional and environmental stimuli.
Modern Application. The information processing theory has been an instrumental model for creating
developmental foundation in the education field and in neurological inconsistencies or deficiencies
in learning and memory. Modern psychologists no longer accept the concept that the process of
learning is sequential or linear, and cognitive neuroscience research suggests that the information
processing model doesn't accurately reflect actual neurological processes. More current theories, e.g.
the parallel distributed processing model of cognition, reveal neuroscience evidence which may
explain some, if not all, of the immense velocity and affluence of human cognition. "The parallel–
distributed processing model states that information is processed simultaneously by several different
parts of the memory system, rather than sequentially as hypothesized by Atkinson–Shiffrin as well
as Craik and Lockhart" (Huit, 2003).
Conclusion. Several theories, regarding information processing, center on diverse aspects of
receiving, encoding, storing and retrieving information. Most

How Many Different Types of Memory System Are There?...
Although the belief that memory is composed of several distinct systems is not novel, it is only
around the mid 20th century that experimental studies carried out on amnesic patients have started
to confirm it (Squire, 2004). This essay will discuss the different types of memory systems that have
been found, their distinctions and evidence supporting their existence derived from studies on
amnesiacs.
Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) multi–store model suggests that memory is a flow of information
processed through three stores (Myers, 2010). The first system called sensory memory (SM)
processes mainly visual and auditory information from our environment (Myers, 2010). It is made
up of several components associated with each sense and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Based on this finding, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued that STM illustrated by the multi–store
model is too simplistic (McLeod, 2008). They developed another model of STM known as the
Working Memory (WM) which comprised of a two subsystems controlled by the central executive
(Groome, 2006). The central executive takes on cognitive processes such as problem–solving while
controlling allocation of data to the two subsystems namely Phonological loop (PL) which deals
with auditory and speech–based information and visuo–spatial sketchpad (VSS) which, as its name
suggests, holds information about visual and spatial information (McLeod, 2008; Groome, 2006).
By analyzing in more depth KF's case study, it is reported that KF had suffered impairment of his PL
but still had his VSS abilities, hence providing support that STM is not unitary but in fact divided
into subsystems (Warrington & Shallice, 1972 as cited in Groome, 2006).
Similarly, HM who had an impaired LTM was unable to form new memories but surprisingly could
still learn new motor skills although he was not aware that he actually learnt the skills (Groome,
2006). This finding questions the unified nature of LTM and suggests that there are two memory
systems (Squire, 2004). McDougall (1924) investigated the term implicit memory which involves
unconscious learning and explicit memory which involves learning with consciousness (Graf &
Schacter,

Long Term Memory Research
Learning is to gain or acquire knowledge or skill by study, experience, or being taught. This leads to
long–term changes in our behavior. Psychological studies in learning normally occupy laboratory
experiments and thus use animals as participants. It is commonly known that learning applies not
just to humans, but also for animals. If you have ever owned a pet, you probably noticed that they
pick things up fairly easily. For example, if you have a particular feeding time and location for a
dog, they usually become familiar with the location of where they need to go in order to be fed. For
us humans, our brain capacity enables us to critically think faster and better; as a result, our learning
capability extends beyond the range of necessary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of course, there are debates as to whether we actually 'forget' anything at all, or whether it just
becomes increasingly difficult to access or retrieve certain items from our memory. Short–term
memories can become long–term memory through the process of consolidation; this involves
participation and significant association. However, there is some evidence that long–term memory
also record to sound to some extent. For example, when you cannot quite remember the words to a
certain song, but it is "on the tip of my tongue," this is usually based on the sound of a word; not it's
meaning. But what does our memory have to do with the way that we learn new information? We
lose and acquire information through an information–processing system in our brain. This system
identifies how we store, encode, and retrieve information. So when we learn, this entails converting
the new information into long–term memory. Much of what we believe we have learned is soon
forgotten or was never really learned in the first place, due to short–term memory. The specific
strategies you use to store and remember information in your long–term memory affects how likely
it is that you will actually remember it. This is where we begin to study the information that is
needed to be learned to prevent it from 'fading' over time. By re–analyzing the information that is
needed to be learned, we repetitively update and renew the information already know until we no
longer need to. According to Aaron S. Benjamin's "The Psychology of Learning," we lose about fifty
percent of what we learn within a twenty–four hour period because of our short–term memory.
Therefore, unless you frequently study and review the information over and over again, it will be
lost. This all plays into how we truly receive the

Evolution of Cognitive Psychology
Evolution of Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology is defined as "the scientific study of mental processes" (Riegler & Riegler
2008, p. 1). During the 1960s, cognitive psychology became an emerging presence in the field of
psychology. During this time period, attention to the study of "how internal states, such as thoughts,
feelings, and moods influence behavior" (Cherry 2010, p. 12). Cognitive psychology studies how
individuals think, comprehend language, and form beliefs. Human development involves cognitive
development. Researchers attempted to study thought through introspection. However, introspection
was not impartial because individuals are far too complex and do not share similar thoughts and
ideas. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
21). Human beings process information in a similar way. The creation of the computer was a great
advantage in the field as well. Scientists found that the human mind and a computer shared many
features in input, information processing, and organization.
Another reason in the emergence in cognitive psychology was the S–R approach. The S–R approach
of learning language was devised by B.F. Skinner; which was a behaviorist approach. Skinner
argued "that even complex ability like language could be captured in purely S–R terms" (Riegler &
Riegler 2008, p. 20). Noam Chomsky criticized Skinner's analysis regarding the S–R approach
claiming it to appear to be scientific. Chomsky felt that language was grasped in the mind, thus,
popularized cognitive psychology. Overall, behaviorism was unreliable in the explanation of
language.
Impact of the Decline of Behaviorism on Cognitive Psychology
The decline of behaviorism enabled the presence of cognitive psychology. Critics of behaviorism
believed that the failure was to address factors such as free will, internal thoughts, and other
methods of learning (Cherry, 2010). Behaviorists introduced the emphasis on scientific method,
therefore, opening the door to cognitive psychology. According to Riegler & Riegler (2008) "the
failure of the S–R approach, coupled with the promise and excitement

What´s Working Memory?
Working memory refers to the retention of many items in a short period of time and it is responsible
for storing them temporarily. Language comprehension, learning, and reasoning are all involved in
working memory. Working memory is important in our everyday lives because without it we would
not be able to hold on to the information long enough to do a given task. Problems with working
memory could impact how we learn, writing, problem solving, math and even reading would be
very difficult. Working memory is divided into three categories: the central executive, the visuo–
spatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop. During the past few years there has been research on
this subject and questions about it. In 1968 Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the Muti–store model.
This model said that memory was separated into a sensory register, a short–term store, and a long–
term store. In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch proposed a model of working memory because they thought
that the multi–store model was too simple. Baddeley and Hitch wanted to see if people could use
different parts of their working memory at the same time. In 1989 Turner and Engle used the
operational span task, which is a widely used measure of working memory capacity to see if people
could remember many different items at once. All of these researchers had their own findings about
working memory. In the end researchers have explain what working memory is and they have also
come up with research and evidence about this

Alan Baddeley's Working Memory Model
Do you know what the Working memory model is? Per the website explorable.com, the working
memory model was proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974. They had studied the
1968 Atkinson–Shiffrin model in 1968 and believed that the model's short term memory store lacked
detail. The 4 main components of the working memory model are; Central executive, Articulatory–
Phonological loop, Visuospatial sketchpad, and Episodic buffer.
The Central executive is the main component of Baddeley's working memory model and coordinates
the other two systems and ensures they don't go astray. It is also involved in directing attention and
resources towards tasks. Information is received from the senses or long–term memory and the
capacity is limited. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem solving. The Phonological
loop consists of two parts; the phonological store & articulatory control process. The phonological
store, acts as an inner ear and holds information in speech–based form for one to two seconds.
Spoken words enter the store directly. Written words must first be converted into an articulatory
code before they can enter the phonological store. The articulatory control process, acts like an inner
voice rehearsing information from the phonological store. It circulates information round and round
like a tape loop. This is how we remember a telephone number we have just heard. If we keep
repeating it, we can retain the information in working memory. The articulatory control process also
converts written material into an articulatory code and transfers it to the phonological store. The
Phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad deal with the processing and temporary storage of
specific types of information. The visuospatial sketchpad component processes visual information
through the senses or long term memory on what things

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: Cognition
Cognition
Amy Wong Tsz Ching
Upper Iowa University
Term 1, 2015–2016
PSY323(DT)–Cognition
Dr. A, Chan
Oct 12, 2015
Abstract
Human information processing refers to the mental process of human that can be compared with the
operations of a computer. The information comes from the environment is stored briefly, some is
selected for additional processing. The mental process can be interpreted as information processing
through the system in a series of stages one step at a time. The primary approach to cognitive
psychology today is information processing. Atkinson–Shiffrin theory became the standard model. It
stated how the information from the environment can be stored in long–term memory through
sensory memory and short–term memory. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Atkinson–Shiffrin model proposed that memory can be understood as a sequence of discrete
steps, in which information is transferred from one storage area to another. It includes different
memory systems that can be distinguished on the basis of structural characteristics and control
process. External stimuli from the environment first enter the sensory memory through a variety of
channels associated with the different senses. As the ability to process information is being limited
by the higher levels, most information received from the environment cannot be process
immediately. Instead, we can only attend to part of the information. It is held briefly in sensory
memory temporary and making it possible to be attend to a bit later (Anonymous, n.d.). Sensory
memory is a storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable
accuracy, around 1 or 2 seconds. It has a large capacity which more information is available than we
can report. The information are sensory coded in original or veridical form. The visual sensory
memory lasts for ¼ second and auditory sensory memory last for 3 to 9 seconds. Then most of them
are forgotten but selective attention and pattern recognition can help control the processes of

Short Term Cognition
The term cognition refers to all the mental structures and processes involved in reception, storage,
and use of knowledge, which involves the analysis of memory and mind. (Psychology book)
Copious research has been conducted by psychologists on memory and different methods to how to
better recall words. Studies by Atkinson and Shiffrin, Paivio, and Bower accordingly came to the
conclusion that words tied to visual imagery have a stronger chance of being remembered than just
their verbal associations.
According to the multi–store model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) the memory system
consists of a sensory memory, short term memory and long–term memory.(psychology book) In
order to be stored in long–term memory material needs to be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
by confederates increases, the number of wrong answers given by the participants will increase. This
is predicted as studies such as Paivio and Bower who gained results that support this hypothesis.
However, there are some psychologists that see faults in the Dual Code Theory Paivio proposed,
"that it is only valid for tests on which people are asked to focus on identifying how concepts are
related" (Reed 2010) Therefore it is important to note the null hypothesis: the number of words
recalled by the participants would be less if they use the imagery method then by the participants
who use the rehearsal

Atkinson Shiffrin Theory Essay
Memory providing the awareness of our existence among people is a skill that needs to fulfil its
function. It is a cognitive process and there is no possibility of having the acquisition of information
from our environment and drawing on our past experiences without memory. The first studies about
memory are conducted in the field of philosophy and it was related to improve memory in general.
Memory has become a very important element in philosophy when we look at some researches
carried out in the last century. The fact that many philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and
Aristoteles concentrated on memory densely is still a mystery to be solved.
One of the most important models for memory is Atkinson–Shiffrin theory. In 1968, the theory
created by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin was based on the idea that processing, receiving
and combining of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This hypothesis is supported by Baddeley ve Hitch's experiment in 1974.In this experiment, the
capacity of digital memory is tried to be filled and working memory will experience lower
performance while performing other processes. For example, if you want to multiply two numbers
without using any materials, you will need to use your work memory. After this experiment, lower
performance in other processes has been identified with filling digital memory. However, this lower
performance has been less than expected.At the end of this experiment, Baddeley points out that
working memory is not one type,but consists of the components of a lot of issues. According to
Baddeley, they will not able to show their performance and work together efficiently, if working
memory is processed with a component of two issues. Nevertheless, they will be able to work
together and show their performance separately, if two componants are processes with two

Outline And Evaluate The Memory Process
Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent
retrieval of information. Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past we
cannot operate in the present or think about the future. Memory is involved in processing vast
amounts of information. This information takes many different forms, e.g. images, sounds or
meaning.
The multi store model (Atkinson, & Shiffrin 1968) describes memory in terms of information
flowing through a system. Accordingly, it can be described as an information processing model with
an input, process and output. Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory
memory. If attended to this information enters the short term memory. Information from the STM is
then transferred to the long–term memory by rehearsal.
Miller's (1956) Magic number 7 (plus or minus two) provides evidence for the capacity of short
term memory. Most adults can store between 5 and 9 items in their short–term memory. This idea
was put forward by Miller and he called it the magic number 7. He though that short term memory
could hold 7 (plus or minus 2 items) because it only had a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He used memory span to measure how much can be stored in short–term memory at any time.
Jacobs presented his participants with random sequence of digits or letters and they were asked to
repeat them back in the same order. They are first given 1 digit to repeat and the digit increases by
one at a time to the sequence until the participant can no longer recall the given digits in order.
Capacity refers to the amount of information that can be held at any one time in memory. Jacobs
found that the average span for digits was 9.3 numbers and 7.3 for letters. The span increases with
age because people learn how to chunk the information given. This findings suggested that STM has
a limited storage capacity of between about 5 to 9

Memory Essay
Memory is defined as "the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information." Our memory can be compared to a computer's information processing system. To
remember an event we need to get information into our brain which is encoding, store the
information and then be able to retrieve it. The three–stage processing model of Richard Atkinson
and Richard Shiffrin suggests that we record information that we want to remember first as a
fleeting sensory memory and then it is processed into a short term memory bin where we encode it (
pay attention to encode important or novel stimuli) for long–term memory and later retrieval. The
premise for the three step process is that we are unable to focus on too much ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The amount remembered depends on the time–spent learning. Even after we learn material/names,
additional rehearsal increases retention. For novel verbal information, practice– effortful
processing– does indeed improve our memory. We also retain information better when our rehearsal
is distributed over a period of time, known as "spacing effect." People who have experienced "serial
position effect" strengthen the benefits of rehearsal. When shown a list of words/names and then
immediately asked to recall the items in any order, they struggle to recall the list. They remember of
the first and last words/names better than those in the middle. This is probably due to the fact that
the last names/ items are still in short–term memory; people briefly recall them especially quickly
and well. But after a delay, after they shift their attention from the last names/items their recall is
best for the first names/items. We must remember that our memory system processes information
not just by repetitive rehearsal but also by encoding its significant features.
Strategies and devices that help us remember information that requires effortful processing are:
encoding its meaning, visualizing, and mentally organizing the

The Lexical Decision Task Shows Evidence Towards Readiness
The Lexical Decision task shows evidence towards readiness to recall and semantic memories used
in the form of associations based on relatedness of words in the experiment. This experiment is
important because it attempts to understand how people develop, store, and use memories to their
advantage. Additionally, the Lexical Decision Task attempts to explain why how long term memory
is used and under what circumstances it is recovered. Memory is a crucial part of life for most
people. It is the way that we participate in our every–day lives. Without memories, people would not
be able to build relationships with others, learn valuable survival and intellectual skills, or even
retain that eating and drinking water is how humans stay alive. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From short term memory, there will be an encoding and retrieval process where long term memory
will be developed. There, some of the information is retained and some of it is lost over a passage of
time. The long term memory stage has the longest potential duration and can be recalled for years
after initial understanding. Evidence to support this model comes from an experiment published in
the Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior in 1966 by Murray Glanzer and Anita Cunitz.
There experiment showed the serial position effects known as primacy, words at the beginning of a
list are more easily recalled, and recency, words at the end of a list are more easily recalled. These
result supported Atkinson and Shiffrin 's model by showing that long term memory and short term
memory were separate stages. The recency effect showed that words in short term memory were
more easily remembered. While the primacy effect showed that words in long term memory were
more easily remembered because they had been rehearsed (Glanzer and Cunitz, 1966). Because of
the simplicity of the modal model presented by Glanzer and Cunitz in 1966, there were several
critiques that provided doubt to the accuracy of the model. Two of these critiques were Alan
Baddeley and Graham Hitch, who believed they could build off of Glanzer and Cunitz's model to
produce a stronger illustration of short term memory (working memory). A significant addition to
their model

The Multi Store Model And The Working Memory Model
"Memory is our ability to encode, store,retain and subsequently recall information and past
experiences in the human brain" (Luke Mastin,2010). In this review I am going to focus on the multi
store model and the working memory model, which explain in detail how memory works.
The multi–store model (MSM) of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), explains that the
memory is made up of three different stores.These are: sensory memory (SM), short term
memory(STM) and long term memory(LTM). This model explains how each store works in terms of
encoding, duration and capacity.
The SM obtains the information from environmental stimuli through our five senses which are
touch,sight,smell,taste and sound. In SM the encoding is either visual,auditory or haptic; duration is
¼ to ½ seconds and the capacity is all sensory experience(McLeod S.A,2007). Attention is essential
for the information to transfer to the STM, otherwise it is lost through decay. The information in the
STM is mostly encoded acoustically. The diagram below shows us how the information is
transferred from one store to another.
According to Miller 's Magic number 7 (1956) most adults can store from 5 to 9 items, therefore
STM is known to have a capacity of 7+/–2 items and a duration of up to 18 seconds. The
information in this store can be lost through displacement which is replacing the old information
with new ones or forgetting it (decay). There are two types of rehearsals. Maintenance rehearsal is
not effective

Memory Rehearsal
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of chunking information on memory recall,
testing the hypothesis "chunking or categorization has a positive effect on memory recall". The
undergraduate Psychology students (648) from Western Sydney University partook in this
experiment. Participants were given a list of random and chunked words respectively and were
asked to recollect as many words as possible. The lists contained 25 words with the first word list
arranged randomly and the chunked list consisting of 5 distinct groups containing 5 words each. The
results from the experiment exhibited a notable difference between the number of words recollected
from the two lists, supporting the proposed hypothesis as well as previous ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
647–667). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2009). Compression in visual working memory: Using
statistical regularities to form more efficient memory representations. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 138, 487–502.
Broadbent, D. (1975). The magic number seven after fifteen years. In A. Kennedy & A. Wilkes
(Eds.), Studies in long–term memory. New York: Wiley.
Carlson, N. R. (2006). Psychology: The Science of Behavior. London: Pearson.
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55–81.
De Groot, A. D. (1978). Thought and choice in chess. Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of a Memory Skill. American
Associate for the Advancement of Science , 1181–1182.
Gobet, F., & Clarkson, G. (2004). Chunks in expert memory: Evidence for the magical number four.
. . or is it two? Memory, 12, 732–747.
Gobet, F., Lane, P. C., Croker, S., Cheng, P. C.–H., Jones, G., Oliver, I., et al. (2001). Chunking
mechanism in human learning. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences , 236–243.
Gray, P. O. (2010). Psychology. London: Worth

Essay about The Human Memory Model
Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence Memory is the process in our brain that the results of learning
are stored for future recall. There are three types of memory, sensory memory, short term memory,
and long term memory. The human memory processing system is comprised of an input or encoding
stage, a storage process, and a retrieval process, the human memory also tends to forget quite a bit of
information. Psychologists have many general principles to help us improve our memory and
learning how the memory works will enable us to develop new ways to increase memory recall. One
of the most significant models of memory was the Shiffrin model, also known as the Modal Model,
which was the work of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Long term memory is comprised of several systems the two main categories being declarative
memory and non– declarative/ procedural memory each processes a different type of information.
Declarative memory stores facts and events which can be formed after a single trial of a specific
event. An example would be the memory of a special day like a wedding, it is an event that you
participated in and you will keep that memory forever. Non – declarative memory stores memories
of skills and procedures which are gained during a run of trials. An example of this would be riding
your bike you learned it through a series of trials and most people can't even remember learning it
but it is something you will never forget (Banikowski, A.K., n.d.) One factor that can enhance
retention in the sensory memory are to pay attention, think about what you are seeing or hearing on
a conscious level, the longer you keep it in your conscious the better chance it will have of moving
to your short term memory. Too much information is what can impede retention in the sensory
memory because the human brain can only pay attention to so much at one time and the time
information is in the sensory memory is so short (Davis & Palladino, 2010). Short term memory can
be enhanced by conscious awareness and rehearsal. There are two types of rehearsal, maintenance
rehearsal which is repeating the new information over and

Evaluate The Working Memory Model
The working memory model has been used to explore a range of human behaviour. With reference
to just one aspect of functioning, critically evaluate how successful the working memory model is at
providing an explanation.
Working memory our immediate memory in which information is temporarily stored while waiting
to be processed, it is a multiparty system that holds and manipulates information as we preform
cognitive tasks. The working memory is made up of four systems: the central executive, visuospatial
sketchpad, episodic buffer and the phonological loop. Although over the past few years there have
been extensive research into the processes of the working memories model the topic is still largely
unknown. Working memory or short term memory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research suggests the longer the word the harder it is to remember, shorter words can be repeated
quicker with more ease within the 2 seconds it takes for the articulate trace to decay. This provides
evidence to support the existence of an articulatory rehearsal process in which a trace lasts for a
duration of about two seconds. Much the same articulatory suppression can affect memory ability,
memory from rehearsed material can be impaired when someone is asked to recite information at
the same time as rehearsing material in their phonological loop.
There is an increasing amount of evidence to support the relationship between the phonological loop
and the acquisition of language (Baddeley et al., 1998). In a clinical study of a patient with a
phonological loop deficit, but normal verbal long–term memory, Baddeley found a failure to acquire
the vocabulary of a new language. In addition, the phonological loop is proving to be a good
predictor of the ability of children to learn a second language.
Further uses of the phonological loop include the ability to count, read, learn to languages, problem–
solving and following complete task made up of multiple

The Atkinson And Shiffrin Modal Model Of Memory
Memory is a very crucial topic not everyone understands. We might hear an individual saying "He
has a great memory," or others mentioning they have a "bad memory" whenever they have forgotten
an important subject. People use the term memory frequently but often not knowing its true
meaning. According to Baddeley (1999), memory is not an actual organ as the heart, the kidneys, or
the liver; instead, it consists of a network in which many systems work together, allowing us to be
capable of remembering past events and in predicting the future. Reisberg (2013) presents the
Atkinson and Shiffrin Modal Model of Memory, in which they explained that when human body
receives an input, it is received as sensory information, which travels to our short–term memory
(also known as working memory) and is then processed to our long term memory (where it remains
permanently). According to Reisberg (2013) working memory includes conscious and active
processing of incoming auditory as well as visual–spatial information. It also retrieves information
stored from the long–term memory. In other words, it is the memory a person uses when actively
working on a specific task. Moreover, human working memory has a limited capacity; therefore,
there is a "magic" number 7 plus or minus 2, which demonstrates that the average capacity of words
that our working memory can store is 5 to 9 items (Reisberg, 2013). Baddeley developed a model
acknowledged as the Working Memory System. This model

Compare And Contrast The Multi Store Model Of Memory
Memory is the ability to store, retain and recall information. There are two theories that support the
models of memory. The following essay will describe the model of memory and levels of processing
along with research studies and their strengths and restrictions.
There are three stages of memory:
Encoding: changing incoming information (new memory) so that it can be stored.
storage: holding information in the memory system
retrieval: recovering (remembering) information from storage
There are three features of memory stores:
Duration: how long information can be stored
Capacity: how much information can be stored
Coding: in what form information can be stored
There are two main models of memory:
Multi store model: The

The Original General Model Of Memory Essay
The original general model of memory was proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in
1968. The Attkinson–Shiffrin theory of human memory states that human memory can be classified
into three components: sensory memory, short–term memory, and long–term memory (Atkinson,
Shiffrin, 1968). Sensory memory is where sensory information is brought into memory and
maintained by the senses. For instance, when a person perceives an environmental stimulus for a
short time before it fades, the object is still preserved in the memory for a short amount of time.
Although our minds store significant amounts of information through our senses, we still can't
process the majority of it accurately because of limitations of the memory. Therefore, information
which can't be instantly attended to is stored in our sensory memory for a short time (Atkinson,
Shiffrin, 1968). There are two aspects of sensory memory: iconic and echoic memory. Iconic
memory pertains to the memory of sight, whereas echoic memory relates to the memory of sound.
Despite the fact that most of the information in sensory memory begins to diminish, some of the
information is attended to. The information that is attended is transported over to to the short–term
store, also known as "short term memory". The purpose of short term memory is "to remember an
insubstantial amount of information for a short period of time" (Atkinson, Shiffrin, 1968). The
information stored in short term memory has a longer duration than

The Multistore Model of Memory Essay
The Multistore Model of Memory The multistore model is a representation of memory based on
having more than one different kind of store for remembered information. Atkinson and Shiffrin
(1968) proposed this model based on evidence related to the separate stores of memory (e.g. serial
position: primacy recency, forgetting etc.). It suggests that memory comprises of three separate
stores, the sensory memory store, the short–term memory and the long–term memory, each store
having a specific and relatively inflexible function:
Information enters and is initially stored in SM which holds information for very brief periods of
time if the information is not concentrated on. However, if a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Later, he frequently asked about his uncle and, on each occasion, reacted again with the level of
grief appropriate to hearing the news for the first time. KF, a motorcycle accident victim
investigated by Shallice and Warrington (1970), suffered from the reverse of this memory
impairment. He had no difficulty in transferring new items into LTM but had a grossly impaired
digit span. Cases such as these lend support to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, in that they seem to
point to a clear distinction between LTM and STM. There does seem to be fairly strong support for a
difference between LTM and STM in terms of duration, capacity and effects of brain damage.
However, there are problems with the model of Atkinson and Shiffrin. The model is too simple and
inflexible and fails to take account of factors such as the strategies people employ to remember
things. It also places emphasis on the amount of information that can be processed rather than its
nature. Some things are simply easier to remember than others, perhaps because they are more
interesting, more distinctive, funnier, or whatever. The multistore model cannot account for this.
Furthermore, alternative explanations can account for the empirical findings e.g. the levels of
processing model. This model was put forward by Craik and
Lockhart (1972). According to them, processing varies in terms of depth, 'Trace

Dual Store Model Of Memory Essay
The concept of the Dual–Store Model of Memory was proposed by psychologists Richkard
Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin with three components: Sensory Register, Working (Short–Term)
Memory, and Long–Term Memory (Ormrod, 2016, p. 164). These components combined make up
the entirety of the memory, but each have unique and vital roles that they play in the memory. The
sensory register is a massive bank of storage that holds memories of senses – sights, sounds, smells,
tastes, and how something feels (touch), but it does not store memories for any considerable length
of time. The senses that are held here are processed and then they move on to the next component
(Ormrod, 2016, pp. 165–167). An example of the sensory register could be the birds I just saw
flying past my window. These birds flew through the air one moment, and then they were gone the
next ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
167). The working memory is also known as the short–term memory. In their article, Working
memory, long–term memory, and medial temporal lobe function, Jensen & Squire state that
"Working memory refers to the capacity to maintain this limited amount of information through
active rehearsal, usually across a relatively short time interval" (Jensen & Squire, 2012, p. 15). As
Ormrod (2016) reiterates, the working memory is made up of a variety of factors (factors which
influence attention, the nature of attention itself, the limited capacity of attention, and the control
processes of working memory) and as these factors prove, it requires attention to the information
stored here to recall it and then retain it in the long–term (pp. 172–177). An example of working
memory would be the process I recently went through of learning a new skill in a stats class, and
then recalling that information repeatedly in order to work through the steps necessary to correctly
compile the statistical

Article Review of 'Improve Your Child's Memory: Why...
Cognitive Psychology Article Review Introduction The article, "Improve Your Child's Memory:
Why Remembering is Key to School Success" by John Hoffman, introduces the struggle many
teachers, particularly elementary school teachers have with students retaining academic related
information including facts for testable material. The author cites the ability of children to remember
information that is important to them but to continued to struggle with memory when it comes to
instructions from the teacher. Hoffman argues that despite the use of 'child friendly' pedagogy and
materials, students seem to continue to struggle with memory when it comes to academic work
(2006). The question that is posited in the article is whether teachers and caregivers can assist
students in developing the memory skills necessary for success in school. The article reviews the
different components of memory, working and long term as they relate to academia. Long term
memory for academic work is described as the ability to retain and reiterate facts, events that are
learned by way of accessing information students have stored in the brain that is called upon when
the student is introduced to relevant facts and factors. The second focus of memory described in the
article is that of working memory. Accessing this kind of remembering tool is often done through
reading comprehension exercises wherein the student must solve a problem by tapping into
information recently presented to him or her. There

Compare And Contrast Atkinson And Shiffrin
Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed that control processes determines which information (stimuli) would
be retained and rehearsed. They identified rehearsal as the process by which sensory memory retains
information for STM, which then encodes the stimuli for encoding by LTM. (Atkinson & Shiffrin,
1968). Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory led Alan Badderly and Graham Hitch to research the
interactions of memory and in 1974 introduce the concept of working memory. Badderly and Hitch
theorizes that STM's role is to temporarily store information; but, while working memory is where
the information is organized and controlled. Experiments conducted by these researchers found that
working memory contains a phonological loop that holds verbal and auditory

Module 11 Psychology
The More I Learned, the More Interested I got in psychology. Module after module I was getting
more and more interested. Unit 3,and especially Module 11 grabbed my attention the most. Module
11 discusses stages of memory and memory processes. This module answers the most important
questions: "How our memory works?" and "How we are influenced by our memories?".
One reaction paper wouldn't be enough for me to share my thoughts and point the most important
parts of this chapter, but I will try to. "The three–stages model divides memory into three sequential
stages: sensory, short–term, and long–term memory (R.C. Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)" (Plotnik and
Kouyoumdjian 240).
It all comes to the point, whether you pay attention to information. Only if you pay attention to
information, then it will be transferred into the short–term memory from sensory memory, otherwise
you would forget it. Now if you pay attention to the information in short–term memory, then it
would be encoded and transferred into the long–term memory. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is incredible that false memories can be implanted through suggestions alone! I find it to be
amazing how such suggestion can grow into a detailed memory! I found online that "False memory
research over the last few decades has also shown that diverse samples of people, and indeed
animals, are vulnerable to memory distortion. The historical roots of debates regarding false
memory formation might be useful to disseminate to the general public, who might encounter highly
critical information about false memory research on the Internet ". If in the future people will
continue doing researches on false memories, this could lead to memory

What Is The Importance Of Memory In Our Lives
The Importance of Memory in Our Lives Memory is a process that involves retention, retrieval, and
using the information that is taken in by the senses and stored. Memory can be compared to a time
machine that allows you to go back into any moment in time. Memory can also be used by students
to remember material for exams, their daily schedule, names, phone numbers, and directions to
places. There are other things that students are not aware we use memory for such things are having
conversations because memory is needed to track how the conversation is flowing as well as finding
a class because it is necessary to remember the spatial layout of campus. Studying Memory Richard
Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) proposed a model called the modal model of memory and was
sort of a compilation of many features of models that were being proposed at that time. The model
has structural features which are three stages. The first state is sensory memory which is where all
information that is being taken in is held for a couple of seconds. The second stage is the short–term
memory which can hold 5 to 7 items for 15 to 30 seconds. The last stage is long–term memory can
hold a large amount of information that can be stored for years or decades. This memory system is
described as a control process because it is active and is controlled by the individual and differs
from person to person. Control process includes rehearsal which is the repetition of a stimulus in
order to keep it in your

Memory Processses Essay examples
Memory Processes
The human capacity for memory is unknown, and the process for remembering is an invisible, and
therefore, an unsubstantiated concept. A discussion regarding the concepts of short–term, working,
and long–term memory precedes an explanation of the encoding and retrieval in the memory
processes. An evaluation of the variables associated with encoding and retrieval provides an
understanding of the results from an online self–administered memory test. Although online
memory assessments provide an entertaining experience, the concept of memory and the factors
influencing memory are too complex to depend on such assessments and individuals questioning
their memory related abilities should seek the guidance of a health ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, Wang, Vijayraghavan, Goldman–Rakic, (2004) further established the prefrontal cortex
as the location of working memory using neuroimaging to assert the engagement of prefrontal
neurons when primates conducted working memory related tasks.
Short–term memory has significant limitations in both rate of forgetting (duration) and memory
span (number of items the individual can remember). Humans use short–term memory to hold
pieces of information for relatively short periods. Without rehearsal, the information is quickly lost
and irretrievable. In fact, without rehearsal, information is forgotten within 30 seconds, and memory
span for the average person is about 7 items or a phone number without the area code (Terry, 2009).
That does not mean it is impossible to retain a phone number with and area code in short–term
memory. Other factors influence short–term and working memory.
The speed at which the individual can pronounce and retrieve the list of items is influential in the
number of items he or she can hold in short–term memory (Cowan, Wood, Wood, Keller, Nugent, &
Keller, 1998). Humans can also use chunking to expand their ability to retain information. For
example, the individual may hold a phone number in short–term as 800–436–40–83. This use of the
area code and first three digits as a single item make

Popularised Explanation Of Memory
Memory is a complicated topic to describe, as its role, theory and application differs from person to
person. A popularised explanation of memory involves a tiered or levelled approach, ranging from a
holistic to a reductionist description (Bilkey, 2016). The Social and cultural level of memory refers
to information stored in museums, libraries and oral history. Individual memory is another level of
description, and is specific to the person; what they did that day, or ate for example. At the
reductionist spectrum of memory is the biological level, describing the fundamental process in the
body that lead to memory formation, such as synaptic modulation and information encoding in DNA
(Bilkey, 2016). Whichever level is adopted, three processes

Evaluation Of A Model Of Memory Whilst Weighing Up The...
This essay aims to make an appraisal of two models of memory whilst weighing up the strengths
and limitations of each. The two models of memory I will be evaluating are the Multy–store Model
of Memory (MSM) and Level of Processing Model.
Memory is defined as the mental process of encoding, then storing and retrieving information. To
enable us to store any information out memory first needs to encode information. This require three
types of encoding which are semantic encoding, which is encoding information through the
information's meaning; acoustic encoding, which is encoding information through sound; and visual
encoding which interprets information through visual images, McDermott & Roediger III (2015).
This process allows us to interpret and organise the information ready to be stored in our memories.
The second stage is the storage stage where the information enters the memory and is maintained
there for a period of time. The final stage is the retrieval stage which involves where information
that is stored in the memory being located and used, Study.com (2003–2015).
There are limits to the short–term memory (STM) span, which is the longest number of items or
digits a person can recall and instantly repeat back in the correct order. Most adults can store
between 5 and 9 items in their short–term memory. This notion was put forward by Miller (1956)
and he called it the magic number 7, McLeod (2009). He thought that STM could hold 7 (plus or
minus 2 items) because it

The Modal Model Of Memory
The modal model of memory was initially introduced by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
(1968) because they believed that once data enters the brain it must either be contained or put away.
They additionally recommended that data is kept into three particular memory frameworks i.e. the
sensory register, short–term memory and long–term memory. This model was developed to clarify
the process of our memory, its capacity and how long the memory is able to hold a data.
Furthermore, they carried out a multi–score model which described memory in terms of information
flowing via systems and this research was successful in terms of the amount of research it consisted
of. As a result, of this Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed an alternative model of short–term
memory which was also known as the working memory.
The modal model memory is an explanation as to how the memory process functions, although
William James (1890) justified a dissimilarity amid the primary and secondary memory because
primary memory comprised of thoughts which held for a short term in consciousness, whereas the
secondary memory consisted of a permanent unconscious store.
The sensory memory gathers data via our senses, ears, eyes, mouth and due to this information only
remains in store for a very small amount time, thus the model suggests that if consideration is given
to the senses then the memory exchanges to the short term capacity. An evidence of the sensory
store was provided by Sperling (1960); as

Models amd Stages of Memory Essay
In order to understand what memory is one can start by understanding the opposite of it which is
known as the condition named amnesia. Amnesia is the incapability and failure to recollect
information which previously was stored in ones memory (Evans, 1979). If that is the case then
memory must be the capability to process information in order to recollect it as data remains
maintained (Maltin, 2005). Ideally psychologists have believes that memory consist of three aspects,
these basic stages collaborate when an event is recalled. These stages which are being outline are the
encoding, storage and retrieval stages of memory (Ghoneim, 2001). The three stages work in turns
in order to collect information and situate it together to create the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of their main arguments was that information is processed in three different ways including the
structural processing, phonemic processing and semantic processing. So, how do these processes
work? Structural processing and phonemic processing are both division found within the shallow
process. Shallow processing simply implicates the maintenance through rehearsal which heads
towards ones short term maintenance of information as repetition helps and individual hold data in
the STM, which is the only rehearsal that happens within the multi store model. The shallow form of
processing information can be seen as just physical where one looks at information, when one is
looking at how the information sounds like it is known as phonetics which is still part of shallow
processing (Li, 2010).
Now, deep processing on the other hand involves elaboration rehearsal. This is a more meaningful
analysis as it involve; images, thinking, associations of information and so on, which leads to better
recollection. And this is where semantic processing comes in, this is the happening of when one
encodes the meaning of a word and relate it back to similar words consisting similar meaning as a
word is giving a meaning or linking to previous knowledge (Surprenant and Neath, 2013).
Craik and Tulving (1975) conducted an experiment with participants who were made to believe that
the test which was taken was to aid the finding to test for ones reaction times. However

The Atkinson And Shiffrin Human Memory Model From Stimuli
This paper identifies and describes the Atkinson and Shiffrin Human Memory Model from stimuli to
long–term memory. Additionally, the writer includes a discussion of factors that enhance or impede
information flow in each step of the process. The paper also describes the proactive and retroactive
interference and how to facilitate maximum retention through long–term memory. Also, the essayist
explains other kinds of forgetting and discusses strategies that can improve memory consolidation
and retrieval. Memory is an important asset. Remembering that first date, the scores of the last
Super Bowl Game, or the words to a favorite song, bring back precious moments from the past.
Memory, as Dr. Wheeler of Atlanta InterContental University, notes in recent Live Chat, "is the
capacity to retain and retrieve information." Also, memory helps in knowing how to do things, recall
past events and serves as a guide toward the future. Furthermore, Dr. Wheeler explains, memory
gives a sense of confidence and personal identity. Understanding how memory works is important to
all. However, it is beneficial to students in recalling and applying what the professor explains during
the Live Chats and studying, of course. In 1958, Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin developed
the Stage Model of Memory. The Stage Model of Memory "contains three separate memory
systems: sensory memory, short–term memory, and long–term memory" (Board, 2011, p. 123).
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggest

Serial Position Effect: Predictions Of The Stage Theory Of...
The aim of the experiment was to use the serial position effect to test some predictions of the stage
theory of memory. It was hypothesised that with an increase in delay, there will be a decrease in
recall of words from the end of the lists. The second hypothesis of the experiment was that with an
increase in delay, there will be little difference in the number of words recalled from the start of the
lists. Thirty psychology students were presented with 8 trials, each consisting of 15 words followed
either by a short delay of 1 second or a long delay of 15 seconds. Participants had to recall the words
they had just viewed in any order to the experimenter. The mean number of words recalled
(measured for each position in the list, for both delays) were calculated across the participants in the
class. The results supported the hypotheses that with an increase in delay there will be a decrease in
recall of words at the end of the lists and that there will be little difference in the number of words
recalled from the start of the list with an increase in delay.
INTRODUCTION
Our memory is an important feature of the human body which plays a key role in our lives. Memory
is the way in which we record the past for use later (Bilkey, 2016) It is clear to see why people
would want to get the best out of this feature not only for studying purposes but for daily activities.
moreeeee The theory that there is in fact two stages of memory, short term and long term first came

The Effects Of Related Words On The Short Term Verbal...

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to The Effects Of Related Words On The Short Term Verbal...

Similar to The Effects Of Related Words On The Short Term Verbal... (15)

More from Susan Tullis

More from Susan Tullis (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Effects Of Related Words On The Short Term Verbal...