This document discusses key concepts related to the generation of electrical power. It defines terms like demand factor, maximum demand, connected load, diversity factor, load factor, utilization factor, average load, coincidence factor, plant operating factor, plant factor, firm power, prime power, dump power, hot reserve, cold reserve, operating reserve, and spinning reserve. The document provides examples and explanations of these various factors and terms used in power generation planning and operations.

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TOPIC:-Generation Of Electrical Power
SUBMITTED BY:-
Shreelakshmi B.L.(K11870),
Shivani Meena(K11827)
B. TECH
Electrical
V Semester
SUBMITTED TO:-
Kamal Arora
Dean
Career Point University

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CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• DEMAND FACTOR
• MAXIMUM DEMAND
• CONNECTED LOAD
• DIVERSITY FACTOR
• LOAD FACTOR
• UTILISATION FACTOR
• AVERAGE LOAD
• COINCIDENCE FACTOR
• PLANT OPERATING FACTOR
• PLANT FACTOR
• FIRM POWER
• PRIME POWER
• DUMP POWER
• HOT RESERVE
• COLD RESERVE
• OPERATING RESERVE
• SPINNING RESERVE

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INTRODUCTION
• Electrical power at work can be seen everywhere you go. In your home, office,
entertainment areas and so forth.
• Electrical energy is a result of conversion from other forms of energy that are abundant in
nature.
• The function of a power station is to deliver power at the lowest possible cost per kilo
watt hour.
• All the electrical energy generated in a power station must be consumed immediately as
it cannot be stored. So the electrical energy generated in a power station must be
regulated according to the demand.

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• Demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand to the connected load of a consumer.
Demand Factor = Maximum demand of a system / Total connected load on the system.
• Demand factor is always less than one.
• Example→ if a residence having 6000W equipment connected has a maximum demand of
3300W,Than demand factor = 3300W / 6000W = 55%.
• The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the connected load.
DEMAND FACTOR

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MAXIMUM DEMAND
• Maximum demand is the largest current normally carried by circuits, switches and protective devices.
• It does not include the levels of current flowing under overload or short circuit conditions.
CONNECTED LOAD
• Connected load of a system is the sum of the continuous ratings of the load consuming apparatus
connected to the system.

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DIVERSITY FACTOR (Simultaneity Factor)
• Diversity factor is the ratio of sum of individual maximum demands to the combined maximum
demand of specific station .
Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Max. Demand. / Max. Demand on Power Station.
• Diversity Factor = Installed load. / Running load.
• Diversity factor is usually more than one. (Since the sum of individual max. demands >Max.
Demand)
Greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power.

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PLANT FACTOR (Capacity Factor):
• The total amount of energy the plant produced a during period of time divide by the amount
of energy the plant would have produced at full capacity.
• Capacity factors vary greatly depending on the type of fuel that is used and the design of the
plant.
• Example→ Suppose you have a generator with a power rating of 1500 kW. Hypothetically if
it ran at full power for 24 hours a days for 365 days, that would be: (1500 kW) x (365 x 24
hours) = 13,140,000 kW-hr in one year. Suppose that in fact it made 3,942,000 kWh in one
year. Then in that year, the generator operated at a: 13,140,000 / 3,942,000 = 30% capacity
factor that year.

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LOAD FACTOR
• Load Factor = Average load. /Maximum load during a given period.
• It can be calculated for a single day, for a month or for a year.
• Its value is always less than one. Because maximum demand is always more than avg. demand.
• It is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load factor, lesser will be
the cost per unit.

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UTILIZATION FACTOR(Ku)
• Utilization Factor = The time that a equipment is in use./ The total time that it could be in use
• EXAMPLE→ The motor above may only be used for eight hours a day, 50 weeks a year. The hours
of operation would then be 2800 hours, and the motor use factor for a base of 8760 hours per
year would be 2800/8760 = 31.96%. With a base of 2800 hours per year, the motor use factor
would be 100%.
AVERAGE LOAD
• Average load is the total energy delivered in a certain period (day/month or year)

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COINCIDENCE FACTOR (Ks)
• The coincidence factor =Max. demand of a system / sum of the individual maximum demands.
• The coincidence factor is the reciprocal of the diversity factor.
• The Coincidence Factor is always <=1.
• Usually Coincidence Factor will decrease as the number of connected customer’s increases.
PLANT OPERATING FACTOR
• It is the ratio of the duration during which the plant is in actual service, to the total duration of
the period of time considered.

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INSTALLED CAPACITY
• Installed capacity, peak installed capacity or rated capacity, describes the maximum capacity that a
system is designed to run at.
• Example → a solar farm has an installed capacity of 24 megawatts, the system will have the ability
– the components and hardware – to produce a maximum of 24 megawatts with optimal sun
exposure.

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FIRM POWER
• Power or power-producing capacity, intended to be available at all times during the period
covered by a guaranteed commitment to deliver, even under adverse conditions.
OR we say, it is the guaranteed power provided by a power plant or transmission system.
PRIME POWER
• Prime power is the maximum potential power constantly available for transformation into
electrical power.

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DUMP POWER
• Surplus electric power that is in excess of existing local load requirements and that is made
available therefore of overabundance of stored water in hydroelectric plant.
HOT RESERVE
• Hot reserve in a power system is that reserve capacity which can be made available quickly.
• Example→ We have a hydroelectric generator of rating say 100MVA but currently supplies only
70MVA. In this case we have 30MVA hot reserve than can be loaded immediately by simply
opening the valve to the hydro turbine.

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COLD RESERVE
• Cold reserve in a power system is that reserve capacity which is available for service but
normally not ready for immediate loading.
• Period of cold reserve start-up varies from 2-24 hrs. and more.

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OPERATING RESERVE
• It is the generating capacity available to the system operator within a short interval of time to
meet demand in case a generator goes down or there is another disruption to the supply.
• The operating reserve is always at least the capacity of the largest generator plus a fraction of
the peak load(under normal condition).
SPINNING RESERVE
• Spinning reserve is the reserve generating capacity that is connected to the bus and ready to
take load.
• Spinning Reserve is needed to maintain system frequency stability during emergency operating
conditions and unforeseen load swings.

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