Life in the 1940s: The Dawn of Computers

Life in the 1940s
1940's When you think of the 1940's, what comes to your mind? Maybe an image of a time where
everything was boring and nothing interesting was happening. However, this is not the case. It was a
time where people were on the move for a World War, and inventions were being made daily. The
40's were a time when the United States was becoming a leader in new technologies to simplify the
country's way of life and to protect its citizens from other countries as well as the people who might
think that they are better than you just because they are white. People in the United States were
starting to invent gadgets to make life easier. In 1945, one of the main inventions was a computer
named ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). This was a huge step for the
United States, and it allowed new technology to be made that could not be before. The ENIAC was
a giant computer that stood two stories tall and weighed thirty tons. This super computer was a
secret military project during World War II that was carried out by Jon Mauchly and John Presper
Eckert Junior. ENIAC was invented to speed up the mathematical calculations that were needed to
make ballistic firing tables for the Army and to design atomic weaponry. This super computer could
add 5,000 numbers in one second. This might not seem like very fast compared to today's
technology, but this was a 1,000 times faster than any machine at this time. I explained what was to
be done and pushed the button for it to be
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Von Neumann Research Paper
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS 1945–2013
What is machine before year 1935, it was an individual who do the number juggling estimations.
Between year of 1935– 1945, definition alluded to machine, as opposed to an individual. The
machine is focused around von Neumann's idea where gadget can accessto information, forms
information, saves information, and produces output.it has experienced from vacuum tube to
transistor, to the microchip.microchip starts conversing with modem. Nowdays we trade content,
sound, photographs and films in a nature's turf.
Machines additionally has an exceptionally essential influence in our lives and with such a large
number of late innovations, no one can claim to have sole obligation regarding their ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Von Neumann planned the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945
with a memory to hold both a put away program and in addition information. This "put away
memory" strategy and also the "restrictive control exchange," that permitted the workstation to be
halted sometime or another and afterward continued, took into account more amazing adaptability in
machine programming. The key component to the von Neumann construction modeling was the
focal transforming unit, which permitted all machine capacities to be facilitated through a solitary
source. In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), manufactured by Remington
Rand, turned into one of the first monetarily accessible machines to exploit these developments.
Both the U.s. Statistics Bureau and General Electric claimed Univacs. One of UNIVAC's amazing
early accomplishments was foreseeing the victor of the 1952 presidential decision, Dwight D.
Eisenhower.
1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and get financing from the Census
Bureau to manufacture the UNIVAC, the first business workstation for business and government
applications.eniac – World's first electronic, expansive scale, universally useful machine,
constructed by Mauchly and Eckert, and initiated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC
reproduced on an advanced machine chip. See a clarification of ENIAC on a Chip by the Moore
School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania.

Machines And The Internet
Machine is determined from a Latin word "computare" which signifies "to compute", "to check", "to
aggregate up" or "to think together". "A Computer is an electronic machine that can take care of
distinctive issues, process information, store and recover information and perform figurings quicker
and effectively than people". Thus, all the more unequivocally the statement machine implies a
"gadget that performs calculation". "A Computer is modified gadget with a set of directions to
perform particular errands and create results at a fast". The main computerized machines were
produced between 1940 to 1945. Machines are great method for instruction on the grounds that it
helps understudy work on composing, learning and perusing. It bails us ... Show more content on
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Organizations today need workers who have the capacity use machine on the grounds that all
organizations use machine with a specific end goal to interface with different organizations.
Simple ascertaining gadgets initially showed up in olden times and mechanical computing helps
were created in the seventeenth century. The initially recorded utilization of the expression
"machine" is likewise from the seventeenth century, connected to human machines, individuals who
performed counts, frequently as vocation. The main machine gadgets were thought about in the
nineteenth century, and just rose in their current structure in the 1940s. The primary advanced
machines were produced between 1940 to 1945. Charles Babbage is the Father of the Computer. In
1941 Konrad Zuse, created "Z3", the first current registering machine. Konrad Zuse is viewed as
"the innovator of machines". ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Computer) was the first
US–fabricated electronic machine. ENIAC was created by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. The
world 's initially put away program machine was "Manchester Baby" created in 1948 (Misenbergas,
K.2008). The "Manchester Baby" was a little scale trial machine created in Victoria college of
Manchester. In the first era of machines, Computers were assembled with vacuum tubes. In 1957,
FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was presented. Machines were manufactured with Transistors in
the second era of machines. In the third

Essay on Effects of Technology in the 1940’s
The 40's were best known for World War II, but did you know that Velcro was invented during this
time period? In the 1940's, technological changes occurred with their effects being both positive and
negative, but these effects have benefited society more by being the basis of many things used
today. The technology in the 1940's had undergone many changes. Some of the changes in
technology were that the first US jet plane was flown . Also, the first nuclear reactor and the first
atomic bomb were created but both of these contributed to the death of hundreds of thousands of
people. The first computer was invented. As were the Polaroid camera, which was the first instant
camera, and the transistor, which helped advance video and ... Show more content on
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The ENIAC was invented by John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr.and built from 1943–1945. The
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), often referred to as the first computer,
was built to supply the need for faster calculations. It started the information age and led to the
development of the first commercial computers (The ENIAC). The machines and processes
designed during the 1940's had adverse consequences as well. The first nuclear reactor was built by
Enrico Fermi in 1942. The Chicago Pile 1 was the "world's first man–made controlled nuclear chain
reaction". This caused the creation of other nuclear reactors and the atomic bomb (CP–1). The
atomic bomb was developed and successfully tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico in July 16, 1945.
In August 1945, two atomic bombs were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima and killing an
estimated 340,000 people (Sherrow 88). Other weapons were also developed in the 1940's with
negative outcomes. The world's biggest gun called the "Gustav Gun" was built in World War II.
Built in Essen, Germany in 1941, it weighed 1,344 tons and required a 500 man crew to manipulate
it. It was so powerful that one bullet demolished a "Russian ammunition dump 100 feet below
Severnaya Bay" and "a near miss capsized a large ship in the harbor". The Gustav Gun, along with
other weapons destroyed three Soviet forts: Fort Stalin, Fort Lenin, and Fort Maxim

The History of Computers
The History of Computers
Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day
life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into
what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure ways.
Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it
uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyers of computer
components in the world). You pick up the phone it uses computers. No mater how hard you try you
can get away from them you can't.
It is inevitable. Many people think of computers as a new invention, and in reality it is very old. ...
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When it was finished in 1950 it became the fastest computer in the world.17 It was built by the
National Bureau of standards on the campus of UCLA. It was names the
National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer or the SWAC. It could be said that the
SWAC set the standards for computers for later up to present times.18 It was because the had all the
same primary units. It had a storage device, a internal clock, an input output device, and arithmetic
logic unit that consisting of a control and arithmetic unit. These computers were considered first
generation computers (1942 – 1958). In 1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley
of Bell labs file for the firs patent on the transistor.19 This invention would foundation for second
generation computers (1958 – 1964). Computers of the second generation were smaller(about the
size of a piano now) and much more quicker because of the new inventions of its time. Computers
used the much smaller transistor over the bulky vacuum tubes. Another invention which influenced
second generation computers and every generation after it was the discovery of magnetic core
memory. Now magnetic tapes and disks were used to store programs instead of being stored in the
computer. This way the computer could be used for many operations without totally being
reprogrammed or rewired to do another task. All you had to do was pop in another disk. The third
generation(1964 – 1970) was when computers

The Colossus: The Influence Of German Codes In Germany
To crack the highly sophisticated German codes, Max Newman, a Princeton graduate who majored
in mathematics, spent over eleven months designing and building the Colossus. A monolithic,
humming machine, covered with an array of switches, the Colossus was the world's first electronic
digital programable computer. With over fifteen–hundred thermionic tubes, the Colossus ciphered
German codes and neatly printed the top–secret codes on a long receipt. Then, with knowledge of
the enemy, the coders would share the news to army officials. Even these coders were participating
in the cause against Nazism.
Once the Allies triumphantly claimed victory 1945, advancements in computers dwindled. It was
only in 1958, thirteen years later, that the computing

Analysis Of The Article ' History Of Technology ' By...
Sebastian Arias
From the birth of the first single celled organism, to the first dated appearance of the neanderthal,
life has been constantly evolving to achieve a greater sense of survival and adaptation. We as human
beings have become a prime example of the evolutionary process surpassing the predators which
once preyed upon us to becoming the top of the food change. Although our evolution is an amazing
feat we have used the knowledge of billions of years of evolution to create something in which
blows our evolutionary process into shambles,that something being technology. As our brains
developed to the adapt to our surroundings, we became more intelligent and more creative. This
gave leeway to our instincts to create. Since the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As explained in the Youtube video ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer " One
computer could perform 5000 additions and 1000 multiplications per second" Using vacuum tubes
to transfer information it took a whole team of engineers and specialist just to keep the thing
working. Costing a whopping $500,000 and weighing 30 tons the ENIAC was a very bulky and
awkward invention, but due to its success to complete calculations at a way 's faster rate then
humans this lead a man named Bell Labs to invent the transistor , a replacement for the vacuums.
Transistor allowed information to pass through at a faster rate and took up less space than the
vacuums allowing the ENIAC's to decrease in size. Over the years computers become very cheap to
manufacture and took up less space than its ancestors this lead to the creation of the personal
computer in 1974. Although missing key features like the mouse and keyboard, this lead to geniuses
like, but not limited Bill Gates and Steve Jobs to create what we know today to be the personal
computer, or PC.
As the number of pc's increased through the American households its usefulness also increased.
Although once used to do basic calculations the household computer was now able to do so much
more in such little space. This was all possible due to the

Essay On How Computer Has Changed Business
Business existed in the world since human beings were born. Back to Paleolithic Age, our ancestors
were doing business by trading goods with each other and we call this "Barter". They traded goods
whatever they needed. They could use food trade with furniture or they could use tools trade with
clothes. But then the problems were coming, sometimes, our ancestors found that the prices of
goods were not always consistent, and it was very inconvenient to carry heavy goods around.
Therefore, people decided to use rare metals (such as bronze, silver and gold) as currencies. Later,
coins were introduced as money around 700 B.C . The first paper currency in record appeared in
early China around 806AD and we call that "JiaoZi" . The paper ... Show more content on
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However, nothing could stop Charles's unswervingly spirit at that time, in 1837, he proposed the
first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, punch cards (inspired by the Jacquard Loom), and
integrated memory. It was the first general–purpose computer concept. Then in 1936, the Turing
Machine was invented by Alan Turing, it was a machine that printed symbols on paper tape in a
manner that emulated a person following a series of logical instructions. The theory of Turing
Machine laid the foundation about computing and computers. Since there, the computer industry's
development started an explosive growth. In 1943, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly began
constructing the first functional and digital computer called "ENIAC" until 1946 when the computer
was complete. The appearance of ENIAC marked the beginning of a new era in not only computer's
history but also in human's history. The theories and ideas in ENIAC promoted the Third
Revolution. In fact, I believe the Third Revolution started from here. The world was no longer the
same as before, it changed by those great and intelligent scientists, and I call it the "G–World".
b) Chapter 2 If computer's appearance represents the beginning of the Third Revolution, then the
Internet must be the fuse. Today's internet is more like a media which connects all the computer
devices

History Of The ENIAC
The ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was introduced on
February 15, 1946 and was the very first digital and electronically run computer. It was created in
the United States at the University of Pennsylvania and its original purpose was to calculate artillery
firing tables during World War 2. The ENIAC weighed 30 tons and filled up an entire extremely
large room with its many parts. Its complexity was prominent, containing approximately 18,000
vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, thousands of switches, and 1,500 relays. It
produced calculations that, if done by hand, would have taken much longer to achieve. For example
in one second, the ENIAC could solve 5,000 additions. In 1946 John Mauchly

How Technology Has Changed Our Lives
In today's society, technology has increasingly become more present in our lives. Grow–ing up,
what I remember most was whenever I was a home, the one place anybody could be sure to find me
was in my bedroom, sitting behind my Sony laptop doing random things. For many people,
including myself, who grew up around computers and technology, it is really hard to imagine living
in a world without them by our sides since we are so used to having them around. So where did
computers and laptop even come from?
The first computer idea came from an English mathematician named Charles Babbage, in 1822, who
intended to come up with a solution to change and make a manual time–table organization machine
that could calculate various problems efficiently for the government. He came up with an idea of
two different products: one which would produce efficient time–tables, calculate basic math
equations, and be able to print out the results; and another one which would be able to calculate any
specific equation that was programed it to solved. Though the engines he created were both
unsuccessful, it did spark a flame towards creating computers in the future (Campbell–Kelly,
Martin).
In the early 1940s, two professors from the University of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert, released the first functional computer called the ENIAC. It "occupied about 1,800
square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing about almost 50 tons" (When Was the
First Computer Invented).

Jean Bartik ( 1994-2011 ) Journey Towards Computer...
Abstract
This research paper mainly focuses on Jean Bartik (1994–2011) journey towards computer
programming and her great contributions, works and her experience from the work to this computer
world.
Introduction [1]
Jean Bartik, Born on 1924 in Missouri and named as Betty Jean Jennings. As all her family
members were professionally teachers she is good at education and she opted for mathematics as a
major from Northwest Missouri State Teachers college. At that time she was only the student who
selected mathematics as a major with different courses like calculus and Astronomy. She is
accompanied by another student and several other students who were in naval training for some
other different courses. She used to perform well in studies from childhood. As she opted for
different mathematics courses than others, special professors were appointed to teach her the
particular courses she opted. She is only the student to be majored from mathematics from that
college.
Professional Carrier [1]
After Completion of her under graduation she applied for a job in IBM and applied for a "computer"
job in Moore School at University of Pennsylvania. "Computer" is a term used as a position like
"professor", "scientist", "programmer". At that time World War 2 was going on and there is a need
for army to calculate the trajectories for firing tables of guns. These trajectories were used to help
the soldiers how to fire guns like the angle to fire, calculating distance in

Development of Personal Computers
The Development of Personal Computers
The history of the computer goes back hundreds of years. From the abacus through the modern era
the evolution of computers has involved many innovative individuals. It was out of this desire to
innovate many fascinating tabulating machines developed. The modern computer, therefore,
evolved from an amalgamation of the genius of many individuals over a long period of history.
Many people shaped the world by making the efforts to develop technology.
An early counting machine (and relative of the computer) can be traced back to 3000 BC. This
device is known as the abacus. Although ancient, the abacus is not archaic. It is still used in math
education and in some businesses for making ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was among the only female mathematicians of her time ("Computer"). Her suggestion that
punched cards be used as a type of simple programming for the Analytical Engine earned her the
title " the first computer programmer" (Long and Long 35C). In addition, the United States
Department of Defense honored Byron by naming its high–level security program "Ada", in 1977
("Byron").
In 1890 a man named Herman Hollerith devised a machine to speed up census taking (Long and
Long 35C). Hollerith was born in 1860 in Buffalo, New York, and was educated at Columbia
University ("Hollerith, Herman"). With the aid of a professor he got a job helping with tabulation of
the 1880 census, a process that took eight years (Long and Long 35C).
After experiencing the 1880 census Herman devised a "Tabulating Machine" in order to speed the
1890 census. This machine used cards encoded with data in the form of punched holes. The machine
read the punched holes after they were passed through electrical contacts ("Hollerith, Herman").
"Closed circuits, which indicated hole positions, could then be selected and counted" (qtd. in
"Hollerith, Herman"). "Hollerith's Tabulating Machine" cut the time it took to do the census to under
three years and saved the Census Bureau 5 million dollars (Long and Long 35C). In addition, the
machine represents the first use of punched cards as a set of operation instructions, an idea
originating with Jaquard and perpetuated by the

Computers Can Not Only Bring Us A Great Diversity Of Benefit
Introduction
After several decades of development, computers have changed a lot. Nowadays, it is quite hard to
work without any assistance of computers in most areas, even some traditional fields, such as
agriculture, tourism, education etc. A computer is defined as "a general–purpose device that can be
programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically" ("Computer,"
2015). In other words, it is a device which can solve some sort of problems through calculating data
or taking statistics.
The history of
Computers can not only bring us a great diversity of benefit. However, on the other hand, there are
still quite a few people insist some negative points that computers made our world more
complicated, or we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000
capacitors and approximately 5,000,000 hand–soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons
(27 t), was roughly 2.4m × 0.9m × 30m (8 × 3 × 100 feet) in size, occupied 167m2 (1800 ft2) and
consumed 150 kW of electricity ("Computer," 2015). This computer can calculate more than 5000
simple addition or subtraction operations in one second. It means ENIAC was better than last
generation of computer one thousand times, or manual calculation two hundred thousand times.
Background
The idea of developing an electronic computer was generated during the World War II. At that time,
every country was busy with researching new strategic weapons and equipment. Therefore,
producing new types of airplanes and artilleries tended to be more and more significant and
necessary. For this reason, the Ordnance Department of US Army set up a "Ballistic Research
Laboratory" in Aberdeen, Maryland. The US military required that the lab needed to provide six
firing tables of Army artillery units daily in order to identify the development of missile technology.
Although it was just six firing tables, they needed a staggering amount of work. As a matter of fact,
each table must calculate hundreds of shooting ballistic, and each model of trajectory is a set of very
complex nonlinear equations. These equations are no way to find the exact solution, it can only be
calculated approximately by

Computers
Computers Computers have made life easier for the human race. Americans today take for granted
the great impact the computer has on their lives, making things easier, faster, and more convenient
for them. Computers helped the world a lot and helped us take a large step into the future. Almost
anything you know is run or made by computers, industry, cars, jets, and ect. Computers are the
most important innovations in history, without computers the world would not be able to function in
the manner today that people are accustom to. Before there were electronic computers most of the
tasks we now do with a computer were done other ways. Computers today have replaced many of
the roles that people had once done manually. This is both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
"The first complex computer was ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer/Calculator" (Lewis 17). This computer was so big that it took up a large room. ENIAC
was invented by Presper Eckert, John W. Maulchy, and their associates. ENIAC was created during
World War II, it was used to calculate movement and strategies for the military during the war. It
was very helpful for America during World War II. John Vincent Atanasoff was born on October
4th, 1903. Atanasoff was a professor of mathematics and physics, that had always been interested in
finding new ways to perform mathematical calculations at a faster rate. He was the inventor of the
electric digital computer. Clifford Berry, a graduate student, and also a gifted engineer helped in
assisting Atanasoff in building that world 's first electronic computer. ""In December 1939, the first
prototype of the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) was ready"" (Do 2). ""John Vincent Ananasoff
gave birth to the field of electronic computing, in doing so, he also gave birth to a new era, an era of
computers"" (Do 3). It is important to know how to use a computer, as a benefit to make your life
easier and simpler. A computer collect, processes, stores, and outputs information. An input allows
you to communicate with a computer. A key to communicate with a computer. A keyboard, mouse,
and scanner are all types of input devices. You provide the input, when you type a command or

Eniac Essay Sample
The first fully functional computer ENIAC or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer,
spanned over thousand square feet, used eighteen thousand vacuum tubes, and weighed over thirty
tons. A modern CPU however, is a thousand times faster than ENIAC. My curiosity for electronics
was initially sparked by computers as it amazed me with its ability to perform billions of
calculations in mere seconds. I was further inspired by the realization that electronics pervaded
almost all aspects of modern civilization. Today electrical engineering forms the underpinning of
modern technology and what fascinates me the most is its applicability in real life systems. The
breadth of the subject and its rapid advancement makes it a very exciting and relevant field. ... Show
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I found that designing digital circuits and analysing the behaviour of electronic devices to be
particularly demanding. However at the same time it has fuelled my interest in digital
communication systems as well as micro–electro–mechanical systems or MEMS. The scope for
miniaturization of electrical and mechanical systems to micrometre scales is very appealing. I find it
intriguing that these extremely small systems can cause effects on a macro scale, such as the ability
to steer an aircraft by placing tiny actuators on the wings of an aircraft. Apart from these subjects,
vector calculus and complex analysis were very interesting topics. The applications of complex
analysis in electrical engineering is significant, and a thorough familiarity with it has made it easier
for me to understand several electrical

United States Involvement In The Cold War
The Cold War was not a quintessential war, there were not any violence or death involved in the
Cold War. There were not any ground troops or tanks, no actual deployment of missiles, etc. The
Cold War consisted of two superpowers spreading their influence throughout the world with
propagandas, espionage (the practice of spying or of using spies), and proxy wars (a war instigated
by a major power that does not itself become involved). Before the Cold War took place, the United
States and the Soviet Union was fighting side by side against the Axis powers during World War II.
After the second world war had ended, the Soviet Union took advantage of how Western Europe soil
was diminished after World War II and attempt to distribute their ideology ... Show more content on
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Currently, computers are used for everything in life. For example, from researching for a large essay
project to playing video games with friends. "From the outset, computers were weighed for both
military and commercial significance, and hence they straddled the very institutional boundaries that
central to this study. It is also significant that computers became valuable research instruments in
nearly all disciplines." (Akera, 2). The first digital computer was constructed in 1946 by John
Mauchly, a professor, and Presper Eckert, an inventor. "They met by chance in 1941 at the
University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Engineering. They soon developed a revolutionary
vision: to use electricity as a means of computing––in other words, to make electricity "think.""
(McCartney, 1). They were ignored by their colleagues, but in 1943 they were becoming more well
known and was funded by the U.S Army. The U.S Army was seeking for a contraption that can
quickly calculate ballistic missile trajectories in wartime Europe and Africa (McCartney, 1). John
Mauchly and Presper Eckert led a team that constructed the computer that occupied 1,800 square
feet and weighed thirty tons. They named the large computer, ENIAC, Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer. The process of building this machine was not an effortless task, Mauchly
and Presper and their team had to overcome many problems

Essay On Technology At Its Roots
Technology at Its Roots Everyday we continue to invent new things to help technology march
forward and evolve into something better. Computers need to be quicker, phones need more
features, pictures need more clarity, and calls need to be clearer. No matter what the subject, if
technology is involved, someone always desires to reinvent it and make it better. This idea is true
when it comes to all forms of technology. We constantly want to improve our devices so they may
fulfill our needs with more efficiency. However, where did it all start? What caused our rapid
explosion of technology and our constant need to improve on the latest model? Simple, it all started
with the computer. The first computer was very primitive when compared to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, the ENIAC was put to use performing calculations for the hydrogen bomb, weather
predictions, cosmic–ray analysis, thermal ignition, random number generation and wind–tunnel
design ("Computing" 28). The ENIAC was the first multi–use computer that inspired thousands to
think of new ways to invent and use these electric behemoths. Operating the ENIAC was no easy
feat either! In order for the ENIAC to run all these tasks, it had to be "programmed" to do so. Input
was made possible from an IBM card reader, where punched cards would be fed into the reader and
the machine would interpret the data and get to work ("Computering" 28). Once that data entered
the ENIAC, there was no interface or software to interact with like today's computers have, all it had
was wiring and switches (Sobel 28). So in order to get answers to many complex calculations, six
operators configured the 18,000 vacuum tubes and 3,000 switches to "program" the device so that
they may compute the correct answer (Sobel 28). Without these "programmers" operating the
ENIAC, not a single calculation would have occurred. Also from Eckert and Mauchly came the first
commercially used computer, the Universal Automatic Computer, or the UNIVAC for short.
Invented in 1951, the UNIVAC was still huge when compared to today's standard for computers. It
had 5,000 vacuum tubes and took up about a 25– by 50–ft. room (Betts 20). The key difference
between the UNIVAC and the ENIAC is that the UNIVAC was

How Did The Cold War Influence The Space Race
The Influence of the Cold War and the Space Race
The Influence of the Cold War and the Space Race
On the Evolution of Today's Technology
A few hundred key inventions have marked mankind's progress from the Stone Age to the Space
Age. What were these inventions? Who made them possible? Where would the world be today if the
space race would of not been part of our historical progress? Some people believe that mankind
would have been better off left alone. This paper will demonstrate that the space race during the
cold war has influenced the course of success of a new era of technology in many aspects improving
the material prosperity of mankind. Since the early 1900, economic growth and strength of nations
have been directly related to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From a very simple invention satisfying man's conviction to do better, the abacus dramatically
encouraged the growth of trade wherever it was adopted, for it was well suited to any commercial
calculation. Still used in the Soviet Union and in the Far East in the 20th century, the abacus was
finally replaced worldwide by the cheap electronic calculator. (The Inventions, pg.10) In 1945, the
world's first fully electronic computer was completed at the University of Pennsylvania. It was
called ENIAC–Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. It occupied 1,500 sq. ft of floor
space and weighted over 30 tons. Its 18,000 thermionic valves consumed 150 kW of electric power.
ENIAC was capable of 5,000 additions a second. (The Inventions, pg.258) ENIAC marked a stage
in man's technological evolution. In 1948, the transistor was invented. The transistor replaced
thermionic valves in such way that it manipulated electrons in the same method, but the transistor
was many times smaller, needed less power and was cheaper and more reliable. Mankind ability to
transform these discoveries into useful products remodeled the science and technology of
electronics and other related fields. Every discovery served a purpose, the thermionic valves made
possible the development of

Contributors to the Invention of the Digital Computer and...
During the mid–twentieth century many inventions were created in America. The 1900s included
important inventions such as the airplane and telephone. Along with this time of innovation and
invention came World War II, a large impetus to create something new. The digital computer was
just one of these many inventions. The digital computer was invented in around 1940, right within
the World War II time period. George Stibitz was recognized as the father of the invention although
there were many steps leading up to the digital computer. As a few of the many features, the digital
computer's ability to do multiple functions and to have greater programmability put it ahead of its
predecessors. World War II was just another incentive to improve the computer, allowing for faster
operations and more effective cryptanalysis. Digital computers were one of the most important
inventions within its time period due to its impact on history, the many people involved, and its
advancements compared to previous devices.
Before the invention of the digital computer came many predecessors and previous inventions that
impacted the functions of the computer. A basis for the programmability of the computer came from
the invention of binary. Binary is a code in which there are two states "0" and "1". The "0" state
represents off, while the "1" represents on. These two digits can be used to represent anything in a
compact and readable format for the computer. Charles Babbage is credited with the

History of the Development of Computers Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
As we are stepping towards the era of 2020, man have consistently been innovative and creative in
developing and improving technology for various sectors to make the world a better place for us to
live in. If we look closely today, the development of IT and Computer sector and its application
have greatly influenced various other sectors like telecommunication, transport, agriculture, labour,
finance, etc to be more efficient and effective at their work.
Computers have created a drastic impact in our lives. In fact we are so dependent on computers that
life without computers will certainly be incomplete. In current times most of us own computer
gadgets like Private Computer Dekstops Notebooks, Tabloids, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was designed to be used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Every computer supports some
form of input, processing as well as output. In a modern computer, these processing is done
electronically hence enabling a vastly greater number of calculation to be performed in lesser time.
Binary codes which are representations of numerical numbers were used to process images, sounds,
text and graphic. In digital computers, there are ones and zeros that represents the electrical on and
off states and endless combinations of those to process any input.
Moving on, the development of computer can be assessed from two perspectives. One perspective
would be the invention of hardware components over time like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated
circuits and microprocessors that can be referred to as a generation of change. In the other hand,
another perspective would be how user friendly were the computers over a period of time. In the
1950s the computers were almost impossible to use except by very patient geniuses. Next in the
1960s and 1970s, it could only be programmable by highly trained people. Lastly, from the 1980s
till present time the computers are now smaller cheaper and useable by just about anyone.
From the hardware development perspective, the first generation of computer was the Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC). These first electronic computers used vacuum tubes.
They were huge and complex,

Encrypting Machines During World War Two
During World War 2 was a time of devastation. It was also a great time of innovation. One of the
greatest innovations was the beginning of modern computing. During World War 2 encryption was
each army's main way of keeping war plans secure. One of the most famous encrypting machines
was named the Enigma. The Enigma was a machine that took input from one side; encrypts it and
sends the message to another operator who then translates it using a code book (Gladwin). Using
this machine, the German's kept nearly all the information secure from other countries. To break
these encryptions, the British secret service along with many other countries started to build
machines that could defeat the Enigmas encryption (Gladwin). Soon after the Germans ... Show
While bloody fights were taken place, the communication war raged on in secrecy. Bletchley Park is
where the fight mostly took place. In the late 1930's in a remote area outside London, lived a
mansion (Gladwin). This mansion was soon to be converted into a super–secret compound called
Bletchley Park. The park was surrounded by small cottages in which students from the local
colleges were recruited from to live there (Gladwin). Their task was to decipher all types of encoded
messages in secrecy away from the public eye. Soon to be there was the infamous Alan Turing.
Although it was mainly a code breaking facility, there was not a more daunting task to decode
messages coming from the infamous German machine Enigma. Enigma was an encrypting type
righter which used rotors which created nearly impossible trillion different results each time it sent
out a message (Gladwin). It was nearly impossible to decipher by just using paper. Turing had an
idea of creating a large machine in which could emulate nearly thirty six Enigmas at any time while
running (Gladwin). The machine Turing had created was known as a bombe. Soon after they would
use these bombes to crack the Enigma codes being sent from the Germans (Gladwin). Although
Bletchley Park was one of the main places, in an interview with Jean Valentine, it was found that by
the end of the war there was at least five other places where bombes were stationed at (Lewis). This
machine was one of the first successful models of its kind. Also in the interview Jean states that,
"These machines did the equivalent work of 36 Enigmas and 200 of them were working 24 hours a
day..." (Lewis). Bombes were one of the most successful machines of its time for breaking the
Enigma. Secrecy was also a key component in Bletchley Park. In the interview with Jean Valentine,
it was found that if anyone asked them about what they were doing they were to tell others that

Statement of Purpose for My Law Degree Essay
"Reflection may also be prompted by more positive states, for example, by an experience of
successfully completing a task which previously was thought impossible" Boud (1996)
I, like a student, have spent so much time worrying about what I have to do in the future. I have
decided to apply for the university to study an International business. That makes me feel that I need
to be critically reflective of my assignments in order to improve my future student's performance. If
an assignment gone wrong, I have to dwell on it and re–examine why it went wrong because I do
not want it to happen again in my student's life. Not only does reflective practice encourage me as a
student, but also makes me to be prepared to change my attitude to the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As I am working part time and studying full time, I had to manage my time and fit in the preparation
for the assignments and other course work. I have spent evenings and weekends by re–writing the
assignment again and again, because as a future university student, I am always aiming to get the
highest possible mark and I know that the good time management is an important part of my studies
as well as an 100% attendance that is why I never missed any lesson.
When I started to write my first draft, I was surprised and impressed how quickly and easily I have
put all important information together. Once I have started to write I could not stop. I have written
over 2000 words and then I have realised that I need to remove at least 700 words. This was the
hardest part of the writing as I was afraid I will remove some important parts which could decrease
my mark. Although my tutor was happy with my first draft, I still could improve it, I only needed to
know that I am on the right way. He also said the emphasis must be also placed on the grammar and
punctuality which is one of my biggest problems.
When I have finally submitted the assignment, I felt very confident, but I was worried same time,
because the entry requirements for the university I applied for requires to pass the assignment at
merit.
A couple of weeks later, my tutor has informed us with the results. I was very happy and proud
when I have heard that I passed the assignment at merit even if I knew I

Ender's Game Book Report Essay
Ender's Game is a book that I think everyone should read because it widens your outlook on outer
space and what could happen in the future. It is a story about a boy named Ender Wiggin who is the
third oldest in a family of geniuses. He is very special and different from the other kids. He gets
opportunities to go into outer space and use his special powers in the military. He is even invited to
go to Battle School, a military school on a ship far away from Earth. Ender even shows his ability to
visualize gravitational effects and afterwards he is isolated from his peers because he is one of the
best of the best. Ender becomes a 'launchie' along with his peers and makes a few new friends.
Ender's Game has really opened my eyes to show me that there is more than just Earth. It reminds
me that there is another world out there among the stars. Ender's Game is a science fiction book but
it still shows the endless possibilities of outer space and technology in general. In 2006, not many
people believed the iPhone was a possibility. That was exactly 10 years ago and now the iPhone has
been improved almost perfectly. What do you think it 10 years in the future? The possibilities are
endless and Ender's Game just scratches the surface of what could be in the near future. ... Show
This book was published in 1985 and is still relevant and popular 31 years later. Nobody thought the
ENIAC, the first computer, was the size of an entire room. 29 years after the ENIAC, the first
personal, desktop computer was made. This proves that boundaries are meant to be broken and even
when something seems impossible, it may just be a few years down the road. Ender's Game really
captures that curiosity of what's ahead and that's is another reason why you should read this

The ENIAC Project: Its Significance in Computer Science...
The ENIAC Project: Its Significance in Computer Science and Society
"...With the advent of everyday use of elaborate calculations, speed has become paramount to such a
high degree that there is no machine on the market today capable of satisfying the full demand of
modern computational methods. The most advanced machines have greatly reduced the time
required for arriving at solutions to problems which might have required months or days by older
procedures. This advance, however, is not adequate for many problems encountered in modern
scientific work and the present invention is intended to reduce to seconds such lengthy
computations..." From the ENIAC patent (No. 3,120,606), filed 26 June 1947.
When World War II broke out in 1939 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, both of these two men did most of the work on the ENIAC and deserve credit for its
creation. The army deserves credit as well. Without the military's discovery, driven by the
emergency of lack of war technology, the ENIAC memo might never have been found and the
project never initiated.
The ENIAC was an incredibly complex and gigantic machine for its time. Although simple
calculators that were able to add and multiply had existed for several years, the ENIAC was unique
for several reasons. The ENIAC had twenty individual accumulators, rapid adding machines, which
were able to add digits 0 through 9 very quickly. The fascinating part of the accumulators was that
they were able to remember and store each computation and use it later on. "ENIAC could
discriminate between the sign of a number, compare quantities for equality, add, subtract, multiply,
divide, and extract square roots. ENIAC stored a maximum of twenty 10 digit decimal numbers. Its
accumulators combined the functions of an adding machine and storage unit. No central memory
unit existed. Storage was localized within the functioning units of the computer."(3)
What makes the ENIAC the first "digital" or personal computer is the fact that it had a central
programming unit that would determine which accumulators to activate and what to do with their
outputs. This central programming unit used repeating loops so that different units of the ENIAC
could work at

What is a Computer?
What is a computer?
When trying to explain the computer to my grandparents I realizing just how complicated it is
Explaining what it is and why it's so powerful, the differences between data and information and
how the computer knows what to do.
First what is a computer? A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry
out a set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed,
the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at
least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory.
The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control
unit that can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ARPANET's main job was to research computer networking in order to provide a safe, secure
communications system in case of war. (Internet)
If we didn't have computers we wouldn't have so much information at our finger tips it is
astonishing to think how computers came about, how would we get answers so quickly. A second
reason why computers are powerful is because people make them powerful by putting mass
information and data into them for easy access latter.
Third there is a difference between data and information Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to
be processed. Data can be something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized.
And information is when data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so
as to make it useful, it is called Information (contributors.) Information is interpreted data. An
example of data is a single person's bowling score is one piece of data and information is The
Bowling team's average score is the information that can be concluded from the given data.
(Introductory com2)
Finally how does a computer know what to do? Computers cannot run unless they have a
commander computers have programs that have special language telling it tasks to do. It is hard to
believe somebody just thought of an idea like this and was able to make it happen. In the past 50
years we have came up with several billion ideas that actually work out well! It is crazy to look
around everyday

The Invention Of The First Programmable
The invention of the first programmable, general–purpose electronic, digital computer during World
War II paved way for the continuous advancement of technology in American society. The first
digital computer Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, better known as the "ENIAC",
began construction in 1943 and completed construction in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania.
The "ENIAC" was built to serve as a calculating device. The creation of the "ENIAC" prompted
another invention in the field of technology. Following the invention of the "ENIAC", the Cold War
began. The Cold War made American military strategists and political figures paranoid of the idea
that in the near future, the Soviet Union would intercept phone lines, ... Show more content on
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On the 4th of February in 2004, Facebook was launched to Harvard students in the dorm of Mark
Zuckerberg along with fellow colleagues who helped in coding and designing Facebook. Mark
Zuckerberg and his chief financial officer Eduardo Saverin expanded Facebook to other colleges:
Stanford, Yale, and Princeton, and Columbia. The intended audience of Facebook were Harvard
students–those who had a prestigious Harvard email account. The prestige of Facebook 's Harvard
origins has been a significant cause of its rise in popularity and the decline of MySpace.
Social networking was not an aspect of life that appeared interesting to the average person before
the early 2000s. This was because everyday people were still adapting to their first computer. Before
the early 2000s, there was not a social networking website that had popularity to the extent of
having a large amount of users. Though the idea for a social networking platform was in existence,
those who helped advance technology did not have the tools needed to build a platform that would
attract a range of people. A complication to such an idea was presented in 1999. During the late '90s,
there was a scare known as "Y2K" which contributed to a panic for computer users. As the year
2000 approached, computer specialists feared that computer programs storing two–digit values
would cause issues and cause computers to crash

Eniac Research Paper
History or Social Computing Essay
The ENIAC was the first computer to ever work successfully. ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer but for now we will call it ENIAC. The ENIAC's design and
construction was funded by the United States Army and the total cost was around $487,000. The
basic machine cycle was 200 microseconds or 5,000 cycles per second for operations on the 10–
digit numbers. In one of these cycles, ENIAC could write a number to a register, read a number
from a register, or add/subtract two numbers, several tubes burned out almost every day, leaving it
nonfunctional about half the time. Special high–reliability tubes were not available until 1948. Most
of these failures occurred during the warm–up and cool–down periods. ... Show more content on
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However, instead of the stored program computers that exist today, ENIAC was just a large
collection of arithmetic machines, which had programs hard coded into the machines with function
tables that each contained 1200 ten way switches. A number of improvements were made to ENIAC
after 1948, including a primitive read–only stored programming mechanism using the Function
Tables as program ROM. Early in 1952, a high–speed shifter was added, which improved the speed
for shifting by a factor of five. In July 1953, a 100–word expansion core memory was added to the
system, using binary coded decimal, excess–3 number representation. To support this expansion
memory, ENIAC was equipped with a new Function Table selector, a memory address selector,
pulse–shaping circuits, and three new orders were added to the programming

History of the Computer Industry in America
"The Computer"
It's History and Spot in American Society
"The Computer"
It's History and Spot in American Society
It is not very often that a new invention comes about and touches every aspect of our lives. Such a
device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has
done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the U.S. and in one out of every two
households. This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for
over a half–century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40
years has it changed the American society. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high–speed ...
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The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the
military. New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential
data (Hitmill).
In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania
decided to build a high–speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as
ENIAC, for Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator. It could multiply two numbers at the
rate of 300 products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table
stored in its memory. ENIAC was thus about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of
computers. It used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, occupied 1800 square feet of floor space, used
about 180,000 watts of electricity, and used punch card input and output. The ENIAC was very
difficult to program because one had to essentially re–wire it to perform whatever task the computer
was required to do (Bellis). It was, however, efficient in handling the particular programs for which
it had been designed. ENIAC is generally accepted as the first successful high–speed electronic
digital computer and was used in many applications from 1946 to 1955.
Mathematician John von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC. In 1945, he undertook a
theoretical study of computation that

ENIC Symbols
We have symbols that illustrate our group identity like our name and the photo of the black and
white machine on our identity site, it is a photo of people using the ENIAC machine. It was "the
first electronic computer used for general purposes, such as solving numerical problems" (Computer
Hope, 2017). It reflects our honoring the achievements in our field while we look to future
development. The puzzle at the top of this page represents the different people and how well we fit
together to make one functioning unit. If given the chance to do it again differently? We wouldn't
change anything, we have a good team with a strong bond, everyone knows each other, and
everyone knows their roles in the team, our team started back in fall of 2017

Boli10 Unit 2 Assignment
Assignment Unit 3 B
By – Syed Mohiuddin Hussaini
S. ID – F00416137
Information Technology is the study or use of systems (especially computers and
telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information. The word Information
Technology was first coined by authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler in an article for
Harvard Business Review in 1958, quoting "The new technology does not yet have a single
established name; we shall call it Information Technology". Their definition consists of three
categories – techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods for
decision making, and the simulation of higher order thinking through computer programs.
Technological revolutions have triggered strong increases in productivity. Most of us see the
computer as electronic general purpose machine. 70 years from now, John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert of the Moore School at the University of Pennsylvania, submitted a proposal for building an
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first person to introduce logical operations was George Boole and he gave the Boolean laws in
the 19th century. His was the concept that would later go on to become the origin of the Information
Technology and the computers. Boole was an English mathematician, philosopher and logician. In
Boole's concept, the values of the variables are the truth values like True/False or Yes/No usually
denoted by 1 or 0. In the year 1913, Sheffer named Boole's method as Boolean algebra. The values
of the variables were numbers, and main operations are multiplication and addition in the basic
algebra, but Boolean algebra's main operations are conjunction AND denoted by ∧, the disjunction
OR, denoted as ∨, and the negation NOT, denoted as ¬. Boolean algebra has then been fundamental
in the development of digital electronics and is provided for in all modern programming languages.
It is also used in set theory

The Innovative Rise And Effects Of Computer Corporations
THE INNOVATIVE RISE AND EFFECTS OF COMPUTER CORPORATIONS According to "The
History, Development, and Importance of Personal Computers" of Science and Its Times, in 2001,
estimates believed that "there will be 2 billion PCs in use worldwide as of 2014." Today, computers
have changed our modern society. Almost every human being is using a computer either by ordering
out a drive thru at a fast food restaurant or even just surfing the web. Computers allow the world to
be interconnected and people from all over the globe to communicate within seconds. To find the
foundation of computers, we must look at the creation of the first computer and the innovations that
led up to computer corporations. Next, we must examine the rise of large computer ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another essential element in creating a computer is the knowledge of how to use electricity
("History, Development, and Importance"). All computers eventually develop the same basic
components: a CPU, RAM, hard disk drive, input and output devices, and a constant power source
(Goldsmith and Jackson). The first computer became the foundation of all computer development
and innovations were created afterwards to support and improve upon it. According to the article
"ENIAC" from World of Inventions, the first computer that required the use of electricity was called
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and it was designed by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly during World War II ("ENIAC"). Eckert and Mauchly's ENIAC "contained
18,000 vacuum tubes and required 160,000 watts of power. It weighed thirty tons, and took up over
1,500 square feet" ("ENIAC"). In "The Development of Computer Assisted Mathematics" in
Science and Its Times, ENIAC was built to use numbers to describe the behavior of explosives, high
performance aircraft, and the weather ("Mathematics"). Even though ENIAC's main use was for
military purposes, it can also make meteorology calculations and help with nuclear weapons
research ("ENIAC"). According to Brian Overland, a professional programmer of the C family of
languages, "electronic . . . made it possible to use wires and vacuum tubes to stimulate logical
operations," and allowed for the use of wires and vacuum

Gerardo's Argumentative Essay
During many years I have observed a Terran name Gerardo, an Innovator. His first experience with
technology was the original Nintendo which was introduced to him through the television
advertising. It was an 8–bit system that according to Gerardo incorporated phenomenal
programming techniques to create experiences that will go down in history. Gerardo's first true
computing experience was in 1992 while a freshman in high school with an Acer running Windows
3.1. He was introduced to this new technology just after the emergence of the term " surfing the
Internet". He used to connect to the internet using AOL Discs with primitive usage of internet on
56k modems. Seeking for new experiences with technology and willing to develop new ideas,

What Did The Babylonians, Chinese Contribute To...
1. What did the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Islamic, and Chinese contribute to
mathematics?
Babylonian: The base 60 system that is still used today in the division of hours into minutes and
seconds. They left clay tables that contained tables of multiplication, division, squares cubes, and
square roots, and the measurement of area and length. All of these allowed the solution of linear and
quadratic equation to be determined. They knew the Pythagoras Theory before invented and made
predictions of when an astronomical event will occur.
Egyptians: 1– Used math to solve practical problems (measuring time, the annual Nile flooding,
calculating area of land, bookkeeping, accounting, calculating taxes). 2– Introduced Approximation
by giving the approximate area of a circle. 3– Introduced the base 10 counting system they used for
measuring time, flood, areas and records.
Greeks: used math for music, made Pythagorean theorem, Euclidean algorithm, latitude and
longitude, buoyance, pi, exponents, odometer.
Pythagoras (theorem, discovered the square root of two p/q) and Thales (stated that since ABC are
points in a circle, AC must be the diameter and the angle computer design.
The American Census couldn't keep up with population growth that was done in paper.
1890 Census Count– Herman Hollerith– created an option of counting populations instead of human
counting (with punch cards).
Computing machines– railroads (first failed, then won)
1924– Watson rename the IBM.

The Role Of Technology In The Revolutionization Of America
Throughout the inception of America, technology has played a key role in its development and
growth. As the country evolved the technology that was utilized by this country was also changed.
The rate that technology was developed and implemented in this country is one of the main reasons
that America stands in the place that it does today. One technology that is relatively new compared
to the age of this country is computers. Although this technology is fairly new compared to others, it
is one of the main reasons that a plethora of other technology could flourish. Computers not only
affected other technology but society and revolutionized the entire world. The earliest conception of
a computer could be credited to Pascal. Blaise Pascal had invented ... Show more content on
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Data storage now meant that all the data that was on paper could now be in a digital format. This
meant less space, faster access, and better organization than ever before. Companies could now store
data not only related to the company's inner workings but consumer data as well. IBM not only
leased out this to smaller companies but had an offer to buy out the product if they wanted. This was
a good move by IBM due to the fact that this invited groups both small and large to experiment with
the product.
The computer might have many inventions to supplement it; the biggest is invention came in 1965.
This was the beginning of the internet. At first the only the idea of sending information from one
computer to another was very much desired by the world. The Russians accomplished this by
sending a probe into space that would send a signal back to show that it was still active. Due to the
cold war and the space race, America wanted to catch up to the technology the Russians had so that
they would not fall behind. On top of sending the first man to the moon they had completed a
shadow of what the internet is like

Unit 1 Supplemental Reading ENIAC W
Supplemental Reading Worksheet #1 The ENIAC Story – By Martin H. Weik, 1961 (web article)
Steve Wozniak – Gnomedex Presentation (.mp3 audio) The 'ENIAC Story' is a historical account of
the creation of the world's first electronic digital computer. The intent of this reading is to provide
some historical context to understanding today's information systems. There are so many interesting
stories and events that we could read about – but where it all began is probably as good as any place
to get started. Some of us are old enough to remember when the first Personal Computers appeared
in the mid 1970s, I bought my first computer in 1980 for $309 (I still have it and can't bring myself
to throw it out – despite my wife's nagging). It was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The full audio presentation is offered in two parts (Part I, and Part II). You are only required to listen
to part I. Part II is also available at the itconversations web site. You can download the audio as an
.mp3 file or simply stream the audio by clicking on the play button. Relax and enjoy the
presentation. (47 minutes) If you have never downloaded or streamed an .mp3 audio file, taking the
time to learn how to download and listen to audio files is well worth your effort. If you have
difficulty getting this to work you can post a question on the Help discussion board. You should
have no difficulty downloading an .mp3 audio file – even if you are tied to a dial–up Internet
connection. If you do not have audio capabilities on your home computer, you can email you
instructor about campus resources where you can access audio capable computers.
http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail214.html 11. Why did Steve Wozniak buy a hybrid car?
12. What non–cash items did Steve Wozniak and his childhood friends work for as kids? 13. What
simple consumer electronic product changed Steve's thinking as a 5th grader? 14. What game did
Steve Wozniak build an electronic version of in the 6th grade? 15. What community college did
Steve

Technological Influences on Early Science Fiction
Science fiction is filled with a wide variety of technologies. Sometimes the technology presented is
merely a transposition of existing technologies into the story. At other times, the author takes
existing technologies and extrapolates potential novel technology with uncanny accuracy. In both
cases, existing technologies have an obvious impact upon the author. Written during the first
generation of electronic computers, Starman Jones (1953) and "A Logic Named Joe" (1946) provide
excellent examples of both these cases. The first generation of electronic computers was
characterized by hulking monstrosities of tubes and wires, housed in metal. The first programmable
electronic computer was Colossus. Completed in 1943, Colossus contained ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The computer is unable to perform complex calculations, such as trigonometry, logarithms or
decimal to binary conversion. The various charts for these calculations are maintained in a multitude
of volumes of tables and conversions. Data is entered into the computer via a series of keys
depressed to represent a binary value, like the Manchester "Baby", and switches to commit the
current value. Output is also in binary form and must be interpreted from a series of lights, off or on,
indicating the value, also like the Manchester "Baby". The personnel required to operate this
computer seems to vary from three to seven, including astrogators (to plot the course through the
stars), chartsmen (to interpret the charted course into binary) and computermen (to input the binary
into the computer). This resembles the team of six women employed to program ENIAC. It is clear
that Heinlein drew upon the computers of his time as a model for the ship's computer. Where
Heinlein merely transposes existing technologies, Murray Leinster uses it as a starting point for
extrapolation. The future technology of the "logic" in "A Logic Named Joe" is a very accurate
depiction of modern personal computers. Leinster's logic was likely influenced by recent
developments in telecommunications, including the videophone and automatic telephone switching
stations, as well as the increasingly

The Invention of Computer and Its Significance in Human...
The Invention of Computer and its Significance in Human History
Abstract: In human history, there are lots of great inventions which made great effects to our life; we
can even say, they dominated the development of human culture. This paper would say something
about an effective invention which is fast developing and have the greatest influence on human
society–computer and its history and significance. The writer believes, before people see computer
as a convenient and useful tool even can't leave it, it's necessary to review its history of development
and knowing its significance would make a good effect to the development in the future.
Key words: Computer; Development; IBM
Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any programmable ... Show more content on
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Hopper would revise this concept over the next twenty years and her ideas would become an
integral part of all modern computers. CBS uses one of the 46 UNIVAC computers produced to
predict the outcome of the 1952 Presidential Election. They do not air the prediction for 3 hours
because they do not trust the machine.
IBM introduces the 701 the following year. It is the first commercially successful computer. In 1956
FORTRAN is introduced(proposed 1954, it takes nearly 3 years to develop the compiler). Two
additional languages, LISP and COBOL, are added in 1957 and 1958. Other early languages include
ALGOL and BASIC. Although never widely used, ALGOL is the basis for many of today's
languages.
With the introduction of Control Data's CDC1604 in 1958, the first transistor powered computer, a
new age dawns. Brilliant scientist Seymour Cray heads the development team. This year integrated
circuits are introduced by two men, Jack Kilby and John Noyce, working independently. The second
network is developed at MIT. Over the next three years computers begin affecting the day–to–day
lives of most Americans. The addition of MICR characters at the bottom of checks is common.
In 1961 Fairchild Semiconductor introduces the integrated circuit. Within ten years all computers
use these instead of the transistor. Formally building sized computers are now room–sized, and are
considerably more

The Origins Of Computer Science
The origins of computers date back to the mid 1900s. During the creation, the binary code of zeros
and ones was formulated as a basic foundation of what computers can run off of. This code was
used to communicate to a computer and manipulate it to assess whatever tasks need to be dealt with.
As more of these problems arose, the communication between computers and humans became more
complicated. Computers began growing more in fame and need. Computer engineers were faced
with a problem as to how to make the connection between man and machine less complicated, thus
computer languages were formed. They created a higher level language system, one that was much
easier for programmers to work with compared to the binary code . Through the years, these
languages developed with the complexity of computers themselves. The world was beginning to see
just how important computers were for everyday life, and the need for the people who work with
them were equally as needed. To justify the argument of the computer science field increasing, we
must first talk about the origin of computer science itself. Before the 1840's, no one was thinking
about programming or rather the concept of, "a program as a series of instructions controlling the
operation of a general–purpose computer" (Haigh). However, according to Where Code Comes
From: Architectures of Automatic Control from Babbage to Algol by Thomas Haigh and Mark
Priestley, Charles Babbage was the first to really tackle this 'programming'

Computers in the 1950's
Computers in the 1950 's
People have been in awe of computers since they were first invented. At first scientist said that
computers would only be for government usage only. "Then when the scientists saw the potential
computers had, scientist then predicted that by 1990 computers may one day invade the home of just
about ever citizen in the world" ("History" Internet), the scientists were slightly wrong, because by
1990 computers were just beginning to catch on. Then a few years later when scientists when to
major corporations to get help with a special project, the corporations said no, because computers
would just be a fad and they wouldn 't make much money off of it. "By definition Abacus is the first
computer (the proper definition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Programmers, decided to make a command in assemblers called sub routines (s Appendix b), this
enabled them to continue using computers at the same constant speed rather than loose the speed for
a better program. "Conditional control transfers allowed
Ali 4 programmers to be able to step and start from anywhere into the program" ("Computers"
Internet). By letting this happen programmers were giving major lee way in their programs and
letting people be capable of entering commands stopping the program go eat lunch and then start it
right back up again, this lead the way for many operating systems.
"C programming was in the experimental stages just about nonexsistant in the 1950 's. While it was
not in practical use, it was in fundamental use, because of its need scientists and programmers
sought to create it so as they could make programming easier to do" ("Hackers" Internet).
One of the most important uses a computer can have is for air navigation, be it airplanes. Some of
the other uses consisted of, "weather studies, trajectories, night time maneuvers, navigation of ships
and planes, radar, and sonar" ("History" Internet). They were used in mission control tower so as the
planes knew where to land, they told the exact path that would be nessicary to take for a safe and
fast flight. They told how many planes were in the air so as there would not be any collisions.
"The navy had

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