EE494_SENIOR_DESIGN_PRESENTATION_2015_V3

-EE494 POWER SYSTEMS -
• Professor:
– Dennis Hite.
• Presenters:
– Jürgen Sawatzki.
– Aaron Mashburn.
– Summer Emmons.
– Bryan Fernandez.
GEARLESS MAGNETIC WIND/SOLAR POWERED TURBINE
STORAGE SYSTEM (GMAG-WINDSOPTSS)

U.S POWER CONSUMPTION
http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3
• Based on the U.S Energy Information Administration, the
average annual residential electricity consumption for a
modest U.S. home in 2012 was around 10,837 kWh.
• Louisiana had the highest annual consumption at 15,046
kWh.
• Maine had the lowest annual consumption at 6,367 kWh.
• The average monthly residential electricity consumption
for a modest U.S. home was around 903 kWh per month.

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_gr
apher.cfm?t=epmt_5_05_b

• The numbers on the previous slide shows a staggering number for
revenue in millions of dollars that electric companies earn by
providing electricity to consumer.
• This number is projected to increase exponentially in the next 20
years due to population overgrowth in the U.S. as well as
Worldwide.
• The majority of the sources used in generating this electricity
pollute the environment and destroy the ecosystem.
• Unfortunately they are the only sources that can generate vast
amounts of electricity for today’s demand.
• The minority of the other resources still do pollute the environment
but not to a degree like the majority sources do. This is due to the
fact that materials have to be made of elements, which in turn have
to be dug from the earth, and/or that in their manufacturing
process release 𝐶𝑂2 into the environment.

U.S NET GENERATION BY SOURCES
Jan 2010 - August 2010 (MWhx1000)
45%
24%
19%
7%
2% 1% 1% 1% 0%
0%
Coal Natural Gas
Nuclear Hydro
Wind Petroleum
Wood Biomass
Geothermal Solar
http://www.eia.gov

• If the less pollutant sources are:
– Hydro
– Wind
– Biomass
– Geothermal
– Solar
• Then one could state that it is crucial to increase the percentage of these
sources and to decrease the percentage of sources that pollute the
environment.
• Therefore, the focus of this presentation is to demonstrate wind and/or
solar power can decrease the amount of pollutants being dumped into the
atmosphere along with lowering to some extent or *completely
eliminating a household electric bill by relying on an off the grid
alternative ; such as in the case of GMAG-WINDSOPTSS.
*Depends on user’s geographical location based on wind speed, and possible
scalability of GMAG-WINDSOPTSS.

• A pump Storage station resembles a wind generator, with
the only difference that the flow of water is used to
rotate the rotor in order to produce electricity.
PUMP STORAGE STATION
http://thinkprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/pump-storage-gr-555x206.jpeg
Dynamo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity
PUMP STORAGE STATION
• Above is a picture of the Tennessee Valley Authority pumped storage facility at
Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant.
• Pumped-storage Hydroelectricity is used by electric power systems for load
balancing.
• It works by storing energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water
from a lower to a higher altitude reservoir.
• During low-cost off peak, electric power is used fill the higher altitude reservoir.
• During high-cost on peak, the stored water is released through the turbine to
produce current, which balances the load on the distribution lines.
• In analogy to a pump storage station, one can think of the dynamo as a motor or a
generator, that consumes or provides power , respectively , from a source or to a
load.

GEORGIA POWER ELECTRICAL SAFETY
• http://www.georgiapower.com/in-your-community/electric-
safety/chart.cshtml
Electronic Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah) Small Appliances Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah)
Computer 300 2.50 Blender 300 2.50
Stereo 1,200 10 Box Fan 175 1.46
Television 150 1.25 Clock Radio 70 0.58
Major Appliances Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah) Coffee Maker 1,200 10
Baseboard Heater 1,600 13.33 Food Processor 200 1.67
Clothes Dryer 4,900 40.83 Hair Dryer 600 5
Dishwasher 1,200 10 Heating Blanket 200 1.67
Frost-Free Deep
Freeze 500 4.17 Heating Pad 65 0.54
Frost-Free
Refrigerator 615 5.13 Iron 1,100 9.17
Furnace 500 4.17 MicrowaveOven 1,450 12.08
Garbage Disposal 450 to 950 3.75 to 7.92 Mixer 130 1.08
Oven 4,000 to 8,000 33.33 to 66.70 Sewing Machine 75 0.63
Range 4,000 to 5,000 33.33 to 41.70 Toaster 1,150 9.58
Room Heater 1,350 11.25
Toaster/Toaster
Oven 1,150 9.58
Standard Deep
Freeze 400 3.33
Two Burner Hot
Plate 1,650 13.75
Standard
Refrigerator 325 2.71 Vacuum Cleaner 750 to 1,350 6.25 to 11.25
Washing Machine 500 4.17
Water Heater 2,000 to 5,000 16.70 to 41.70

GEARLESS MAGNETIC WIND-SOLAR
POWERED TURBINE
Mission:
To design and implement an operable proto-type of
a gearless Magnetic Levitated Wind/Solar Powered
Spiral Axis Turbine powering a dual storage system
(Flywheel Energy Storage + Array of Batteries),
delivering a “steady” auxiliary power to the user’s
home grid in emergency scenarios; such as when
power from the grid has either failed or is not
available at all.

WHY CHOOSE TO DESIGN A TURBINE?
• Wind Turbine Designs are commercially available,
therefore, it is easier to improve upon an existing
design.
• To apply concepts learned by team members in the
areas of: Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.
• To create a backup emergency system, that will
commercially rival those available 3-10kW Power
generators in: cost, maintenance, energy delivery, and
true cost to own.
• To help deliver a “semi-favorable” impact on the
environment based on wind energy. (Lead-Acid
Batteries and the process of designing solar panels are
NOT environmentally friendly).

WHAT WILL THE DESIGN CONSIST OF?
• The use of 1 DC current source: array of Mono-Crystalline solar
panels.
• The use of 2 source 3∅ Phase AC generators: WPG and FES.
• 1 power inverter circuit, located between the array of batteries
and the home.
• 1 charge controller circuit, located at the input of the battery
array.
• 1 Rectifier circuit, located at the input of the charge controller.
• 1 Frequency converter located at the output of the FES.
• A Turbine blade design based on the “Liam F1 UWT” model by
The Archimedes BV -RDM Campus, in the Netherlands.
• Sources of Wind and Solar. For a combined efficiency (𝐸𝑓)
of: 28% <𝐸𝑓< 44%.

• Use of 4 High Powered semi-flexible Mono-
Crystalline Solar Cells to provide 1.2 kW of power.
• Arduino-One Micro-controller to be interfaced
between all circuits to read data from them, and to
control the direction of current flow through the
use of several switches.
• A small scale flywheel Energy Storage system to
store the electrical energy converted by the wind
powered generator into angular kinetic energy.
• A set of 4 parallel connected 250Ah batteries.
WHAT WILL THE DESIGN CONSIST OF?

DESIGNING STEPS
• Upscaling/downscaling available designs for the inverter, turbine blades,
charge controller, frequency converter and power inverter to meet this
project requirements in MULTISIM.
• To Calculate Power losses along individual circuit modules.
• Integrating switches in the design schematics to: disconnect wind powered
generator in excess winds (allowing the turbine to cruise freely), to switch
between FES charging the battery array or delivering power to the home, to
switch between the wind powered generator charging the battery array or
the solar cells array charging the battery array.
• Create a prototype of the FES in solid edge, run a stress analysis on it using
FEMAP, then built it at the UAH Machine Shop.
• Creating a model of the spiral axis turbine blade in Solid Edge, run a CFD
analysis, and a stress analysis using FEMAP, then built it at the UAH
Machine Shop.
• After either FES or SAWSPT has been machined, run a real stress analysis on
both structures.
• Write the code in C++ to be used with the Arduino One to monitor the
modules.

• Winds of at least 10 mph are needed to generate
usable energy(20% Ef).
• Solar panels will not work at night.
• System will only work in single mode (Wind) during
night or it wont work at all till daylight (depending on
the wind conditions at night, altitude of turbine, etc.).
• Limited access to UAH’s machine shop during 2015
year.
DESIGNING PROBLEMS?

WHAT TO DETERMINE?
• Money that the group has available + Sponsorships
money.
• Use GOFUNDME to have the teams project sponsored.
• Geographical area of interest where the turbine will
function as expected.
• Wind speeds of the selected demographical area.
• The overall efficiency of the system based on power
stored and delivered by the different modules, and of
power losses throughout the system.

MILESTONES
Titles Duration Start Finish Members
Gearless Magnetic Solar Wind Powered Generator 303 days Thu 9/25/14 Sat 11/21/15
Midterm Report October 2014 - April 2015
Phase I 158 days Thu 9/25/14 Mon 5/4/15
Introduction 28 days Thu 9/25/14 Mon 11/3/14 Jurgen
Requirements Descriptions(Conceptual Design) 22 days Fri 10/24/14 Mon 11/24/14 -- Please expand section --
Planning (PreliminaryDesign) 50 days Tue 11/25/14 Mon 2/2/15 -- Please expand section --
Software Development Plan (Preliminary Design) 60 days Tue 12/30/14 Mon 3/23/15 -- Please expand section --
Models & Recommendations (Critical Design) 50 days Tue 2/3/15 Mon 4/13/15 -- Please expand section --
Final Midterm Report 15 days Tue 4/14/15 Mon 5/4/15 -- Please expand section --
Phase II 145 days Tue 5/5/15 Sat 11/21/15
Review Inteface control documentation 10 days Tue 5/5/15 Mon 5/18/15 All members
Find Sponsorship 60 days Thu 4/23/15 Wed 7/15/15 All members
Actual Manufacture assembly 76 days Mon 5/18/15 Mon 8/31/15 All members
Testing 20 days Tue 9/1/15 Mon 9/28/15 All members
Data Analysis 15 days Tue 9/29/15 Mon 10/19/15 All members
Design changing parameters in software 10 days Tue 10/20/15 Mon 11/2/15 Jurgen &Bryan
Prepare report 10 days Tue 11/3/15 Mon 11/16/15 Jurgen & Summer
Presentation 2 days Tue 11/17/15 Wed 11/18/15 All members

GEARLESS MAGNETIC WIND-SOLAR POWERED TURBINE
FREQUENCY
CONVERTER
120 VAC
RECTIFIER
POWER
INVERTER
CHARGE
CONTROLLER
1
8
0
4
5
9 7
63
2
*Paths 2-8 or 2,3,8 may be optional.
Dashed lines refer
to optional modules.

GEARLESS MAGNETIC WIND-SOLAR POWERED TURBINE

• Improved design based on the “Liam F1
UWT” by the Archimedes BV-RDM Campus
in Netherlands. Original design based on
the Archimedes screw pump.
• Designed to be 8-18 meters in diameter at
an altitude of 30-80 meters height for low
speed winds, or 4-10 meters in diameter at
lower altitude for high speed winds.
• Bigger area of Blades = more generated
wind power.
• Wind increases with altitude, therefore, the
U.S Department of Energy provides a 30
meter (9 story), and a 80m (24 story)
height, high-resolution resource map.
• This blade will be suspended by magnetic
compression (eliminating completely: the
use of bearings , and the loss of energy
through them).
ROTOR BLADE ATTACHEMENT

• The SAWT is not suited for turbulent urban
winds. This is due that the turbine is
designed to be at an angle of attack of 60°
to catch the wind.
• The turbine always turns itself in the
direction of the wind.
• The energy arises because the wind is
rotated by the blades by 90°. This results in
almost no resistance on the blades,
therefore the turbine is almost noiseless.
• The large surface area of the turbine blade
translates into a higher 𝐶 𝑝 value of
efficiency, due to the bigger area of the
blades capturing more wind.
• The Beaufort scale of the wind in Huntsville,
Alabama is force 3 on a scale of 12.
• Small wind turbines do operate between
force 3 and force 7.

Alabama Average Wind Speed County Rank
Rank Average Wind Speed County / Population
1 18.60 mph Bullock, AL / 10,914
2 18.14 mph Barbour, AL / 27,457
3 17.89 mph Russell, AL / 52,947
4 17.34 mph Pike, AL / 32,899
5 16.98 mph Macon, AL / 21,452
6 16.92 mph Henry, AL / 17,302
7 16.84 mph Jackson, AL / 53,227
8 16.50 mph Montgomery, AL / 229,363
9 16.50 mph De Kalb, AL / 71,109
10 16.38 mph Crenshaw, AL / 13,906
11 16.18 mph Etowah, AL / 104,430
12 16.14 mph Cherokee, AL / 25,989
13 16.05 mph Dale, AL / 50,251
14 15.71 mph Coffee, AL / 49,948
15 15.67 mph Elmore, AL / 79,303
16 15.65 mph Walker, AL / 67,023
17 15.55 mph Marengo, AL / 21,027
18 15.52 mph Morgan, AL / 119,490
19 15.51 mph Lee, AL / 140,247
20 15.47 mph Lowndes, AL / 11,299
21 15.47 mph Hale, AL / 15,760
22 15.34 mph Marshall, AL / 93,019
23 15.28 mph Butler, AL / 20,947
24 15.25 mph Greene, AL / 9,045
25 15.15 mph Dallas, AL / 43,820
26 15.14 mph Tuscaloosa, AL / 194,656
27 15.11 mph Saint Clair, AL / 83,593
28 15.04 mph Fayette, AL / 17,241
29 15.04 mph Cullman, AL / 80,406
30 15.01 mph Tallapoosa, AL / 41,616
31 14.98 mph Conecuh, AL / 13,228
32 14.90 mph Chambers, AL / 34,215
33 14.81 mph Escambia, AL / 38,319
Rank Average Wind Speed County / Population
34 14.80 mph Madison, AL / 334,811
35 14.70 mph Wilcox, AL / 11,670
36 14.64 mph Sumter, AL / 13,763
37 14.54 mph Blount, AL / 57,322
38 14.53 mph Winston, AL / 24,484
39 14.53 mph Perry, AL / 10,591
40 14.49 mph Houston, AL / 101,547
41 14.47 mph Calhoun, AL / 118,572
42 14.42 mph Bibb, AL / 22,915
43 14.31 mph Pickens, AL / 19,746
44 14.22 mph Jefferson, AL / 658,466
45 14.19 mph Lamar, AL / 14,564
46 14.13 mph Covington, AL / 37,765
47 14.12 mph Monroe, AL / 23,068
48 14.04 mph Coosa, AL / 11,539
49 13.99 mph Lawrence, AL / 34,339
50 13.96 mph Franklin, AL / 31,704
51 13.79 mph Cleburne, AL / 14,972
52 13.78 mph Shelby, AL / 195,085
53 13.75 mph Autauga, AL / 54,571
54 13.73 mph Marion, AL / 30,776
55 13.64 mph Limestone, AL / 82,782
56 13.55 mph Choctaw, AL / 13,859
57 13.41 mph Chilton, AL / 43,643
58 13.35 mph Randolph, AL / 22,913
59 13.30 mph Colbert, AL / 54,428
60 13.20 mph Geneva, AL / 26,790
61 13.19 mph Clay, AL / 13,932
62 13.16 mph Lauderdale, AL / 92,709
63 12.96 mph Baldwin, AL / 182,265
64 12.84 mph Clarke, AL / 25,833
65 12.69 mph Mobile, AL / 412,992
66 12.58 mph Talladega, AL / 82,291
67 12.15 mph Washington, AL / 17,581
http://www.usa.com/rank/alabama-state--average-wind-speed--county-rank.htm

ROTOR BLADE SUPORTING FRAME (TOP)
Strong rare magnet
Pushing down on magnet #2.
Magnets 1 and 2 are axially
magnetized.
1
2
3
4
Strong rare magnet containing
magnet #3 inside its magnetic
field. Magnets 3 and 4 are
radially magnetized.
Slider arm, can be adjusted at
any height.

ROTOR BLADE SUPPORTING FRAME (BOTTOM)
5
6
7
8
Strong rare magnet containing
magnet #6 inside its magnetic
field. Magnets 5 and 6 are
radially magnetized.
Strong rare magnet
Pushing up on magnet #7.
Magnets 7 and 8 are axially
magnetized.
Slider arm, can be adjusted at
any height.

ROTOR BLADE FRAME MODIFICATIONS
• Frame to support Spiral Axis
Wind Turbine in vertical or
horizontal configuration as to
emulate a HAWT or a VAWT
turbine.
• Achieved by the use of an
Altazimuth mount to control
the altitude of the turbine, just
like a Dobsonian telescope.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altazimuth_mount

The yaw system of wind turbines is
the component responsible for the
orientation of the wind
turbine rotor towards the wind.
VAWT vs. HAWT vs. SAWT modes:
• IN VAWT mode, the yaw of the
turbine is completely eliminated
since the vertical rotor can face
the wind from any direction.
• IN HAWT mode, the yaw of the
turbine is controlled by either an
active or passive yaw system.
• In SAWT mode, the yaw of the
turbine is self oriented to the
wind’s incoming direction. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_system

How to get measurements?
• Turbine power is defined as 𝑃 =
1
2
𝜌𝐴𝑣3
𝐶 𝑝
Where P is power, 𝜌 is air density, A Is swept area of the blade, V is wind speed, and 𝐶 𝑝 is the power coefficient.
• In 1919 Albert Betz concluded that no turbine can convert more
than 59.3% of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
energy turning a rotor. (BENTZ LAW).
• Real world limit for VAWT & HAWT is between 0.33 – 0.45 out of
the maximum power efficiency of 0.59.
• The 𝐶 𝑝 for each turbine is based on its strength and durability.
• Once other factors are accounted for, such as, gearboxes, bearings,
generator and so on, only 10% -30% of the power of the wind is
converted into usable electricity.
http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/23-wind-turbine

• The swept area of a HAWT is determined
by using the area of a circle.
• The swept area of a VAWT is determined
by using the area of a rectangle times a
scale factor of 2/3.
• Lets assume that this turbine will operate at the smallest power
coefficient possible, that is 0.33, Since a SAWT resembles a HAWT, we will
use the HAWT model.
• For a generator to produce current, it must rotate faster than the provided
R.P.M when it is run as a motor. Therefore, as a rule of thumb the power
converted from the wind into rotational energy in the turbine must be
25% - 30% more than the output power of the generator.

• The generator used in this project produces 2237.01 Watts of power,
while rotating at a minimum of 710 R.P.M.
• At this speed, it produces 5.85 amps of current, With a rated
manufacture efficiency of 80%, and a power factor of 0.71.
• The power that the turbine needs to produce is between
2796.26 Watts and 2908.11 Watts.
• Therefore the length of the blade can be found by using the formula
𝐿 = 𝑟 =
2𝑃
𝜋𝜌𝑣3 𝐶 𝑝
1
2
• The air density in Huntsville is 1.164 kg/𝑚3
.

• The wind speeds at 30 meters and 80
meters height are 8.95mph and 11.18mph
respectively.
• At an altitude of 30 meters, the length of
the turbine blade should be at least 8.50
meters or 17.01 meters in diameter. (BASED
ON NREL MAPS).
• At an altitude of 80 meters, the length of
the turbine blade should be at least 6.09
meters or 12.18 meters in diameter. (BASED
ON NREL MAPS).
• Based on DATA obtained by USA.COM
average wind speeds in Madison County
reach 14.80 mph; therefore, the length of
the blade should be at least 4 meters or 8
meters in diameter.
Altitudes in graph are assumed for
turbines at 80m height or more.

Pros & Cons
• Ideal for small areas and rooftops.
• Aesthetically pleasing.
• Obtaining free wind power.
• Magnetically levitated = no friction from bearings.
• Efficiency of a VAWT is 2/3 less than a HAWT due to
blade design and fluid dynamics.
• May be damaged by excessive high winds.
• Construction needs to be lightweight.
• Long construction time.

AC GENERATOR
What is an induction motor?
• An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric
motor in which the electric current in the rotor
needed to produce torque is obtained by
electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of
the stator winding.
• An AC induction motor consists of two assemblies - a
stator and a rotor. The interaction of currents flowing
in the rotor bars and the stators' rotating magnetic
field generates a torque. In an actual operation, the
rotor speed always lags the magnetic field's speed,
allowing the rotor bars to cut magnetic lines of force
and produce useful torque.
• The difference between the synchronous speed of the
magnetic field, and the shaft rotating speed is slip -
and would be some number of RPM or frequency.
• The slip increases with an increasing load, thus
providing a greater torque.

AC GENERATOR
• The slip can be expressed by the formula:
𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 =
(𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
x 100
• The slip for this motor is: 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 =
(750−710)
750
𝑥 100% = 5.33
• When the motor starts rotating the slip is 100 % and the motor current is at
maximum. The slip and motor current are reduced when the rotor starts to
turn.
• Frequency decrease when slip decrease.
• Inductive reactance depends on the frequency and the slip. When the rotor
is not turning, the slip frequency is at maximum and so is the inductive
reactance.

AC GENERATOR
• A motor has a resistance and inductance
and when the rotor is turning, the inductive
reactance is low and the power factor
approaches to one.
• The inductive reactance will change with
the slip since the rotor impedance is the
phase sum of the constant resistance and
the variable inductive reactance.
• When the motor starts rotating the
inductive reactance is high and impedance
is mostly inductive. The rotor has a low
lagging power factor. When the speed
increases the inductive reactance goes
down equaling the resistance.

AC GENERATOR
Why choose this model?
• Same quality as products being manufactured
in U.S or Europe.
• Lower price in China vs. U.S. vs. Europe.
• Polyphase Squirrel-Cage induction motor
(Asynchronous motor) is used commonly in
the wind power industry; when operated in
reverse acting as a generator.
• Model Y132S-8 provides 3 HP of power =
2237.01 Watts.

AC GENERATOR
TECHNICAL DATA:
• Manufacture under IEC and DIN42673 standards.
• Duty: Continuous (S1)
• Insulation class: B
• Protection class: IP44
• Cooling method: ICO141
• Ambient temperature: -15≤θ≤40 centigrade.
• Altitude up to 1000m above sea level.
• 3 Phase AC Asynchronous generator in a Delta configuration.

AC GENERATOR
• Unless you were to design a motor from the ground-up, the basic
information that you will need to know from a motor would be its weight,
number of poles in the rotor, single or triple phase, AC or DC, number of
rpm, and frequency at which it operates. This and all other information,
should be found within the manufacturer’s data sheet.
• The RPM of a motor can be found with the formula:
𝑅. 𝑃. 𝑀 =
𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ∗120
# 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
• Note that High output power motors use a Delta wiring pattern for their
internal configuration due to their High Voltage usage, and low output
power motors use a Wye wiring pattern for their internal configuration
due to their low voltage usage.

AC GENERATOR SCHEMATIC
Animated example of a 3 Phase,
12 pole motor.
Example of a 3 Phase, 8 pole
motor in a Delta configuration to
handle higher voltage.

Pros & Cons
• Obtaining free wind power from rotor blade attachment.
• Cheaper in price than a Synchronous motor.
• Lagging power factor may be low at light loads.
• Self-Starting motor.
• No excitation required for the rotor.
• May be damaged by excessive high winds.
• Has to be opened and modified so that the turbine blades can be attached to the
rotor.
• Bearings between rotor and stator has to be removed due to the rotor being
magnetically levitated.
• Very heavy ~140 Lbs.
• With increase or decrease in rotating speed, the generated AC frequency changes.
• Generator creates an AC current with a Lagging power factor, high at heavy loads.
• Requires 710 or more R.P.M to become higher efficient.
AC GENERATOR

ALABAMA- WIND RESOURCE POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE
RATED CAPACITY VS. GROSS CAPACITY FACTOR (CF)

ECONOMIC ESTIMATES FOR SMALL WIND
TURBINES

ANEMOMETER
• An anemometer is a device that
measures wind speed. It is a
commonly used weather station
instrument. His name comes
from the Greek word anemos,
meaning wind, and is used to
describe any air speed
measurement instrument used
in meteorology or
aerodynamics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemometer

SOLAR CELLS
• Same quality as products being manufactured in U.S or Europe.
• Flexible design allows solar cells to be mounted along the turbine’s overall
blade surface area.
• Solar cells to be coated with optical resin and secured to blades.
• Semi-flexible design allows for panel to be place around turbine blades,
then coated with optical resin to secure them in place and to protect them
from weather conditions.
http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Hight-efficiency-semi-flexible-solar-panels_451492037/showimage.html

ENCAPSULATING SOLAR CELLS
http://www.smooth-on.com/a103/New-Solaris%3D-Clear-Encapsulatingsilicone/article_info.html
• Optically clear platinum silicone that lets light pass thorough it unimpeded.
• Mixed 1A:1B by volume .
• Features a low viscosity and de-airs itself well.
• To aid in de-airing, the pot life is an extra-long 240 minutes.
• The rubber cures optically clear in 24 hours at room temperature.

Technical Specs:
• Semi flexible solar panels.
• Lightweight, can bend some radian.
• Can be custom designed.
• OEM.
• High efficiency semi flexible solar panels 330W
• Cell Type: Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar cells
• Maximum power (W): 330w
• Maximum power voltage (V): 48.00V
• Maximum power current (A): 6.87A
• Open circuit voltage (V): 59.04V
• Short circuit current (A): 7.35A
• Number of cells (Pcs): 96 (8*12) PCS
• Size of module (mm): 1580 x 2756 x 3.5mm (125*125mm cell)
• Front cover: Transparent TPT
• Back sheet: Aluminum Panel
• Can be applied on roof of exhibition center, museum, house, vehicle, yacht etc.
SOLAR CELLS

SOLAR CELLS
Circuit Schematic of Solar Cells Array

SOLAR CELLS
Pros & Cons
• Lower unit price when buying from
China.
• Panels are not encapsulated.
• Shipping time is longer.

BATTERIES
• Same quality as products being manufactured in U.S or
Europe.
• Batteries are rated for 250Ah at 12 VDC.
http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/250A-12V-Gelled-High-Efficient-Solar_1969655706.html

Technical Specs:
• Weights 72 Kgs.
• OEM.
• Cell Type: Gelled Solar battery
• Maximum power (W): 3000w
• Capacity of Battery: 250Ah
• Number of cells (Pcs): 6
• Size of module (mm): 523x268x220mm
• Nominal Voltage: 12V
• Lead battery Type
• Fully Charged battery 77°F(25°C): 4mΩ
• Discharge: -20~60°C
• Charge: -10~60°C
• Storage:-20~60°C
BATTERIES

Circuit Schematic for Battery Array
BATTERIES

Pros & Cons
• Lower unit price when buying from China.
• Gel-type, no spills & acid cannot evaporate.
• Panels are not encapsulated.
• Shipping time is longer.
• Weight at 72Kgs per battery pack is not
ideal for transportation.
BATTERIES

FREQUENCY CONVERTER
What is a Frequency Converter?
• A frequency converter is an electronic device that converts AC of one frequency to AC of
another frequency.
• A frequency converter consist of a rectifier stage (producing direct current) which is then
inverted to produce AC of the desired frequency. The inverter may use thyristors, IGCTs
or IGBTs.
• Frequency changers are used in the airline industries. Often airplanes use 400 Hz power,
so a 50 Hz or 60 Hz to 400 Hz frequency converter is needed for use in the ground power
unit (unit used to power the airplane while it is on the ground).
• Frequency changers are also used in renewable energy systems. They are an essential
component of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) as used in modern multi-
megawatt class wind turbines. A Doubly fed electric machines is an electric generators
that have windings on both stationary and rotating parts, where both windings transfer
significant power between shaft and electrical system.
• For this project a frequency converter will be use to regulate the frequency that the FES
is running at and convert it to 60 Hz (U.S and Japan standard).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_changer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly_fed_electric_machine

FREQUENCY CONVERTER SCHEMATIC
THIS DESIGN IS FOR ILLUSTRATION PURPOSES ONLY

Pros & Cons
• Cheaper, since it is home built.
• Schematic is hard to understand.
• Soldering and testing components onto board is
time consuming.
• Current design needs to be downscale or upscale
to meet the projects' initial conditions.
FREQUENCY CONVERTER

RECTIFIER
What is a Rectifier?
• A rectifier is an electrical device that converts AC to
DC.
• A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input
waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or
negative) at its output.
• The rectifier used in this project will be a 3 Phase Full-
wave rectifier using six Thrysistors (SCR’S: silicon
controlled rectifiers), instead of diodes, due to the
large current flowing in them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor

RECTIFIER SCHEMATIC
A full-wave rectifier using 6 Thrysistors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor

Pros & Cons
• Schematic is easy to understand.
time consuming.
• SCR gates are expensive.
RECTIFIER

CHARGE CONTROLLER
What is a Charge Controller?
• A charge controller is a circuit that limits the rate at which electric
current is added to or drawn from electric batteries.
• It prevents overcharging and may protect against overvoltage, which
can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety
risk.
• It may also prevent completely draining ("deep discharging") a
battery.
• The charge controller for this project will use a PWM regulator. This
PWM regulator is called an isolated Ćuk converter.
http://www.solar-electric.com/solar-charge-controller-basics.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller

CHARGE CONTROLLER
What is a Cok Converter?
• A Cok converter is a type of DC-DC converter that has an output voltage
magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage
magnitude.
• It is essentially a boost converter followed by a buck converter with a
capacitor to couple the energy (aka: it can provide a charge within a wide
range of winds).
• The difference between isolated and non-isolated Cok converter is that an
isolated Cok converter lets the user choose the 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 polarity, where as with
a non-isolated Cok converter the 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 will be the inverse polarity of the 𝑉𝑖𝑛.

CHARGE CONTROLLER SCHEMATIC
http://windpower.generatorguide.net/how-wind-works.html

Pros & Cons
• Schematic is easy to understand.
time consuming.
CHARGE CONROLLER

POWER INVERTER
What is a Power Inverter?
• A power inverter is a circuit that changes DC to AC.
• This power inverter will produce a sine wave output.
• The Vin in this project is 12VDC and the output voltage will be 120VAC.
• T1:T2 has a ration of 1:10.
• This power inverter converts DC to AC at battery level and uses a line-
frequency transformer to create the output voltage.
• A line frequency is the frequency of the oscillations AC in an electric power
grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter
http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042507-092653/unrestricted/MQP_D_1_2.pdf

POWER INVERTER SCHEMATIC
http://nickzouein.wordpress.com/electronics/dcac-power-inverter/

Pros & Cons
• Schematic is hard to understand.
time consuming.
POWER INVERTER

FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE (FES)
What is a FES?
• A device which consist of accelerating a rotor to a very high speed and
maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy.
• The device can be accelerated or decelerated by adding or subtracting
energy from it.
• Most FES use electricity to accelerate and decelerate the flywheel.
• Energy density depends on two factors: the rotor geometry, and the
property of the materials used in manufacturing the device. For isotropic
rotors the following formula can be used:
𝐸
𝑚
= 𝐾(
𝜎
𝜌
), where E is the Kinetic energy, m the rotor’s mass, K the
rotor’s geometric shape factor, 𝜎 the tensile strength of the
material, and 𝜌 the material’s density.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage

What is a FES?
• Materials with high strength, and low density are desirable. The use of
carbon composite is recommended due to these properties and to its low
cost.
• When the tensile strength of the composite flywheel’s outer binding cover
is exceeded, the binding cover will fracture, and the wheel will shatter at
ballistic speeds, therefore, the use of composite materials that are glued in
layers tend to disintegrate quickly into smaller diameter filaments without
posing a higher risk to a person nearby.
• This design will incorporate a two pole rotor 3phase A-C generator, running
at 400HZ to achieve a maximum RPM of 24,000.
• A FES is a Dynamo that can run in a motor or in a generator configuration.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage

FES CUTOUT VIEWS
FES CUTOUT 2-D VIEW FES CUTOUT 3-D VIEW

NASA’S FLYWHEEL
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States
government agency that is responsible for the civilian space program as well as for
aeronautics and aerospace research.

BEACON POWER FES
Beacon Power is an American Limited Liability Company specializing in flywheel-
based energy storage with headquartered in Tyngsborough, Massachusetts. Serving
the New York Area.

Pros & Cons
• Flywheel is very lightweight due to Carbon Fiber.
• Can charge and discharge within minutes.
• Not affected by temperature.
• Expensive to built.

ARDUINO ONE CONTROL INTERFACE
• Inexpensive @ $24 USD.
• Compatible with windows.
• Open source code.
• Easy interface.
• Programmable using C++.

• The Control Interface will read and then display on a
LCD the values for: the WPG torque, WPG speed,
output voltage from WPG, output current from WPG,
output power from WPG, charge stored in FES,
output power from FES, angular velocity of FES,
battery array charge levels, and total power output.
• The micro-controller will sound an alarm if the
battery stored power has depleted between 55% -
50%.
• The micro-controller will control several switches:
battery charging by FES, battery charging by WPG,
battery charging by solar cells, disconnecting the
WPG from all other modules during excess wind
conditions, and direct house feed; between the FES
and the home.

FREQUENCY
CONVERTER
120 VAC
RECTIFIER
POWER
INVERTER
CHARGE
CONTROLLER
1
8
0
4
5
9
7
63
2
OFF Dashed lines refer
to optional modules.
0’

ARDUINO ONE (C++ CODE)
• Code for main program.
• Code for mode of operation:
– Direct House Feed.
– Battery charging by FES.
– Battery charging by Turbine.
– Battery charging by Solar Cells.
• Code for LCD Display Subroutine.
• Code for Alarm Subroutine.
• Code for Turbine’s Torque Subroutine.
• Code for Turbine’s Speed Subroutine.
• Code for Wind Speed Subroutine.
• Code for Output Voltage from Turbine Subroutine.
• Code for Output current from turbine Subroutine.
• Code for Battery array charged level Subroutine.
• Code for FES charge stored.
• Code for FES angular velocity.
• Code for Output power from turbine Subroutine.
• Code for Output power from solar cells Subroutine.
• Code for Apparent power from inverter Subroutine.
• Code for turbine coasting Subroutine.
• Code for Hibernation mode Subroutine.
• Code for UAH/Company info Subroutine.

Circuit Schematic for Arduino One

CONCLUSION
PROS
• Advantages are low pollution level to the environment, maintainable once
every 5 years for FES and once every 3 years for batteries.
• For FES, device is enclose completely in vacuum, and magnetically
levitated, that means no drag for the rotor.
• For WPG, device is magnetically levitated, that means no friction in the
bearings between rotor and stator.
• Long Lifetime for FES.
• FES Unaffected by ambient temperatures extremes.
• FES operation at < 24,000 rpm.
• FES can fully charge within seconds.
• GMAG-WINDSOPTSS can provide auxiliary power for a residential home in
case of a grid shutdown or simply to lower a household’s electric bill.

CONCLUSION
CONS
• Due to time constrains and funding, only theoretical design of FES will be covered.
• FES Expensive and hard to manufacture. Cheapest way is using a carbon composite
disc.
• FES can only provide power for minutes, therefore FES tends to discharge faster than
batteries.
• If FES device reaches a very high speed, the carbon composite disc attached to one
end of the rotor will disintegrate violently due to centrifugal forces.
• FES Device needs to be reinforce with thick steel for human protection against
explosions.
• Chemical Batteries uses lead.
• Chemical Batteries are affected by temperature changes.
• Solar Panels are affected by accumulation of dust, snow, and depend on weather
conditions to be optimal for sunshine.
• Modules had to be assembled.
• Batteries and solar cells had to be ordered from overseas adding a high cost to
shipping.

CONCLUSION
Questions and answers session.
www.linkedin.com/pub/jürgen-andrés-sawatzki-chaw/87/979/262/

EE494_SENIOR_DESIGN_PRESENTATION_2015_V3

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