Homeostasis Regulation

Homeostasis Regulation
The aim of this essay is to describe regulation and control. This essay will also explain what happen during homoeostasis is including blood regulation.
Homoestasis is mentioning as constancy, balanced by a cell. It controls the continuous inside surroundings (Biologymad.com, 2015). It is a key definite
life system, through saving a steady inside setting wants continuous exact by means of situations conversion interior and exterior. Homeostasis is the
rule of the body temperature wants to keep enzymes working close to their best temperature and to stop them from denaturing.
The important mechanism that keeps a flexible close to its set point is negative feedback, a method in which the body sense a change and stimulates
devices that negate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Glucagon stimulates the liver to breakdown glucagon and fixes certain Nan carbohydrates, including amino acid, into glucose. This increases the blood
sugar concentration very efficiently. Glucagon secretin prevents hypoglycaemia since happening when glucose concentration is comparatively small
(Moini, n.d.). Insulin work in a manner opposite of glucagon, it decrease blood glucose concentration endorses amino acid transport into cells, increase
protein synthesis, and stimulates cells to make and store fat. Insulin secret decrease as glucose concentration
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Balanced Diet
A balanced diet is one that provides a good intake of energy and nutrients for maintenance of the body and for the good health. A diet can easily
support normal body functioning, yet may not be a balanced diet. An ideal human diet contains fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water
and fibre all in correct proportions. These proportions vary for each individual because everyone has different type of metabolic style and levels of
activity.
Malnutrition results from an unbalanced diet, this can be due to an excess of some dietary components and lack of other components, not just a
complete lack of food. Too much of one component can be as much harm to the body as too little. Nowadays we have enough food to eat and keep our
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vitamin D is therefore essential in growing children 's diets to enable the growth of strong bones. Without adequate amounts of vitamin D children can
develop rickets, which is the deformation of the legs caused when they lack calcium to strengthen the bones. In adults a lack of vitamin D in the diet
can lead to osteomalacia, a progressive softening of the bones which can make them highly susceptible to fracture.
Vitamin D is made by the body when exposed to sunlight and is stored in the muscles, however, if the skin is rarely exposed to the sunlight or is dark
little vitamin D is produced. Foods such as eggs and oily fish are all rich in vitamin D.
Vitamin K, phylloquinone, is found in dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale. It is a fat soluble vitamin which is involved in the clotting
process of blood. In the intestines bacteria synthesise a number of important clotting factors which need vitamin K. Without vitamin K cuts can fail to
heal and internal bleeding can occur.
Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin, known chemically as ascorbic acid. It is found in citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons, and also in potatoes
and tomatoes. The main function of vitamin C is the formation of connective tissues such as collagen. It is also known to be an antioxidant which
helps to remove toxins from the body and aids the

Fluoride Research Paper
Fluoride and the thyroid
We've discussed the many invisible ingredients in our tap water with fluoride being one of them. We've also touched upon the dangers of each
individual ingredient and just what they can do to our health over a long period of time but here we're going to delve a little deeper. This article will
be looking at fluoride and its affect on your thyroid.
Why is fluoride in our drinking water?
Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral and can be found in water in differing amounts dependent on which area of the UK that you reside in.
Fluoride can also be found in certain foods such as tea and fish as well as a lot of our toothpastes and mouthwashes. The main reason it's now
manufactured and subsequently added into our public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the contrary, altered thyroid function can be associated with an intake of fluoride as low as 0.05–0.1mg of fluoride per kg of bodyweight per day. If
you happen to suffer from an iodine deficiency then you could notice an alteration with a dosage as little as 0.03mg/kg/day. This means for a person
of 70kg (that's roughly 154lbs), just 3.5mg of fluoride per day could end in a thyroid dysfunction. The most recent analysis relating to exposure was
taken by the US Environmental Protection Agency. They estimated that an average adult was consuming around 3mg of fluoride per day with some
regularly ingesting up to 6mg per day. What they found to be even more concerning however were the doses for children. With an average 14kg child
(around 30lbs), the fluoride intake of more than 0.7mg per day were enough to put them at risk yet figures showed children within this weight range to
be consuming around 1.5mg of fluoride each and every day and in some cases more. This meant that children were consuming more than twice the
amount that was necessary to alter the thyroid function. Chronic exposures such as this could have a seriously detrimental impact along with life–long
effects on the intellectual, social and even sexual development of children as they

Reducing Under Nutrition Essay
Reducing under nutrition in the Developing World
Reducing under nutrition in the developing world will be complicated and will take considerable time to accomplish. In 1980s, it was a common
practice for the more affluent nations to supply famished areas with direct food aid. However, highly publicized and praised at the time, direct food
aid is not a long–term solution. Although it reduces the number of deaths from famine, it can also reduce incentives for local production by driving
down local prices. In addition, the affected countries may have little or no means of transporting the food to those who need it more. Furthermore, the
donated foods may receive little cultural acceptance.
In the short run, there is no choice–aid must be given people are starving. Still, improving the infrastructure for poor people needs to be long–term
focus. This long–term approach is necessary because the most significant factor affecting under nutrition of people in impoverished areas of the world is
their reliance on outside sources for basic needs. Their dependence makes them constantly vulnerable. Under nutrition is the most common form of
malnutrition among the poor in both developing and developed countries. It is also the primary cause of specific nutrient deficiencies that can result in
muscle wasting, blindness from xeropthalmia, scurvy, pellagra, beri–beri, anaemia, rickets, goitre, and a host of other problems.
The most critical micronutrients missing from diet worldwide are iron

Iodine 131 's Atomic Structure
Iodine–131's atomic structure has 5 energy levels in total. The first energy level has 2 electrons, second energy level has 8 electrons, third energy
level has 18 electrons, fourth energy level has 18 electrons and finally the fifth energy level has 7 electrons. The radioisotope has a half–life of 8.0
days and every half–life in the radioactive Iodine is reduced by 50%, however, the other 50% does not become part of Iodine–131 because it becomes
stable. The radioisotope has 53 protons and 78 neutrons in total. It has a blackish colour to it. Its chemical form is a water–soluble salt. The nuclear
decay equation is 131/53I в†’ 131/54Xe + 0/–1E. The radioisotope's mass number is 131 and its atomic symbol is I131. The radioisotope is a gamma
and beta emitting isotope. Furthermore, the beta emission is the destructive component of the radioisotope. This is supported by the fact that Beta
emission is an electron that is ejected from the nucleus which is very ionizing. The aspect also makes beta electrons very destructive to thyroid tissue as
it concentrates the iodine 200x more than any tissue in order to make thyroxine which is an endocrine hormone to regulate at the rate of metabolic
processes.
This radioisotope is employed in medicine to monitor thyroid gland functioning to treat goitre, thyroid cancer, locate tumours of the brain and liver.
Iodine–131 is used in investigations to trace the course of compounds in metabolism. Several iodine compounds are used as contrast mediums

Animal Nutrition: Distinguish Macronutrients and...
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Animal nutrition
Introduction to animal nutrition
There are seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, protein, vitamin, and water.
These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities).
The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, fiber, proteins, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins.
The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell
membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The spike in blood glucose levels after ingestion of simple sugars is thought to be related to some of the heart and vascular diseases which have
become more frequent in recent times. Simple sugars form a greater part of modern diets than formerly, perhaps leading to more cardiovascular
disease. The degree of causation is still not clear, however.
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Fat
A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They
are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturateddepending on
the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas
unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double–bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid
of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double–bond) or polyunsaturated (many double–bonds).
Furthermore, depending on the location of the double–bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega–3 or omega–6 fatty
acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans–isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically
created

Explain What Role Dose Risk Plays In Dentistry
what role dose risk play in dentistry ?
The risk is often defined as the product of the likelihood of a harmful or undesirable event or action occurring (or a 'hazard' as described in some
contexts) and the consequence of the event, for example, the severity of harm caused (Europe Economics.2014).
With this in intention,The risk in the dental field is mostly negative and relies on hazards (something with the potential to cause harm) not only to the
dental practitioners but also to the patients. There are a dozen risks that might have an effect on the dental clinician, for example, the possibility of
being exposed to infection or injury throughout any procedure or long–term pain and disability due to stress working posture. Moreover, the patients ...
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and it can found naturally in some foods and beverages, like fish and tea, and also normally exist in most of the water supply, but the concentration is
different. Fluoride helps in increasing tooth strength and makes it more decay–resistant. Also, it helps the tooth repair in the early decay stage through
remineralization. Fluoride could be applied typically, like toothpaste, fluoride varnish, and mouth rinse, or it may be used systemically through a
different approach, like fluoridated salt and fluoride tablets. Water fluoridation provides both types of exposure.
"The value of water fluoridation is recognized internationally. Countries and geographic regions with extensive water fluoridation include the U.S.,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Columbia, Ireland, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, People's Republic of China (Hong Kong only), Singapore and the
United Kingdom" (American Dental Association, 2005).
Molly (2013) states, "Many countries now have fluoridated water, and, at least, a dozen countries have greater than 40 percent population
coverage"(Jones, 2005). In 2008, fluoridated water in the United States reached an estimated 64 percent of the total population and approximately 72
percent of the population who had access to public water systems.(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012). The percentage of people
receiving fluoridated water has doubled in the last 50 years.(U.S. Department of

Case Study On Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is an uncommon presentation in hyperthyroid patients. There are very few case reports of Throtoxic cardiomyopathy. The mechanism
due to which cardiomyopathy occurs in hyperthyroid patients is not very well understood. After extensive literature search, it was found that some of
the mechanisms which are described include genomic and non–genomic and direct action of Thyroid hormone on the cardiac muscle may cause
cardiomyopathy. In this case report, a case of Multinodular goitre with dilated cardiomyopathy is described.
Keywords: Thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy, Multinodular goitre, Thyrotoxicosis, Genomic, Non–Genomics
There are very few cases of documented thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy as an initial presentation has been reported in 6% of
hyperthyroid patients1 while less than 1 % of them developed dilated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Numerous hemosiderin laden foamy cystic macrophages are seen in cohesive clusters. Hyperplasic and involutional follicular cells are seen.
Anisonucleosis is seen in hyper follicuar cells. IMPRESSION: features suggestive of Multi nodular goiter.
Patient was kept on Tab. Propythiouracil 100 mg/day.
Hyperthyroidism causes cardiac complications in structurally normal hearts, in patients with pre–existing cardiac disease and may unmask the silent
CAD or compensated heart failure. Cardiomyopathy and CHF due to hyperthyroidism are not common.3 The reason why some patients develop
Hyperthyroid Cardiomyopathy and advanced heart failure remains unknown. Some of the mechanisms which described below which include genomic
and non–genomic and direct action of Thyroid hormone on the cardiac muscle may cause cardiomyopathy.4, 5, 8, and 9
Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone action on the Heart
Dual

Gothic Elements And Gothic Elements In Bram Stoker's Dracula
Most people wonder where the idea of vampires came from and how did the first one come about. The novel, Dracula, starts and was written in, the
nineteenth century during the Victorian era. The Victorian people had certain beliefs about Christianity and the roles of men and women in society.
Women were allowed only to do certain things and were expected to do specific things in regards to men. The Victorian people also had their own
interpretation of superstitions. Stoker introduced the Victorian people to gothic elements in his literary works. In literature, gothic novels often use
gothic elements to support their themes and the mood. Since Dracula is a gothic novel Stoker used the same gothic element technique to portray various
themes and ideas for the specific time era. In the novel, Dracula, Bram Stoker uses gothic elements to establish the vampire tradition and supports the
theme of Good versus Evil for the Victorian audience. One of the gothic elements that Stoker uses to support the theme of good and evil is
degeneration and decay. One example in the novel of degeneration is Jonathan's description of his surroundings: "It was on the dark side of twilight
when we got to Bistritz, which is a very interesting old place...it has had a very stormy existence, and it certainly shows marks of it" (Stoker 3).
Jonathan's surroundings are dark and gloomy which perfectly fits the gothic description. Jonathan's description of his gloom and dark surroundings is

Essay Grave's Disease
The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755– 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published
posthumously in 1825.
However Graves' disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves' disease is also
known as Parry's disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedow's disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition
due to over activity of the thyroid gland).
The disorder has three major manifestations:
Hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter
Ophthalmopathy
and Dermopathy
The three manifestations need not appear together. Indeed one or two never appear, and moreover, the three may run... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the evidence that Graves' disease is autoimmune in origin is quite convincing.
Hyperthyroidism and goiter are immunologically mediated. It results from the production of auto–antibodies directed against the TSH ( thyroid
stimulating hormone)– receptors on the thyroid follicular cells or closely related cell membrane domains.
Auto–antibodies are of two types:
TSI ( thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins) or TSH– receptor antibodies ( TRAb) which mimic the action of TSH and thereby inducing the
hypersecretion of thyroid hormones.
TGI ( thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins) which initiates the growth of thyroid cells.
The question is what initiates these autoimmune reactions? The answer is not clear but genetic, immune and environmental considerations are important.
In genetically predisposed individuals, infection with viruses or bacteria may serve as a trigger. Certain strains of E. coli and Yersinia enterocolitica
possess cell membrane TSH receptors. The production of antibodies to these pathogens might cross react with host TSH receptors on thyroid follicular
cells to result in hyperthyroidism.
Emotional stress is often dismissed as etiologically important. However, more than once have we seen a temporal relationship between the onset of

hyperthyroidism and a major life event such as the death of a

Thyroid Gland ( Tg )
Introduction
Thyroid gland (TG) secretes thyroxin and triiodothyronine (Garber et al., 2012). Its main function is to make hormones and main job is to produce
hormones T4 and T3 (Mortimer, 2011). To do this the human TG has to take a form of iodine from the bloodstream into the human TG (Garber et al.,
2012). This substance then undergoes a numerous of different chemical reactions which resulted in the production of T3 and T4 (Mortimer, 2011). In
order to make T4 and T3, TG needs iodine, a substance found in the food, both T4 and T3 contains four atoms of iodine. T4 is then converted to T3
through the cells and tissues of the human body. More active hormone is T3, because it influences the activity of all the cells and tissues of the human
body. Thyroid is controlled by hormones produced by hypothalamus and pituitary. Besides, these secreted hormones in the TG are essential for normal
growth, better development and metabolic function. Thyrotropin–releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the pituitary to secrete TSH which in turn acts
on the TG to cause synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. Altered thyroid function is common and respectively the release of TRH and TSH
enable feedback of the hormones on the pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit synthesis. For example, a prevalence of hypothyroidism has been reported
in the literature that up to ten percentage in the general population is possible expected to occur.
It is an essential to have accurate assays of thyroid

Taking a Look at Malnutrition
Malnutrition is defined as "lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use
the food that one does eat". Some may argue that the main concept of malnutrition has to do with the amount of food and water that a certain group of
people consumes in a specific location. Others are more likely to argue that it has to do with the bacteria and things that the food and water contain. It
is both of these things. Malnutrition is a serious problem worldwide, but there is particular concentration in certain areas in Latin America, Africa, and
Asia. Not only is malnutrition an issue with the general population of people, but it is the biggest contributor to the deaths of children. There are
political, economic, and cultural factors about this issue that can be analyzed to further explain the global health issue of malnutrition in children, and
its international response. Malnutrition is a major topic, but what some people do not know about it is that there are many different aspects to it,
which causes it to be such a broad topic. That can also leave one ignorant to a lot of the general information about all malnutrition is. Over 2 billion of
the world's population suffer from malnutrition. It is also a hidden, yet prominent cause of death in children, taking the lives of 2.6 million kids, which
is a third of global child deaths. A common misconception about malnutrition is that it is only a field in itself. What

The Replacement And Fortification Of Micronutrients
The replacement and fortification of micronutrients in Milo, an iconic Kiwi drink, has gotten people increasingly interested in the fortification of food
products. The fortification of foods is when the manufacturer or government has decided to add vitamins and micronutrients that humans benefit from.
This includes things such as iron, which helps you metabolize proteins for creating red blood cells and haemoglobin, helping us stay alive. There are
ongoing discussions and debates on this topic, whether it is good or bad to fortify products. People who consume fortified foods are presumably
benefiting from these products rather than a pure source. Governments can mandate or make fortification voluntary, but the manufacturers can do so if
they feel they need to.
New Zealand's level of fluoride occurring naturally in water is very low making it unsuitable for protection of your teeth. The fluoridation of water is
backed by the Ministry of Health, saying that it is a simple way to prevent tooth decay. All of our country does not fluoridate, with different councils
having different opinion about the matter. Here in Nelson/Tasman area, the councils have decided not to fluoridate because there was no need to, and
was overruled.
On the surface of your teeth is a layer of enamel which protects it from decay. It demineralizes, meaning that you are losing minerals to help protect, but
also remineralizes daily, gaining the minerals back that you lost. The tooth loses enamel from

Things You Should Know About Thyroid Health
Things You Should Know About Thyroid Health
The various hormones produced in the human body by different glands can affect tissue function, stress, body and mental development, sleep, moods,
etc. Consequently, a balance in the hormone levels is significant for proper regulation of the physiological functioning of the body and also for normal
psychological behaviour. Healthy functioning of all the glands that secrete hormones is vital the human body.
The malfunctioning of the thyroid is among the widespread health problems in the world. Thus, there is a need for better and pervasive awareness
about the thyroid, which is an endocrine gland found in the neck.
What Does The Thyroid Gland Do?
The function of the thyroid gland is to secrete 2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mildest form of the thyroid disorder is goitre, which is result is swelling or enlarging of the gland and thereby, the neck. This condition is
commonly caused by iodine deficiency and it affects about 5% of the people in the world, though the extent to which it is present varies.
Hyperthyroidism is a disorder which is characterized by a surplus of thyroid hormones. This disease can be caused due to a benign tumour in the
thyroid gland (thyroid adenoma), toxic nodular goitre, and over–activity of the thyroid gland. The disease causes unexplained weakness and increases
appetite; while other indications are weight loss or gain, hair loss and anxiety, etc. A complete list of the symptoms can be found here.
Another condition is hypothyroidism, which is instigated by under–activity of the thyroid. Prevalence of hypothyroidism worldwide is shocking as it is
estimated that 4–5% of the world population are affected by it. The symptoms of this disease are weight gain, intolerance to cold, slow heart rate and
an increase in blood pressure.
A video on 'common thyroid problems' can be watched through this YouTube link
Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism And Hypothyroidism
If a doctor finds some persisting symptoms of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in a patient, a blood test is recommended for the purpose of diagnosis.
The TSH (thyroid–stimulating hormone) test indicates the level of this hormone which directly affects the thyroid gland. In adults, the normal range is
0.4 to 4.2

Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in the Assessment and...
ROLE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS IN THE IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE SPECIAL NEED CHILDREN.
Dr. Seema Singh*, Mrs. Paromita chaubey
The 73rd amendment to the Indian constitution (1992) is a landmark in the evolution of Panchayats in India which carved out the third tier of the
Indian Political System. Earlier we had only two Tiers – the union and the State governments. Now we have the third tier – the panchayats at the
village block and district levels. Panchayats have been the backbone o f Indian Villages. From ages they had mainly performed the role of imparting
justice. The panchayats as they exist today have been made by law and the Panchayati Raj System is an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to this PRIS also ensure that all the Special need Children and their parents are aware of the various benefits and their legal rights. They try
and develop good linkages between the various agencies/Departments such as the health department /Hospitals/education department/DIETs/Voluntary
organizations working in the field of disability and also check that the posts of the various specialized personnel who are required for the
comprehensive care of the disabled such as clinical psychologist, special educators and rehabilitation specialists are filled up immediately.
ACTIVITIES OF THE PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL:
–
PREVENTION OF DISABILITY:–
Disability or inability means lack of ability. The functional ability of the person decreases as a result of impairment. For any individual, disability is a
situation in which the person finds himself unable or feels an obstruction to complete the work expected of him on the basis of his age, sex or social or
cultural background. In other words, disability is resultant obstruction or interruption of impairment in performing a work considered to be within the
normal limit of any individual. Disability creates problems in moving, seeing, writing, weight lifting and/or taking interest in routine work. Disability
can broadly be

Thyroid Cancer : A Common Endocrine Malignant Tumor Essay
Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignant tumor (1). Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common of the well–differentiated
carcinomas (85%) (2) and is characterized by distinctive nuclear features. Most thyroid tumors can be readily diagnosed using histopathologic criteria,
which allow the pathologist to differentiate benign from malignant lesions and guarantee an accurate classification for the majority of the variants of
carcinomas derived from follicular epithelial cells. However, in most cases, the pathologist is confronted with thyroid lesions in which the distinction
between benign and malignant can be quite subtle. The decision favoring one or another has clinical consequences and implies different modalities of
treatment. For this reason, the approach to these challenging tumors should include ancillary techniques, immunohistochemistry and molecular
profiling, that can improve the standard morphologic assessment (3). The cell division cycle 20 homolog (CDC20) is a regulatory protein that is a
target molecule in the cell–cycle checkpoint. CDC20 is a component of the mammalian cell cycle mechaВ¬nism that activates the anaphase–promoting
complex (APC). Its expression is essential for cell division and its protein activity may be conВ¬trolled by a balance between ubiquitination and
de–ubiquitination. APC activation is required for anaphase initiation and mitosis exit (4). Interestingly, some researchers have shown that CDC20
might also play a role in

Research Paper On Butter For Milk
BUTTER FOR BETTER HEALTH– AN AYURVEDIC VIEW ABSTRACT–Butter is one of the popular diary products, made out of milk. Butter is
known as 'Navaneeta' in Sanskrit. Different types of butter are explained in Ayurveda treatises made from different types of milk with different
benefits. Butter is composed of milk fat. Ayurveda emphasizes on health benefits of different butter made out of different milk. For example– butter
extracted from milk of the female ass imparts strength, stimulates digestive fire and helps to overcome urinary disorders. The method of preparation of
butter is same all the time, but milk is different and property is different. This paper is to showcase the different properties of different butter made out
of different... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Butter is the transformed product of milk. So naturally all the nutrient properties present in milk transfer to butter after its formation. According to the
place, the availability of milk will differ. In some place cows will be more in number and in some sheep will be. So each type of butter is having its
own importance. The properties which are explained by the great sages are also proven by modern scientists. Butter contains many nutrients that protect
against heart disease including vitamins A, D, K2, and E, lecithin, iodine and selenium. A Medical Research Council survey showed that men eating
butter ran half the risk of developing heart disease as those using margarine. The short– and medium–chain fatty acids in butter have strong anti–tumour
effects. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in butter from grass–fed cows also gives excellent protection against cancer. The Wulzen or "anti–stiffness"
factor in raw butter and also Vitamin K2 in grass–fed butter, protect against calcification of the joints as well as hardening of the arteries, cataracts and
calcification of the pineal gland. Calves fed pasteurized milk or skim milk develop joint stiffness and do not thrive. Vitamins A, D and K2 in butter
are essential for the proper absorption of calcium and phosphorus and hence necessary for strong bones and teeth. Butter is a good source of iodine, in
a highly absorbable form.

Major Iodine Interactions
Major Iodine Interactions:
a)Medications for an overactive thyroid (Antithyroid drugs) interacts with IODINE.
Iodine can affect the thyroid, taking iodine along with medications for an overactive thyroid might decrease the thyroid function more than desirable.
Do not take iodine supplements if you are taking medications for an overactive thyroid.
Moderate Iodine Interactions:
a) Amiodarone interacts with IODINE.
Amiodarone contains iodine. Taking iodine supplements along with amiodarone might cause too much iodine in the blood. Too much iodine in the
blood can cause side effects that affect the thyroid.
b) Lithium interacts with IODINE.
Lithium can inhibit thyroid function. Concomitant use with iodine may have additive or synergistic hypothyroid

Essay on Graves' Disease
Graves' Disease
The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755– 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published
posthumously in 1825.
However Graves' disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves' disease is also
known as Parry's disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedow's disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition
due to over activity of the thyroid gland).
The disorder has three major manifestations:
Hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter
Ophthalmopathy
and Dermopathy
The three manifestations need not appear together. Indeed one or two never appear, and moreover,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TSH not only stimulates the thyroid gland to churn out more hormones. If in excess, can cause overwhelming cell growth and division to result in goiter.
Most T3 and T4 released into the bloodstream are bound to proteins. Only the "free" component is biologically active and it is this component which
decides the manifestations of thyrotoxicosis. The hormones exert their effects mainly by binding to nuclear receptors in cells to affect expression of
genes.
In the presence of excess T3 and T4, an increase in number as well as affinity of beta–adrenergic receptors in the heart is noted. These receptors
facilitate the action of "fight, flight and fright" hormones ( epinephrine, norepinephrine) which are positively chronotropic ( beat faster) and inotropic (
pump harder) to the heart. This may then lead to cardiac failure in older patients.
In fact, mild hyperthyroidism may produce severe disability in patients with underlying heart disease. Hence, all patients with unexplained cardiac
failure or atrial arrhythmias should be examined for thyrotoxicosis.
Hyperthyroidism also increases the basal metabolic rate, heat production and oxygen consumption (calorigenic action) of many tissues. Body

temperature increases slightly and the patient experiences intolerance to heat. Flushing and sweating are just compensatory

It is well known that people in the developing world...
It is well known that people in the developing world consume very unbalance diets which often lack essential vitamins and minerals. A deficiency in a
micronutrient such as iodine can disrupt the normal functioning of the body and lead to a decrease in the production of the hormone thyroxin, as well
as the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland which is located low on the front of the neck, just below the Adam's
apple. It secretes several different hormones, the main one being thyroxin. These hormones act upon many different tissues throughout the entire body,
influencing the body's temperature, metabolism rate, as well as its overall growth and development. In order to make these hormones, the thyroid ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thyroid hormone also plays a key role in the growth and development of the nervous and skeletal systems when it works alongside with human growth
hormone and insulin.
Without adequate iodine, the production of thyroid hormones decreases and eventually, prolonged deficiencies can lead to conditions such as: Goitre,
Hypothyroidism, and Cretinism in young children.
Goitre can be defined by the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. Without adequate amounts of iodine, the thyroid gland progressively gets
bigger as it tries to keep up with the body's demand for thyroid hormone. This enlargement is known as a goitre. Within a goitre, nodules may develop,
causing it to become even bigger. Patients with a large goitre may experience symptoms such as choking, as well as having difficulty swallowing and
breathing. Hypothyroidism, often referred to as underactive thyroid, is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make a sufficient amount of
thyroid hormone. Low levels of thyroid hormone interfere with the body's ability to perform normal metabolic functions such as efficient use of energy
from food products, regulation of chemical reactions taking in the body, and the growth and repair of healthy cells, bones and muscles in the body.
Iodine deficiency is of concern especially when it affects women who are pregnant or nursing their infants. Deficiency in the mother has been linked
with miscarriages, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and congenital

The Use Of Gothic Elements In Dracula By Bram Stoker
Vampires: How They Were Made
Most people wonder where the idea of vampires came from and how did the first one come about. The novel, Dracula, is set and written in the
nineteenth century during the Victorian era. The Victorian people had certain beliefs about Christianity and the roles of men and women in society.
Women were allowed only to do certain things and were expected to do specific things in regards to men. The Victorian people also had their own
interpretation of superstitions. Stoker introduced the Victorian people to gothic elements in his literary works. In literature, gothic novels often use
gothic elements to support their themes and the mood. Since Dracula is a gothic novel Stoker used the same gothic element ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the gothic element of degeneration and decay supports the theme of good versus evil throughout the novel. Stoker also uses the atmosphere
throughout the novel to establish the vampire tradition. This gothic element is displayed in Jonathan's journey to Bistritz: "As we wound on our endless
way, and the sun sank lower and lower behind us. This was emphasized by the fact that the snowy mountain–top still held the sunset, seemed to glow
out with a delicate cool pink...goitre was painfully prevalent" (Stoker 8). Usually the atmosphere of the book is filled with degeneration and decay, so
both of these gothic elements play a role in making a gothic novel. These gothic elements also establish the vampire tradition of the setting and
superstition. This atmosphere concept is used in other novels as well like the novel Moby Dick: "...its [the ship's] weather–stained hull, its venerable
bows, its grotesqueness and somber picturesqueness" (Magistrale 203). In this quote, Tony Magistrale is comparing a ship at sea, the Pequod, to a
haunted house on land. Magistrale's purpose of comparing the ship to the house is to present the use of gothic elements to build up the setting for a
gothic novel. Stoker uses this concept of gothic elements, specifically the atmosphere, to establish the vampire and gothic tradition of literature. The
gothic atmosphere can set a theme for the superstition of certain atmospheres.

Energy Metabolism: Cardiovascular and Digestive Systems
Task 4 (P4)
P4: Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body
In your role as a health and social care professional in a respite care home you have been asked to prepare a booklet to explain to your client group how
the body requires and uses energy.
You should produce an information booklet that gives an overview of how energy is produced and utilised in the body.
You booklet should include information on:
* Energy forms * Energy laws * Why the body needs energy and where does it come from. * An explanation of the physiology of two named body
system, and their role in the utilisation of energy in the body. An examples of 2 systems the you could discuss are as... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The blood contains the oxygen, platelets, nutrients, red and white blood cells, hormones which are all important materials for metabolism.
M1/ D1
Discuss the role of energy in the body – digestive system Analyse how two body systems inter–relate to perform a named function
Metabolism is a chemical process that converts fuel from food into energy needed for the body's activities. For example, thinking, running and jumping
etc. are all an example of the bodies activities.
Catabolism is the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller units to produce energy. In the digestive system, large substances such as molecules of
fats and oils are broken down by an Enzyme called lipases into fatty acids, which is used and stored as energy. For example, when an athletic swimmer
swims for a long time, they are due to run out of energy because they naturally get exhausted; hence, the body tends to use the stored energy in the
muscles (fatty acids) to get the athlete energised again.
Also, large substances such as, proteins are broken down by enzymes called proteases into amino acids, which is used and stored as energy. An

example of this is; when the body gets exhausted the fuel which is converted from the protein is used as energy and also to repair worn out tissues to
keep the body healthy and energised. It also stimulates the immune system and aids the body in ATP production.
Moreover,

The Thyroid Gland
HYPERTHYROIDISM– GRAVES' DISEASE
The thyroid gland is very important in proper functioning of the human body. The hormones it releases are vital in regulating growth and metabolic
reaction. The thyroid gland is relatively small (about 20g) and is located at the base of the neck, connected to the windpipe and voicebox. Its structure
may be described as 'butterfly–shaped' as it is composed of two connected lobes. See image: The two main hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are
tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine or T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Both hormones have a peptide structure containing iodine (three atoms in T3 and four
in T4).These two hormones regulate growth and development as well as metabolism. They both speed up the rate of the body's metabolic reactions,
which in turn regulates body temperature (when energy is used in metabolic reactions, heat is released). They aid in growth by stimulating protein
production in all the cells of the body.
The secretion of these hormones is controlled by two other hormones: thyrotropin–releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
Thyrotropin– releasing hormone is produced by the hypothalamus when the body needs thyroid hormones for its growth and metabolism. It travels to
the pituitary gland, located just below the hypothalamus, where it causes the secretion of TSH. TSH from the pituitary travels in the bloodstream to the
thyroid gland, where it causes the secretion of thyroid hormones. When levels of these

Neck Lump Research Paper
Neck Lump
It is quite common for people to identify neck lumps with the thyroid gland in the neck. However, it is important to know that other causes could result
in neck lump. This piece of the article highlights these other causes and provides an insight to your understanding neck lump.
A neck lump is any swelling around the neck and is often regarded as neck bump or mass.It could be large or small, hard of soft, painful or painless,
malignant or benign.
What is the cause of Neck Lump?
Neck lump may result from:
i. Enlarged lymph nodes which could be due to
–Infections – either bacteria or viral
–Food allergies
–Certain drug usage and vaccination
–Thyroid infection
–Cancer
ii. Enlarged salivary glands which could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnosis of neck lump is usually based on the symptoms observed and physical examination. At times, the doctor may refer you to an ENT (Ear,
Nose, and Throat) specialist for a detailed examination of your ears, nose and throat. You may be required to explain to the doctor:

–If you feel pain around the neck lump
–How long the lump had appeared
–If you feel pains around the neck when swallowing
–If you experience difficulty in breathing
–If you had a sore throat
A variety of test is also carried out to ascertain the cause of the neck lump, after which treatment is administered.
A Complete Blood Count would determine the overall body health performance and enables the doctor to determine one's white blood cell count – an
indication of the presence of infection.
Other tests include:
–Chest X–ray
–Ultrasound scan of the neck
–MRI scan of the head and neck
How can neck lump be treated?
Neck lump can be treated depending on the causes. The following treatment is administered:
–Antibiotics: If the cause of the neck lump is a bacterial infection, antibiotics can be administered to get rid of the bacteria. Care must be taken during
treatment to get rid of the bacteria

Disability : An Umbrella Term Coving Impairments, Active...
Disability is an umbrella term coving impairments, active limitations and participation restriction. Disability is an unfortunate part of human life which
can affect not only the natural way of living but also impact on basic component , strength and power . Person with disability are most disadvantage
section of society, they are neglected in their family also .As per an estimate of World Health Organisation, ten percent of the World's Population suffer
from one or other forms of disability and almost one fifth of the disabled person of the World lives in India Literally the term 'disability' means a
physical or mental condition that limits a person 's movements, senses, or activities. Helander gave the simplest and may be the initial definition of
disabled person . According to him " A person who in his / her society is regarded as disabled , because of a differences in appearances and /or
behaviour" . According to 2001 census , nearly 5% of the Indian population are effected with impairment or disability. Disability is also a state of
mind because it makes people to think that there is some impairment preventing a person to do work in normal way. The problem of disability is
global and it require remedial measures at national, regional and international level. These disabled people are restricted in or unable to perform an
activity or function considered normal for human being due to physical , mental or psychological impairments. These people have been usually

Thyroidectomy Essay
Discussion:
Historically, the risks associated with major surgery to treat thyroid disease and the problems of adequate hormonal replacement deterred surgeons from
performing total thyroidectomies. Although the procedure remains controversial it is increasingly being performed, and current indications include
cancer, toxic and nontoxic multinodular goitre and Graves disease. (1, 3, 12)
When the thyroid is resectable at presentation, total thyroidectomy is the current treatment of choice for malignant disorders of the thyroid and
valuable surgical option for the management of several benign thyroid diseases, particularly among patients with an increased risk of recurrence. (1,
13–16) Total thyroidectomy is recommended for patients with Graves disease because it eliminates the source of the Graves disease autoantibodies; it
eliminates the risk of disease recurrence; hypothyroidism is predictable and controllable by immediate thyroxine replacement; it alleviates any
associated endocrine ophthalmopathy and the risk of malignancy among patients with Graves disease. (9, 17, 18) Moreover, the risk of postoperative
complications to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands are equivalent for total and subtotal thyroidectomy. (1, 12)
Total thyroidectomy is also the appropriate surgical treatment for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, it is now widely accepted for the management of both malignant and benign thyroid disease. Total thyroidectomy is a valuable option, when
surgery is indicated, for treating benign thyroid conditions such as multinodular goitre and Graves disease. It achieves immediate and permanent cure
with no risk of disease recurrence or repeat surgeries. Total thyroidectomy offers a definite management of thyroid cancer. Long
–term euthyroidism
after total thyroidectomy is achieved easily with L–thyroxine

What Is The Theme Of Alienation In Brave New World
It is not uncommon for someone to experience being cut off from their "home"; you are cut off when you go to college, the military, move, study
abroad, etc. However, in these situations people tend to adapt, but imagine going somewhere where everything is different; the way people eat,
socialize, sleep, have relationships, everything changes. Some people could say this is similar to moving into another country where the culture and
language is different. In situations where everything you've come accustomed to changes, you can feel like you don't belong. However, immersing
yourself in a completely different lifestyle can also be enlightening. For John leaving his home meant everything was changing, but because his exile,
he is not only alienated but enriched with completely different outlooks on life. In the novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses imagery to develop
John's experience and to show that exile brings both alienation and enlightenment in order to illustrate the theme of happiness is not worth
individualism.
Alex Huxley contrasts John's "home" and the Ford society in order to show that exile can bring alienation. Prior to John being cut off from his home,
two members of the Ford society visit. Huxley uses imagery to contrast John's birthplace to the part of society that follows the Ford way. When
Lenina and Bernard visit the reservation where John was born, Alex Huxley says "The place was queer, so was the music, so were the clothes and the
goitres and the skin

Diet Assignment : Stutrition And Nutrition
Diet Assignment – Paula Parsons 960211
A balanced diet is an essential tool to ensure the body has the energy required to function efficiently, excessive or decreased level of nutrients can affect
how the body functions and absorb other nutrients, resulting in impaired performance. The focus of this essay is Sal, a fifteen–year–old girl, who is of
normal weight and as a vegetarian she does not eat fish or meat but does eat some dairy and eggs. Analysis of the data provided on Sal identifies
where adjustments in her diet could be beneficial in ensuring she achieves this.
Energy is measured in calories, nutrients providing energy are macronutrients; carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The principal source of energy is
carbohydrates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protein is instrumental in the growth and repair of organs and tissues and is utilised in numerous forms, for example; production of enzymes
functioning as a catalyst for biological reactions, actin and myosin for muscle structure and as antibodies within the immune system to regulate
pathogens. Figure 1 signifies Sal's protein levels are consistent with the RI.
Fats are an additional source of energy and stored as glycogen in the adipose tissue they provide protection and insulation to the body and organs,
however, when energy levels are depleted, e.g. malnutrition, they are converted into energy. In addition, they provide essential fatty acids, linoleic and
linolenic acid, that are prominent in the formation and regulation of phospholipids, cholesterol and hormones. Furthermore, fats aid the absorption of
fat soluble vitamins. The levels of fat in Sal's diet are only two thirds of the RI, this could result in lower energy levels and impact negatively on the
absorption of vitamins A, D, E, K.
Micronutrients are required in small quantities for specific functions and are present in vitamins and minerals.
The data indicates the majority of Sal's micronutrient intake are within normal levels and those at slightly increased levels do not pose any harmful
risk. However, deficiencies in iodine, vitamin D and iron are

WhatВґs Thyroid Enlargement?
Thyroid enlargement or goiter, known by the term is the most common clinical manifestation of the disease of the thyroid gland. Its appearance
reflects the presence of abnormalities in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which is often caused by a deficiency of iodine consumption.
Goiter itself can be divided into two types, namely, diffuse and multinoduler. Goiter can also be divided up based onthyroid function in the event of the
enlargement, namely the normal (non–toxic), overactive (toxic), or even the less active (goiter hypothyroid). The appearance of this goiter can reach
50% of the population.
Adenomatous goitre also called multinodular goiter, occurs due to the growth of the epithelium with a new follicle formation, due to the good form and
function are very much different. Hiperplasi and thyroid gland follicular involution of the recurrences may cause thyroid enlargement iregular goiter,
which later became multinoduler. Almost all simple goiter will transform into this form. This form can also induce tirotoksikosis (multinoduler toxic
goiter). Multinoduler Goiter can be interpreted as a neoplasm. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some cells can berploriferasi continuous autonomously (probably 10% of all cases), where this may be due to the intrinsic genetic abnormality. On
one mulitnoduler goiter, can form nodules of Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Gene identified as a gene mutated in this goiter is the gene that
expresses the protein on the persinyalan TSH. With hiperplasi follicles are unbalanced, the proliferation of new follicles, and the accumulation of
Colloids are unbalanced, the stress on cells that can lead to rupture of the follicle and blood vessels, which are then followed by bleeding, scarring,
and calcification. The scar will add to the stress, so nodulitas

The Tang Dynasty : The Golden Age Of Ancient China
The Tang Dynasty is an important aspect of Chinese history. Lasting from 618 AD to 907 AD, it received the nickname "The Golden Age of
Ancient China" because it was a very prosperous time. This powerful empire came into control when the reign of the Sui Dynasty before it ended.
The Sui Dynasty only had a lifespan of two main emperors, Emperor Wen and Emperor Yang. Emperor Wen was a great leader for this empire, but
his son was an awful tyrant, and due to this, the empire failed. Li Yuan, a governor of the Sui and also Emperor Yang's cousin, rebelled and with the
help of his sons and others, was able to overthrow the horrible ruler. In the end, Li Yuan gained power and established theTang Dynasty. He became
Emperor Gaozu of Tang in 618 AD. (Ancient China: Sui Dynasty) Emperor Gaozu unified China by doing many things. He conquered regions near
the Tang, expanding the Dynasty. He also implemented rules put in place by Emperor Wen of Sui that were replaced when Emperor Yang came to
power. Under his ruling, a new coin was minted and trade was promoted. (Totally History)
The governmental structure was great in the Tang dynasty and included: the Secretariat created and wrote bills, the Chancellery reviewed and changed
bills, and the Department of State Affairs put the bills into place. The Department of State was the head of the government and in it there were six
ministries: one for personnel, military, finance, rites, justice, and public works. Many other

Ciliary Simulation
As stated in the results section of this report, when viewing the conjunctival blood vessels in the limbal region, 10 minutes after the 2.5%
phenylephrine had been instilled, there was a clear change seen. The tiny blood vessels in the limbal region previously seen relatively easily using the
slit lamp had significantly decreased in quantity and were hard to identify at all. However, the peripheral blood vessels were still faintly visible.
The pharmacological basis for the observed changes is thought to be due to the eye drops constricting the tiny vessels. This thought is backed up by
Muchnick, as he states that "topical decongestants, such as phenylephrine constrict conjunctival blood vessels." This constricting action would lead to
a decrease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These changes typically affect small blood vessels in the eye and compromise the blood–retinal barrier. When viewing the retina with the use of an
ophthalmoscope or via retinal imaging, haemorrhages appearing as small red spots can be seen which are leaks in the blood vessels. Overtime these
tiny leaks within the affected blood vessels create inflammation within the retina. As a result of these inflammatory processes, the retina releases
angiogenic factors. Angiogenic factors include the production of new blood vessels within the eye. These new blood vessels don't have tight junctions
and are therefore extremely leaky. If diabetic retinopathy is not treated it can result in severe scarring on the retina which evidently gives reduction in

Michelangelo's Influence
While someone journeys to Rome, the Vatican has often been a 'must see.' Within the Vatican, there are many famous works of art that are important
throughout history. There is one artwork in particular that has struck most people. Michelangelo created a magnificent piece of work on the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel, which has influenced many artists today. In order for Michelangelo to create this piece of artwork on the ceiling of the chapel, he
had to create a way to get to the ceiling. He designed his very own scaffold. Contrary to most scaffolding which is built from the ground up,
Michelangelo made his so they came out of the holes above the windows of the chapel. With wood, brackets, paint, and plaster, Michelangelo moved
his way across ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The God on the ceiling is the position Michelangelo was in while he was creating the God and the rest of the ceiling. Michelangelo was known for
his sculptures. Therefore, he was not particularly interested in painting the ceiling, but was schemed into it. Two artists named _______ schemed
Michelangelo into having to paint the ceiling. Knowing that Michelangelo was a sculptor and not a painter, they convinced Pope Julius II to
commission Michelangelo paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508), rather than sculpt for the Pope's tomb. The goal of ____ was to make a fool
out of Michelangelo, but their plan fell through. People from around the world came to see the magnificent artwork Michelangelo painted on the
ceiling, even before it was all the way

The Tang Dynasty : The Golden Age Of Ancient China
The Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty is an important aspect of Chinese history. Lasting from 618 AD to 907 AD, it received the nickname "The
Golden Age of Ancient China" because it was a very prosperous time. This powerful empire came into control when the reign of the Sui Dynasty
before it ended. The Sui Dynasty only had a lifespan of two main emperors, Emperor Wen and Emperor Yang. Emperor Wen was a great leader for
this empire, but his son was an awful tyrant, and due to this, the empire failed. Li Yuan, a governor of the Sui and also Emperor Yang's cousin,
rebelled and with the help of his sons and others, was able to overthrow the horrible ruler. In the end, Li Yuan gained power and established theTang
Dynasty. He became Emperor Gaozu of Tang in 618 AD. (Ancient China: Sui Dynasty) Emperor Gaozu unified China by doing many things. He
conquered regions near the Tang, expanding the Dynasty. He also implemented rules put in place by Emperor Wen of Sui that were replaced when
Emperor Yang came to power. Under his ruling, a new coin was minted and trade was promoted. (Totally History)
The governmental structure was great in the Tang dynasty and included: the Secretariat created and wrote bills, the Chancellery reviewed and changed
bills, and the Department of State Affairs put the bills into place. The Department of State was the head of the government and in it there were six
ministries: one for personnel, military, finance, rites, justice, and public

Drugs, Propylthiouracil, And Its Active Metabolite...
The thionamide drugs, propylthiouracil, carbimazole, and its active metabolite methimazole, have been in use to treat thyrotoxicosis for more than 60
years. A meta–analysis of randomised controlled trials showed long term remission of hyperthyroid Graves' disease in about 50% of those treated
with thionamide drugs for a prolonged period. Carbimazole or methimazole are preferred in most situations, as a small risk of serious liver injury
(about 1 in 10 000 adults) has recently been highlighted during propylthiouracil use. In addition, carbimazole or methimazole can be taken once daily
rather than every eight or 12 hours as is the case for propylthiouracil, and the longer half–life leads to more rapid control. All inhibit the function of
TPO, reducing oxidation and organification of iodide. These drugs also reduce thyroid antibody levels by mechanisms that remain unclear, and they
appear to enhance rates of remission
After euthyroidism is achieved, two different regimens can be employed. In the first regimen, termed "block– replace," the dose of thionamide is kept
constant, thus blocking thyroid hormone production, and levothyroxine is then added in a suitable dose to maintain euthyroidism. In the second
regimen, termed "titrated," the thionamide dose is progressively lowered at regular intervals to allow endogenous synthesis of thyroid hormone to
continue in a regulated fashion
Subtotal or near–total thyroidectomy is an option for patients who relapse after antithyroid drugs

Case Study of a Pathological Disorder: Hyperthyroidism
Depth Case Study Pathological Disorder Hyperthyroidism Historical information Hyperthyroidism is a disorder also referred to as an overactive
thyroid. This is a condition where the thyroid develops a growth and produces excess amounts of triiodothyronine and other thyroid hormones. The
disorder occurs when the elevated serum amounts of T3 and T4 enters the glands. This is one of the most common forms of hyperthyroidism. The
major causes of hyperthyroidism are an excess secretion of thyroid hormones together with increased functioning of metabolism in the peripheries of
the glands. Historically, hyperthyroidism has not been known for a good amount of time. The symptoms that result in the disorder are often hard to
depict. It was until the disorder was discovered among patients that the problem was studied and analyzed for treatment and prevention (Preedy et al
2009). Background Hyperthyroidism is related to another disorder called thyrotoxicosis. This different disorder is closely related to this infection in its
causal mechanisms, signs, and symptoms. In most cases, the two are confused because they have similar causes, symptoms, and signs, among other
characteristics. Thyrotoxicosis is present with or without the origin of the problem being at the thyroid glands. Several other infections and disorders
attack this section of the body. Nonetheless, hyperthyroidism is the most common disorder. There are various causes of hyperthyroidism in human
beings. They are

Speech On Nutrition Of India
India's concern for nutrition is as old as its civilisation. We can find references to both health and nutrition in ancient Scriptures and how good nutrition
is highly imperative for maintaining one's health properly. It can also be understood to the annals of Indian history that because of different climatic
conditions, all the parts of India were not really endowed with equally good food production and food supply. As a result, due to the occurring of
famines and droughts in certain parts of India, major sections of the people were denied food nutrition food. However, after India attained independence,
the country left no stone unturned to raise the quality of the life of the people. We can notice the commitments made in the Indian Constitution for
rising the nutrition and standard ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(a) Good nutrition culminates in good health which means 'a state of complete social as well as mental well–being and not merely absence of infirmity
or disease". Though health and nutrition are not synonymous, the best health condition cannot be achieved without good nutrition. (b) poverty and
under–nutrition have detrimental effect on work capacity. Improvement from poverty and under–nutrition (i.e. good nutrition) obviously will have a
positive effect and will enhance work capacity. A direct nutrition supplements may have a tell–tale impact on reducing under–nutrition than an increase
in income which is not so obvious but indirect. (c) the gains which are achieved from reducing both protein–energy malnutrition and micronutrient
deficiencies can result in cost reduction (say, by reducing the costs linked to mortality and morbity) and result in enhanced productivity.
Three distinct categories of economic benefits can be accrued from improved nutrition. They are:
(i) Through cost reduction by reducing not only the infant and child mortality but also by reducing the cost on

The Human Body Of The Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is very important in proper functioning of the human body. The hormones it releases are vital in regulating growth and metabolic
reaction. The thyroid gland is relatively small (about 20g) and is located at the base of the neck, connected to the windpipe and voicebox. Its structure
may be described as 'butterfly–shaped' as it is composed of two connected lobes. See image: The two main hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are
tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine or T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Both hormones have a peptide structure containing iodine (three atoms in T3 and four in
T4).These two hormones regulate growth and development as well as metabolism. They both speed up the rate of the body's metabolic reactions, which
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Likewise, when a greater rate of growth and metabolism is needed, secretion of TRH can be increased. Thus, homeostasis is maintained in the body.
See diagram of this process below. In a healthy individual, this mechanism means that thyroid activity proceeds at a normal rate, resulting in normal
growth and metabolism. However, in some cases the thyroid gland may not produce enough hormones or may be overactive and produce excessive
amounts. The focus in this case will be on overactive thyroid glands and on the specific case of Graves' disease.
Hyperthyroidism is a term used to describe an overactive thyroid gland. This is usually prevented by the process mentioned above, however there are
some factors that can cause hyperthyroidism. One of these factors is Graves' disease.
In Graves' disease, a response in the body's immune system (the system which defends against disease) causes the antibody thyroid–stimulating
immunoglobulin (TSI) to be produced. The precise cause of this immune response is currently unknown. TSI binds to the cells of the thyroid gland and
causes them to secrete excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. Some of the symptoms caused are:
–A feeling of being nervous or restless
–Insomnia (poor sleep)
–Increased appetite but weight loss
–Hand tremors
–Diarrhoea
–Irregular menstruation in women
–Swelling of thyroid gland or goitre
–Tiredness and

What Is Thyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism is a condition that affects the endocrine system, specifically the thyroid organs. The thyroid organs contain glands, which are located
in front of the neck and releases hormones that control varies function in the body such as metabolism, heart rate, breathing, body temperature and
several other functions in the body. This condition occurs when thethyroid glands makes an excessive amount of thyroid hormone. This results in the
body system process to work on overdrive and the person can experience anxiety, rapid heart beat, excessive sweating, weight loss, and sleep problems
(Aleppo 2015). Thyroid gland produces the hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which are an important part of body function. Hyperthyroidism is
caused ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Binding of TSH to thyroid gland receptors leads to release of thyroid hormones, when there are elevated levels of these hormones there is a reaction
that occurs to the hypothalamus that signals it to decrease TRH secretion and therefore synthesis of TSH begins (Lee 2015). Iodine is required for the
synthesis of thyroid hormone. "Inorganic iodide is transported into the gland by an iodide transporter, convert to iodine, bound to thyroglobulin by the
enzyme thyroid peroxidase, all which is a process known as Organification" (Lee 2015). The outcome of the Organification process is the formation of
MIT and DIT which help with the formation of T–3 and T–4 hormones, which is then kept with the thyroglobulin in the thyroids follicular lumen. Any
disturbance of the regulated mechanism can arise in the pituitary, thyroid or periphery glands and can result in an increase in the transcription in
cellular proteins which causes a rise in basal metabolic

Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidism
Hypo/Hyperthyroidism
Both hypo and hyperthyroidism are a result of a disease in caused by malfunction of the thyroid gland located in the neck as represented by the image
below left. The causes of chronic hypothyroidism are fairly distinct. Around the world in third–world and developing countries, iodine deficiency is the
most common cause of hypothyroidism. This used to be true as well for developed countries, but today this is a less common cause as iodine usually
finds its way into our diets without too much trouble. In modern–day developed countries, hypothyroidism is mainly a result of Hashimoto's thyroiditis,
a birth defect which lacks a thyroid gland or a deficiency of hormones from either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hyperthyroidism is caused by an excess of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), or both. This excess is a result of a malfunction of the thyroid gland
as indicated by the picture below. There are many different symptoms of hyperthyroidism, some of the most common being major weight loss despite
having a insatiable appetite, anxiety, heat intolerance, fatigue, weakness, hyperactivity, irritability, apathy, depression, and sweating. In addition, many
experience shortness of breath, loss of balance, nausea, vomiting, osteoporosis, and diarrhea. However, those who undergo hyperthyroidism later in life
may not experience most of these symptoms at all and instead only feel constantly fatigued and considerable weight loss. Nonetheless, neurological
symptoms may occur in addition to the physical manifestations. These neurological symptoms include tremor, chorea (ticks), myopathy (muscle
weakness), and temporary but periodic paralysis. There are a variety of ways to treat hyperthyroidism, depending on the age of the patient, the size of
their thyroid gland, and their general health. The most common treatments include beta–blockers, which do not actually cure hyperthyroidism but mask
some of the symptoms such as tremors, anxiety and so on. This, however, is not advised for those with heart or lung problems. Another possible
treatment for this disease is radioactive iodine, or RAI. RAI therapy is the most common treatment for hyperthyroidism

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