Defense Against Terrorism

Defense Against Terrorism
In the years following the September 11th terrorist attacks, homeland security has been at the
forefront of American public policy. According to a January 2015 Pew Research poll, seventy–five
percent of Americans believe that protecting the Homeland against terrorism should be the number
one priority for policy makers (Pew Research Center 2015). These sentiments on homeland security
are not novel to Americans. National Security has been of great concern to Americans since World
War I (Reid 2015). The government 's actions in the last few decades have been reflective of this
growing concern of threats against the United States, domestic and foreign. In this detailed analysis,
I will explore the departments, agencies, and non–for profit ... Show more content on
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The design of the office is intended to support the fluidity of information among the groups who
then report to the Director of National Intelligence who in turn briefs the President of the United
States and other relevant White House officials (Office of the Director of National Intelligence
2015). It is important to note the role of the Director of National Intelligence because it is
instrumental in the way that intelligence information is disseminated. As enumerated in Section 102
of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, the Director is to "act as head of
the intelligence community and, act as principal adviser to the President, the National Security
Council, and the Homeland Security Council for intelligence matters related to national security..."
(One Hundred Eighth Congress 2004).
Perhaps one of the most well know agencies in the ODNI is the Central Intelligence Agency. The
CIA was created by the National Security Act of 1947 during the Truman administration (Stevenson
2008). The mission of the organization is to gather, analyze and, share foreign intelligence data to
the executive branch and policymakers to aid in the decision–making process regarding national
security (Central Intelligence Agency 2015). Another group that has gained notoriety for collecting
intelligence information is the National Security Agency. As
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The Intelligence Community is a cooperative federation of...
The Intelligence Community is a cooperative federation of sixteen separate United States
government agencies that worked separately and together on matters of foreign relations and
national security. One of these agencies is the Central Intelligence Agency which is to collect,
analyze, evaluate, disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the President and senior US government
policymakers in making decisions relating to national security. Therefore this paper will discuss
Central Intelligence Agency history and the role it plays in combating acts of terrorism.
CIA is undercover agency that is independent source of foreign intelligence information. However it
is one of the most publicized agencies in the country since the information about ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This act created the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Director of National
Intelligence that would assume the roles that was fulfilled by director and deputy director of the
CIA.
Before 9/11 attacks the agency including CIA was not communicating with other agencies, but after
the attack they began to rearrange their systems and share their information with other agencies.
They began to realize the threats of terrorism could be avoided if they shared they information with
other agencies. After the attacks, Bush administration gave the CIA more authority. One can say in
combating acts of terrorism the CIA collects, analyze, and disseminate intelligence on foreign
terrorist groups and individuals. They worked and shared their information with others governments
to combine all the information to catch these terrorist. Besides the CIA contributed in the
Afghanistan war to gain access to Taliban and Al–Qaeda troops.
Todays Cia is made up four components National Clandestine Service, Director of Intelligence,
Director of Science & Technology, and the Directorate support that carries (www.cia.gov). The
National Clandestine Service collects foreign intelligence from sources. The Director of Science &
Technology monitors foreign print and broadcast media and provides technical support. The
Directorate support provides support that is critical to the Agency's intelligence mission. The

World War II ended in 1945, but America could not rest....
World War II ended in 1945, but America could not rest. "Serious discussion about reorganization
began in Congress and the military department in 1944 and aroused much public interest" (Trask
1997). Because the Air Force played such a large role, discussion of separating the Air Force from
the Army Air Forces (AAF) began. A proposal was created to establish one department for the
United States Armed Forces, combining all the military branches under one department. "On 19
December 1945, President Truman sent a message to Congress recommending a single department
of national defense with three coordinate branches – land, sea, and air." (Trask 1997). Management
of Military and foreign policies were needed during peacetime as they were during ... Show more
The National Security Act of 1947 not only created the CIA, but it also separated the Air Force from
the United States Army Air Forces (AAF). "This act established a new Department of the Air Force
and the U.S. Air Force" (Trask 1997). The importance of National Security in the 1940s was still
present during President Regan's administration in the 1980s. "To strengthen strategic deterrence,
President Reagan revived the B–1 advanced bomber and approved acquisition of the B–2 stealth
bomber" (Trest 1998). The United States Air Force has adapted since the Cold War era since there is
no longer a need for such a large force. The modern United States Air Force has aircraft designed to
destroy air and ground targets, and their cargo aircraft can be used to support humanitarian aid
across the globe. The United States Air Force is an active component of the United States Cyber
Command and combating cyber–attacks against America. The Air Force has created a
Reconnaissance Squadron that operates Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The United States Air
Force has been involved in the Korean War, Vietnam War, Gulf War, and is still active in the Global
War on Terrorism.
The National Security Act of 1947 "created a cabinet–level, civilian Secretary of Defense to preside
over separate departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It institutionalized the wartime Joint
Chiefs of Staff (JCS), established a National Security Council (NSC) in the White House to

Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency was developed in 1947 by the National Security Act under
President Truman. The CIA is responsible for "coordinating the nation's intelligence activities and
correlating, evaluating and disseminating intelligence affecting national security." Before the CIA
was developed President Franklin D. Roosevelt had the idea to create an agency that was
responsible for intelligence agencies. This agency became known as the Office of Strategic Services.
He hired New York lawyer and war veteran William J. Donovan to create a plan that outlined the
new intelligence service. In July of 1941 President Franklin Roosevelt approved the plan and
appointed William J. Donovan as the first Coordinator of Information. Once the ... Show more
2,400 people were killed, 21 ships of the USS pacific fleet were either damaged or sunk, 188
aircrafts were destroyed and another 160 were damaged. Before the attack was carried out by
Japanese military forces, the Japanese had cut off all communications with the United States
Military and then broke off all negotiations with the United States. Tension between the US and
Japan can be traced back to the early nineteenth century. Japanese had been planning this attack on
the United States since early 1941. The goal of the attack was to prevent the US from entering
World Was 2 by weakening their Naval Base. In reality the attack only helped persuade American
people to go to war, where as before the attack most Americans were anti–war, they believed that it
was better to stay out of the war unless we had been attacked by another country first. In this case an
organized international intelligence agency stronger than the Office of Strategic Services like the
CIA would have been responsible for gathering information on a large scale about Japan and why
the US had had no communications with the Japanese for a significant amount of time. An agency
such as the CIA would could have saved all 2,400 lives that were lost in the bombing of Pearl

The CIA: A Case Study
For more than 60 years, the CIA has been at the forefront of securing the United States by providing
America's policymakers with the intelligence they need to make informed decisions. The history of
the CIA reaches back to the time of George Washington's presidency, but was only coordinated as a
government–wide basis since the World War II. In 1942, president Franklin D. Roosevelt had
appointed a prominent New York lawyer and war hero, William J. Donovan as a Coordinator of
Information, and then, head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). The men and women of the
OSS collected and analyzed strategic information and conducted wartime covert actions and
counterintelligence operations. However, prior to the World War II, the OSS abolished

The United States Code ( U.s. )
The United States Code (U.S.C.) "establishes and governs the form, function, duties, and
responsibilities of the US Government". The foundational to US National Security and foreign
relations are based on the three titles in the U.S.C, namely, Title 10, Title 22, and Title 50; which
"govern US Armed Forces, the Department of State, public diplomacy efforts, and national defense"
(American Security Project, 2012). However, the National Security Act of 1947 was the first U.S.
law on the conduct of intelligence operations. The act established the Central Intelligence Agency
"to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the President and senior
US government policymakers in making decisions relating to national security" (Central Intelligence
Agency (2013). This intelligence law help to define the roles of policymakers, (Executive Branch
oversight, and Congressional oversight) while making decisions relating to national security; and
also defined the scope and functions of intelligence community. For instance, the President who is
the head of the executive branch and commander in chief has the authority to direct military
operations and intelligence activities against external threats resides in his Constitutional executive
and commander–in–chief powers (Wall, 2011).
However, Congress has an oversight power over the president intelligence collection power and
activities. Article I, Section 8, paragraph 18 of the United States constitution and

How Did The Welfare State Set Up After Ww2
The Beveridge report was published in 1942 and is also known as the report on Social Insurance and
Allied Services. It strongly influenced the founding of the welfare state. The economist William
Beveridge, also a Liberal politician, was set the task of setting up a plan of post–war social
reconstruction and claimed society had 5 "Giant Evils": squalor, ignorance, want (poverty), idleness
(unemployment), and disease, which had to be tackled to create a better Britain. His reform was
meant to address these issues within society by setting up a welfare state. The Beveridge report is
the basis of the welfare state and extremely popular with the British citizens. After the war, the
Labour party attempted to set up what Beveridge had suggested.
D) What were the main features of the new 'Welfare state' set up after WW2? ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The British people were meant to receive aid regardless of their incomes. The poor or homeless
were meant to be helped and everyone was entitled to free healthcare.
The social security aspect introduced the Family Allowances Act in 1945 which gave families 5
shillings a week for each child that was born after the first. During this year it also introduced the
National Insurance Act which meant they would pay the unemployed for duration of six months and
also pay people who were unwell and not able to work until they got better. The following year the
insurance for Industrial Injuries Act was introduced and allowed benefits to people who were injured
at work. In 1948 the National Assistance Act gave benefits to anybody in need which helped fight
poverty in

The Intelligence And Terrorism Prevention Act Of 2004
Government Organizations: C.I.A. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman created the Central
Intelligence Agency (C.I.A) with the signing of the National Security Act. When this act was created
it also created a head of the Central Intelligence Agency. This role was know as the Director of
Central Intelligence (D.C.I.). Later, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
provided a Director of National Intelligence who took on some of the roles done by the D.C.I. The
Director of the C.I.A. reports to the Director of National Intelligence and acts as the head of the
C.I.A. As the director of C.I.A he has four responsibilities. One, he collects intelligence through
human sources but cannot use any internal security functions or law enforcement powers. Secondly,
he correlates and evaluates intelligence connected to national security and appropriately circulate
this information. Thirdly, he collects, directs, and coordinates any collection of national data outside
of the U.S. done by the C.I.A. Lastly, he in charge of any other duties and functions the President or
Director of National Intelligence may direct that affects national security. The C.I.A. also involves
itself in the deployment of high–leverage technology for informational purposes. The C.I.A. aslo
involves itself in the development and research of such technologies. The C.I.A. works as a source
of intelligence on topics of concern. The C.I.A. also works with other intelligence organizations to
insure

National Security Act Of 1947: No United States...
1. An element of the National Security Act of 1947 stated "...No United States intelligence
information may be provided to the United Nations or any organization affiliated with the United
Nations..." Briefly defend this position from an ethical perspective.
The United States has the most capable intelligence apparatus of any country in the world. The
information produced by various agencies gives the United States a substantial advantage when it
comes to understanding world events, predicting and preparing for unsettled times, fielding military
forces, and making a host of other political and economic decisions. From an ethical perspective, it
means that the United States Intelligences information can create the risk of security for the United
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory is not intended to justify wars but to prevent them, by showing that going to war except
in certain limited circumstances is wrong, and thus motivate states to find other ways of resolving
conflicts. A war is only a Just War if it is both justified, and carried out in the right way. The
circumstances of Just–War Theory must be of: Last Resort, Legitimate Authority, Just Cause,
Probability of Success, Right Intention, Proportionality, and Civilian Casualties.
Yes, war would be allowed in defense of others. For–example when Iraq invaded Kuwait during the
Gulf war the U.S. intervenes. The United States has made great strides in building up the operational
capacity of its partners by training and equipping troops and mentoring them in the field. This is
especially true in the Middle East Regions. Another instance is through the Lend–Lease program,
the United States sent some $31 billion worth of supplies (in 1940s dollars) to the United Kingdom
over the course of the war. It dates back to the period before the United States entered World War II,
when Winston Churchill famously said, "Give us the tools, and we will finish the job." U.S. aid to
the Soviet Union during those years exceeded $11 billion, including hundreds of thousands of trucks
and thousands of tanks, aircraft, and artillery pieces. Helping other countries better provide for their
own

National Security Act Of 1947 Dbq
There are many significant events in history that have developed our nation into what it is now. One
key event was the National Security Act of 1947. The purpose National Security Act was to help
strengthen national security, bring together the U.S. Government, and complete unification of the
armed forces. This would be cause of the expansion of new government agencies. Some questions
arise about the National Security Act of 1947 like, what was the impact the National Security Act on
the U.S. Government? Or was the National Security Act of 1947 necessary? Some historians say the
Act was created because President Truman didn't want another incident like the devastating attack
on Pearl Harbor that was a surprise attack by the Japanese military ... Show more content on
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Stuart states, "Pearl Harbor convinced most Americans of the need for fundamental reform of the
agencies responsible for foreign and defense affairs." Though, through the years there were many
other incidents causing debate over the nations national security, the memory of Pearl Harbor was a
driving factor for the National Security Act of 1947. Ultimately, the National Security Act of 1947
was meant to strengthen and unify all the armed forces but it didn't really do either. Although the
nation's national security has strengthened, it didn't combine or unify the armed forces in the way it
was designed. (Stuart 2003)
The National Security Act of 1947 later became the primary law for foreign policy and the nation's
intelligence agency. Stevenson writes, "It was crafted as a means to impose restraints on military
spending, yet it provided the framework for the Cold War military buildup." The National Security
Act of 1947 caused somewhat of hardship on the armed forces, Army continued to suffer cutbacks,
Air Force became its own branch, Navy was able to keep all aircraft and Marine Corp was
completely protected by the NSA but the law was changed in

Japanese Internment Analysis
With the increase of military technology during World War II, came the rise of paranoia. After the
United States officially declared war, the government became concerned with the possibility of
domestic espionage by those loyal to the Axis Powers. February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt
signed Executive Order 9066 which allowed the Secretary of War to create military areas in any
location he saw fit, from which citizens could be forcibly removed. Viewed as a threat to national
security, Japanese Americans were evicted from their properties and removed to internment camps,
known as the Japanese Internment. With these actions, the federal government started the trend of
breaching civil liberties during wartime. This concept became a growing theme ... Show more
President Eisenhower bluntly summarized the issue at hand as split in the world between democracy
and dictatorship. The federal government needed greater regulations to protect itself against
subversive threats, a precedent set by the 1947 Act. Eisenhower believed a security system with both
intelligence and research aspects was necessary to combat communism in the US and abroad. The
CIA filled this role as it began to take action. In 1976, the Senate Select Intelligence Committee
found that since its founding, the CIA spied on Americans. In other words, paranoia regarding
communism has left the government not only fearful of foreigners but its own citizens as

The National Security Act Of 1947 Centralized Command And...
The National Security Act of 1947 centralized command and promoted intelligence sharing between
institutions by establishing a Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Director of Central
Intelligence, and NSC. The President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the
Army, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Air Force, and Chairman of the National Security
Resources Board composed the original statutory members of the NSC. The President was also
authorized to designate other specified officials to the NSC. The NSC staff, which is separate from
"the Council," comprises politically appointed individuals and civil servants organized in
specialized directorates. The primary function of the NSC is to advise the President on "domestic,
foreign, and military policies relating to the national security." The NSC acts as a coordinator
between departments and agencies across government, and relies on accurate and insightful reports
from them to develop national security policy recommendations for the President. The NSC is
unique because it both consumes intelligence to make recommendations to the President, and guides
intelligence activities by coordinating policies across government. In 1949, the NSC reorganized to
incorporate the Vice President, Secretary of the Treasury, and Joint Chiefs of Staff, as well as
remove the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force from the Council. President Harry Truman
originally did not regularly attend NSC

Pearl Harbor Intelligence Failure Essay
The intelligence failures at Pearl Harbor influenced the National Security Act of 1947 by showing
the need for a new structure within the government. According to O'Toole (2014), as a result, the
National Security Act of 1947 led to the creation of the Department of Defense which aligned all
military services under the Secretary of Defense, it also created the National Security Council and
created the Central Intelligence Agency as an independent agency reporting to no one other than the
President. One of the most important parts was the CIA reporting directly to the President.During
Pearl Harbor, the failure wasn't in the lack of information, but the failure was in the one mindedness
of the Navy. According to O'Toole (2014), they were stuck on the idea that the Japanese couldn't
attack due to the thought that their base was impenetrable. When you look at the way things were set
up after the National Security Act of 1947, the structure would not allow for something like this to
happen again. For instance, when the intelligence was gathered and the early signs of an attack were
seen according to O'Toole (2014), the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Never wanting to be caught off guard again, a telegram triggered the CIA into an all–out frenzy
according to O'Toole (2014). This frenzy opened the eyes of the United States, they began to notice
the Soviets applying pressure across Europe. This led to the creation of the Truman Doctrine which
according to O'Toole (2014) was a policy in which the U.S. would support free people opposing
armed subjection by outside presences. According to Merriam–Webster (2017), containment is
stopping the spreading of a hostile ideology. This concept of containment later went into effect when
according to O'Toole (2014), the European Recovery Program was created with the goal of creating
stability and frustrating the advances of the

Persuasive Essay On Privacy
Privacy is a respectable notion that most of us ask for. Countries fight each other for it, people get
arrested if they invade it, and it is one of the biggest issues in The United States of America. Privacy
is a big topic here because a lot of people care about what others see, how they see them, and how
they interpret what they do. However, the National Security Act was placed in 1974 for America's
citizens to be protected from the people around us and from other countries that could pose a threat
to their safety. The problem with that is now National Security themselves has started invading
Americans and other countries privacy. Is it appropriate for the government to watch its citizens if it
means "better security" or is it against the constitution and just plain wrong? The fourth amendment
in the Bill of Rights, which was ratified in 1789, states that Americans have the right to be secure in
their persons, houses, and papers. As well as against unreasonable searches and seizures, unless by a
probable cause. On the contrary, the Supreme Court's interpretation of "unreasonable" has varied
over time. The Constitution never specifies what is reasonable and what is not. The fourth
amendment has stopped a lot of situations that could have turned deadly or unconstitutional, but a
few have slipped through because of the vase word that is used in the definition. Another historic
document was created almost two hundred years later, which was the National Security Act. In
1974,

The Influence Of The National Security State
The National Security State or doctrine is influence through an ideology and institution that was
official by the National Security Act of 1947 that stated "to support free peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." It stated that military power is
the highest authority. Its claims that not only can it handle internal or external affairs, but it also
input power and can affect society. Its heavily influence through economic, politics, and military
affairs. Through the National Security State it is stated as a ideology that "freedom" and
"development" can be achieved through the hand of the elites. The Social Service state is refers to a
variety of programs that's need special assistance. For example, such as the disable, unemployment,
desertion, or old age. The benefits can be through education, health care, housing by the government
to help aid the disabled. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the state is small, it will be difficult to spread business to a larger group of people which would
affect taxes of government spending. When bigger state create government because it is through the
success of the business that would flow through the people. National Service State, in my opinion,
would be easier to reform. For this reason, it protects and strengthen civil society, focuses on the
services, and focuses sharply on volunteerism, address the real problem, or minimize the role of
government in order to maintain security over the

Cia Research Paper
The CIA and Foreign Policy
By Robert M. Gates
Winter 1987/88
Article Summary and Author Biography
Account of the work of the CIA, discussing in some detail the nature of the relationship between the
intelligence–gatherer and the policy–maker. Since the 1970s the CIA has provided intelligence to
Congress as well as to the executive, so that it now "finds itself in a remarkable position,
involuntarily poised nearly equidistant" between them. It has not however abused this freedom of
action, probably unique among world intelligence agencies, so as to 'cook ' intelligence. CIA deputy
director.
Robert M. Gates, a career intelligence officer, is Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. He served
on the National Security Council staff ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The function of the Central Intelligence Agency is to assist the Director of the Central Intelligence
Agency in carrying out the responsibilities outlined above.
To accomplish its mission, the CIA engages in research, development, and deployment of high–
leverage technology for intelligence purposes. As a separate agency, CIA serves as an independent
source of analysis on topics of concern and also works closely with the other organizations in the
Intelligence Community to ensure that the intelligence consumer–whether Washington policymaker
or battlefield commander–receives the best intelligence possible.
As changing global realities have reordered the national security

The National Security Act Of 1947
Counterintelligence is one of the most vital areas of the United States intelligence system, and is
heavily intertwined with our history, laws and ethics. According to the National Security Act of
1947, counterintelligence (CI) is defined as "information gathered and activities conducted to
protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or
on behalf of foreign governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations or foreign persons, or
international terrorist activities." It consists of five activities and functions: operations,
investigations, collection, analysis and production, and functional services. In this aspect, CI is
unique in that it is both an activity and its product. U.S. intelligence agencies, including the National
Security Agency (NSA) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) collect and analyze both CI
information and foreign intelligence. There are many counterintelligence activities that the United
States is involved in, as both CI and foreign intelligence play an important role in countering threats
to our country's national security. Among these most controversial and misunderstood activities are
counterespionage and disinformation.
Counterespionage
Counterespionage is an important aspect of U.S. counterintelligence that is utilized to combat
espionage. Simply put, it can be defined as "espionage directed toward detecting and thwarting
enemy espionage and the protection of the nation's secrets."

Amy Zegart's Flawed By Design
In her 1999 book Flawed By Design, Stanford academic Amy Zegart examines the three main
American national security agencies: the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Joint Chiefs of
Staff (JCS), and the National Security Council (NSC). She covers the history of each of the agencies
from creation to the 1990s. While going through each of their histories, she makes a point to break
down their histories into their creations and evolutions. This breakdown allows Zegart to effectively
and concisely support her conclusion that the agencies are flawed by design. Furthermore, her
conclusions are relevant to the U.S. military today. Any competent military professional should learn
lessons from Zegart as the lessons she offers have keen importance ... Show more content on
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As a future military leader, two lessons from Zegart resonate strongly with me. Zegart mentions the
difference between the original concepts of the agencies and what the agencies ended up being. This
difference between ideas and reality can apply directly to my future role as a platoon leader. While a
plan may ideal, the second–, third–, and fourth–order effects of the plan may be less than ideal. For
instance, it may sound ideal to give food to a village so that they do not starve and denounce your
unit. However, it is also important to consider you may make that village dependent on your unit for
food. The effects of one's actions may not always be so clear. Another lesson is the importance of
compromise. During the formation of each national security agency, some service branches refused
to give up their domains, such as the military intelligence agencies refusing to submit to the CIA. As
a result, the CIA could not become the agency that needed to be created after WWII. Both lessons I
know will remain with me and make me a competent military

Intelligence Reform And Terrorism Case Study
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 is a 235–page Act of Congress,
signed by the president affecting the United States laws of federal terrorism. The titles and subject
issues were composed to better enforce the procedures for any future terrorist's attacks. The
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act established the Director of National Intelligence,
the National Counterterrorism Center, and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. This act
also states that the Homeland Security is to take charge of flights both foreign and domestic for all
information on passengers and crew for individuals on the Federal Government watch lists. Case
Study: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention and Its ... Show more content on
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The Director of National Intelligence, appointed by the Senate, works closely with the president.
The DNI is to effectively integrate all national and homeland security intelligence in defense of the
homeland and in support of the United States National security interests. Directors Duties The
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act give the Director of National Intelligence the
responsibilities of acting as the head of the Intelligence Community; acting principle advisor for
matters involving national security intelligence; manage, oversee, and direct the National
Intelligence Program. This Act also requires the Director to ensure that all National intelligence
based information is passed on to, first the President; all heads of departments and agencies of the
executive branch; the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and senior military commanders; and the
Senate and House of Representatives and congressional committees. The Director of the Intelligence
National Investigation has an office specific for him full of employees and staff members to help
and discover the information needed to make the decisions regarding any and all terrorist attacks.
The staff in genera includes the Community Management Staff; Co–Location is not allowed to
locate anywhere else with any other intelligence agencies; Deputy Directors assists the Director and
is next in line if the Director is not able to fulfill their duties;

Marine Corps History
The history of the United States military spans way back to over two centuries. During those years,
the United States evolved from a new nation fighting Great Britain for independence from 1775 to
1783, through the monumental American Civil War in 1861 to 1865 and, after collaborating in
triumph during World War II, to the world's sole remaining superpower from the late 20th century to
present. Today the military has there forces broken down into 5 branches. The Army, Navy, Marine
Corps, Air Force and the Coast Guard. These branches make up the 5 branches of the US military.
The first and oldest branch is the U.S. Army, here is more insite information if how the U.S. Army
came about to the united states The history of the U.S Army begins in ... Show more content on
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The United States Marine Corps has served in nearly every conflict with the United States. It
attained prominence when its practice of amphibious wars, and ultimately formed a cornerstone of
the Pacific Theater of World War II. By the early 20th century, the Marine Corps would become one
of the dominant theorists and practitioners of amphibious warfare. Its ability to rapidly respond on
short notice to expeditionary crises has made and continues to make it an important tool for U.S.
foreign policy. During the U.S. Civil War, their most important task was blockade duty and other
ship–board battles, but were mobilized for a handful of operations as the war progressed. The
remainder of the 19th century would be a period of declining strength and introspection about the
mission of the Marine Corps. Under Commandant Jacob Zeilin's, many Marine customs and
traditions took shape. During the Spanish–American War, Marines would lead U.S. forces ashore in
the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. Between
1900 and 1916, the Marine Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions.
Between the world wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Major General John A. Lejeune, another
popular commandant. In World War II, the Marines played a central role, under Admiral Nimitz, in
the Pacific War, participating in nearly every significant battle. The Marines also played an
important role in the Vietnam War. The Marines went to Beirut during the 1982 Lebanon War on 24
August. On 23 October 1983, the Marine barracks in Beirut was bombed, causing the highest
peacetime losses to the Corps in its history. The I Marine

Compare And Contrast National Security After Ww2 And Pearl...
Times were different before WW2 and the Pearl Harbor Attacks. Before the Pearl Harbor attacks our
nation did not think much of National Security. After the attacks during WW2 the nation as a
collective viewed the Nation's security as a much higher priority and with a sense of examination.
One major result was the National Security Act of 1947. The National Security Act created legal
basis to the intelligence community also making the intelligence function permanent. "An Act: To
promote the national security by providing for a Secretary of Defense, for a National Military
Establishment for a Department of the Army, A Department of Navy, A Department of Air Force:
And for the coordination of the activities of the National Military Establishment ... Show more
The act also streamlined and unified the nation's military establishments, by combining the Navy
Department and War Department under a new department, the Department of Defense. The
Department of Defense would now facilitate control and utilization of the nation's growing military.
Under the Department of Defense the Secretary of Defense would also direct the newly created
Department of Air Force. This was also the first recognition of the Department of Air Force as an
independent service in the Army. The Department of Defense was originally named National
Military Establishment (NME) renamed August 10, 1949 to formalize the subornation of secretaries
to the Secretary of

How Has 9/11 Changed Our Society
The events that took place on September 11th 2001 have forever changed the United Sates. On that
day it was clear that our borders were not secure. Our nation's security was questioned, and our
national security plan, as a result, had to change. President Bush did what he felt was needed at the
time, laying out the foundation for a surveillance apparatus, involving the Patriot Act and the
National Security Agency. This United States' surveillance apparatus though, draws a thin line
between privacy and security, forcing us to trade our liberty for security. By trading our liberty for
security we lose both, and thus, move towards losing our democracy. Prior to the events of 9/11 our
national security plan was not heavily touched upon. It had remained more or less stable since 1947
when President Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947. During President Bush's time in
office prior to 9/11 the only steps he took to change any aspect were ones toward foreign policy.
"During his first nine months in office, Bush made clear his intentions to move the country away
from–or entirely out of–a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Up until this point, the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that the Fourth Amendment's protection
against unreasonable searches and seizures, applied to surveillance for domestic threats
(Surveillance). However, this act now "stipulated that government officials have the authority to
'intercept wire, oral, and electronic communications relating to terrorism, computer fraud, abuse
offenses'" (Ambrose and Brinkley, 498). For the first time the "CIA could spy on American citizens
within the U.S. borders" (Ambrose and Brinkley, 498), and for the first time, Americans were forced
to trade their liberty for some sense of

The Neo Nazis And The Nazi War Essay
After being given power over the German's Worker Party, Hitler aided in bolstering its ranks from a
measly seven members, he was the seventh official member, to well over three–thousand likeminded
people. (Marrs 20). In April of 1920, Hitler renamed the political group to the Nationalsozialistiche
Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or the National Socialist German Worker's Party, which was shortened to
Nazi. (Marrs 21). Nazi is a term synonymous with evil in our time, and what it stands for casts a
long shadow over what is arguably the darkest times in modern history. Now seen as little more than
one of the many modern white supremacist movements, the Neo–Nazis, one might find it little more
than conspiracy theory to claim that the United States of America is a repackaged National Socialist
Government, or a fourth Reich. Author Jim Marrs writes, "Under the banner of freedom and
democracy, yet pursuing the agenda of the globalist who supported the Nazis, the United States
slowly turned from one of the most admired nations in the world to one of the most despised." (235–
236).
To understand the significance of the claim that America today is, in quintessence, a successor of
Nazi policy and not simply theory the past has to be reexamined. In the year 1945 President Harry
Truman authorized "Operation Paperclip" after he was promised that no one with Nazi or military
records would be involved. (Marrs 149). "Operation Paperclip" was contrived by the United States
Office of Strategic

U.s. Security Since 911
Changes in U.S. Security Since 911
By
Travis Bublitz
LA 11 Quarter 3 online
May 2015
Then They Were Gone. The twin towers turn into a pile of ash and rubble after two planes
disintegrate in the center of both towers. People were running every were to get to out of the ash and
smoke fire fighters running in while everyone is running out many not making it back out. From this
day on nothing has been the same the people were devastated that it happened and cried out for
better security in our nation. Since September 11, 2001 United States security procedures have
drastically changed.
After the revolutionary war George Washington set a guide line for our national security. First he
wanted to "maintain international independence" then "focus on economic growth" (Donohue 1589).
He felt like that it was important to support our countries economy but not at the price of sacrificing
our security. Under George Washington direction the Constitutional Convention wanted a national
government that could keep the country safe from foreign attacks and keep the individual states
unified. They created a constitution that "strengthened the national government's control over the
military and foreign affairs, as well as over taxation and commerce" (Donohue 1588, 1591).
After the Spanish–American War the focus of the U.S. security changed. United States people felt
like they should help shape the international affairs not just sit back and react to them. This

The Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay
The Cold War began as the World War II ended. This war ended two remaining superpowers, the
United States of America and the Soviet Union. Harry S Truman and Soviet premier Joseph Stalin
founds themselves on polarized sides of post war, one denounced communism while the other
denounced capitalism. Stalin supported pro–Soviet communist governments in Eastern Europe and
he wanted to ensure the USSR was protected from future German invasions. Truman's plans were
very different. He thought that industrialization and a democratic Germany would ensure postwar
stability (Norton et al. 2015). Truman's and Stalin's relationship grew suspicious of one another,
each one becoming more and more opposed to the other's ideology, economic and strategic needs
(Norton et al. 2015). Soviet–America American clashes which contributed to the cold war may have
had its beginnings in 1917 but it was in 1945 when sides became polarized. The Soviets refused to
allow the Polish government–in– exile in London be a part of the new communist regime and
Truman al.so refused to consider allowing America's nuclear bomb be controlled by an international.
committee (Norton et al. 2015). 1947, aggressively saw the acts and movements further dividing the
East and West. American and Britain formed the Bizone in occupying Germany and one year later
when France joined it became the Trizone (Norton et al. 2015). Stal.in fostered the Eastern bloc of
Soviet–dominated

Intelligence Reform And Terrorism Case Study
Abstract The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 is a 235–page Act of
Congress, signed by the president affecting the United States laws of federal terrorism. The titles
and subject issues were composed to better enforce the procedures for any future terrorist's attacks.
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act established the Director of National
Intelligence, the National Counterterrorism Center, and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight
Board. This act also states that the Homeland Security is to take charge of flights both foreign and
domestic for all information on passengers and crew for individuals on the Federal Government
watch lists. As the Case Study: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This Act also requires the Director to ensure that all National intelligence–based information is
passed on to, first the President; all heads of departments and agencies of the executive branch; the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and senior military commanders; and the Senate and House of
Representatives and congressional committees. The Director of the Intelligence National
Investigation has an office–specific for him full of employees and staff members to help and
discover the information needed to make the decisions regarding any and all terrorist attacks. The
staff, in general, includes the Community Management Staff; Co–Location is not allowed to locate
anywhere else with any other intelligence agencies; Deputy Directors assists the Director and is next
in line if the Director is not able to fulfill their duties; National Intelligence Council is established by
the Office of the Director; General Counsel. The Director can also establish the General Counsel,
Civil Liberties Protection Offices, Director of Science and Technology, National Counterintelligence
Executives, and Inspector Generals. The Director has the authority to assign these positions as well
as take them away as long as the individual is Senate–approved. Intelligence Agencies that Report
Directly to the ODNI The agencies that report to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence
are the: Central Intelligence

National Security And Homeland Security
Intelligence deals with the process in which specific types of information has been collected,
analyzed, refined and provided to the policy makers, so that it will be useful to them in decisions
making about potential threats to national security and homeland security (Lowenthal, 2014, p. 10).
U.S Government has been benefiting from Intelligence information since the beginning of the
country, despite the fact that many people thought that U.S intelligence emanated as a result of cold
war (Federation of American Scientists, 1996). For instance, the Office of Naval Intelligence was
created in March 1882 followed by the formation of the Military Intelligence Division three years
later, charged to collect foreign and domestic military data (Federation of American Scientists,
1996). Other intelligence units in the early republic include the first U.S. Army signals intelligence
("MI–8) formed in 1917; the Justice Department 's Bureau of Investigation created in 1908.
However, U. S Intelligence witnessed tremendous transformation due to events that happens as
results of intelligence failures. Chiefly among them was the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl
Harbor in 1941. The aftermath of this lead to the creation of the National Intelligence Authority, a
Central Intelligence Group in 1946; and subsequently enacted into law the National Security Act of
1947 that served as the organizational basis for the US conduct of the Cold War. The 1947 act also
established the Central

National Security Act Essay
National Security Act
The National Security Act of 1947 became law on July 26, 1947. It created the Department of the
Air Force, headed by a secretary of the Air Force. Under the Department of the Air Force, the act
established the United States Air Force. The United States Air Force, upon establishment, had a
mission statement. The mission statement included topics on values, strong culture, and ethics. The
Air Force is one of many organizations that are outcome oriented. Its goal is to complete missions of
success with the least amount of problems or lost lives as possible. To accomplish the Air Force
goals, a chain of command is a must. In addition, the organization relies on teamwork to achieve
success. The organizational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The secretary should be able to install a sense of trust and morality to cadets, while at the same time
promote a change in conduct. After sixty years of tradition, change within the Air Force will not be
an easy task. With change, Secretary Roche needs to able to provide a safe environment that
encourages everyone, especially women, to speak out against sexual misconduct. Sexual assault is
one of many misconduct acts that one can commit. These types of crimes don't just hurt the offender
or victim, but hurts the squad, unit, and the Air Force as a whole. All of the offenders should be held
liable and prosecuted for their crimes. The victim should know that there is nothing wrong with
filing a report. If action isn't taken and the victim doesn't tell anyone, then the offender will then be
persuaded to harm someone else. Squads, as well as the units they are in, should then know to
support the victim and participate extra when needed. Leaders of the units and squads should be
enrolled in classes to better fulfill their knowledge on how to handle situations such as sexual
misconduct. With types of cases like these, the Air Force as a whole will be affected in some way or
another. The reputation is one concern that should be taken into consideration. Recruitment is
another aspect that could be affected for the worse. There should be policies put in place to promptly
and effectively alleviate problems like this in the

Intelligence Communication
Why is it important for the Intelligence Community to share information and have open
communications at the operational level? Sharing intelligence information within the intelligence
community, a topic of controversy, which should be addressed head on. Joint Operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan have shown that communication and collaboration between multiple agency is possible
and effective, especially at the operational level. One of the first things that should be considered
when employing the rational choice technique is the cost and benefits of the actions. This can be
approached from the cost and benefits to the individuals or organizations, as well cost and benefits
to U.S. persons as a whole. Once such example is U.S. persons constitutional ... Show more content
To address this concern, Sec. 703 and 704 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)
allows the issuance of warrant to collect on U.S. persons for intelligence information; however,
since the primary focus here is intelligence information, the collected information may not make it
to the local law enforcement agencies. If local law enforcement agencies do not act because they
don't have the information due to security classification or any other reason, the blame goes back to
the intelligence community for not sharing. In an effort to enhance the communication, the U.S.
established the Fusion Centers, in efforts to enable information sharing to fight crime and terrorism;
however, because of the limitations posed on the intelligence services, the fusion centers continue to
server a law enforcement function, thus making it difficult for the rest of the intelligence community
to integrate. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), one of the biggest players in the intelligence
community, is not authorized to perform law enforcement functions in accordance with the 1947
National Security Act, which include subpoenas, law enforcement and internal security functions.
Because intelligence and law enforcement have two different types of mission sets and polices, such
as the National Security Act, sharing information continues to be a challenge. Looking at the issue
from the outside, this lack on information sharing may fall outside of the social norm; however,
because of the intelligence culture, policies, and regulations, this falls within the social norms of the
intelligence

What Was The Truman Doctrine?
Chapter 26
What happened in 1947?
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Building the National Security State
What was the CIA?
When did the cold war start and finish?
The United States they had started to begin to make the doctrine which would be the guide that was
the foreign policy and it had been for the next decades. And it had been an a very hard transition for
the United States. They also they wanted to the soldiers so that meant which meant that they had to
pay millions of tax dollars. As well they had to sell the containment to the public. Truman he would
gain the support as well Republican that congress and that he had included a forceful and he ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kennan– 1946
– post–WWII foreign policy strategy that committed the U.S to resisting the influence of expansion
of Soviet Union and communism
– strategy of containment shaped American foreign policy throughout cold war
House Un–American Activities CommitTee (HUAC) – Congressional committee
– especially prominent during early years of Cold War
– investigated Americans who might be disloyal to government or might have associated with
Communists or other radicals
– key institutions that promoted second Red Scare
Housing Act of 1949 – Congress
– law authorizing construction of 810,000 units of government housing
– landmark effort marked commitment of federal government to meet the housing needs of poor iron
curtain – Winston Churchill– 1946
"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic"
– metaphor coined to demark the line dividing Soviet–controlled countries in Eastern Europe from
democratic nations in Western Europe following WWII
Korean War – – conflict between N. Korean forces supported by China and Soviet Union and S.

Korean and U.S– led United Nations forces over control of S. Korea
– lasting from 1950–1953
– represented first time U.S. went to war to implement

National Security Act Of 1947 Case Study
1. An element of the National Security Act of 1947 stated "...No United States intelligence
information may be provided to the United Nations or any organization affiliated with the United
Nations..." Briefly defend this position from an ethical perspective. Intelligence information is such
crucial information that should not be easily tempered with. An element of The National Security
Act of 1947 puts forward that no information will be provided to the United Nations or any
organization that is connected to the United Nations unless certified by the president to the
respective committees of congress indicating that the Director of Central Intelligence in conjunction
with Secretary of Defense have established and implemented procedures for the disclosure of united
states intelligence information and the methods connected to the information. From an ethical point
of view, there should be a code of conduct in which individuals should follow to acquire critical
information. Any disclosure of the information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The law must be ordered be ordered by a competent authority, the cause of the war must be just, and
the use of the war must have a right intention so that the end result of it is good and not evil. This
means that people who use this law they use it depending on the situation. Just war involves
decision to go to war and how to fight. I think war should be allowed in defense of others. The
guidelines of people engaging in war as put by just in war guidelines are for good intentions, just
cause and last resort. Defending the live of the innocent is about justice. The use of force by
individuals to attack the innocent people in the society is an act of selflessness. There are occasions
when the war can lead to better solution than sitting back. According to the just law theory, a
person's life is not an end in itself that it should be defended. Defending others in war is seen as a
moral duty to serve

Truman Foreign Policy Change
Duplantier, Robert
IRLS 214
Progress Assignment
1) The National Security Council has a long linage dating back to the end of the Second World War,
and has played a vital role in the President's decision making process of national security and
foreign policy matters. Established under the National Security Act of 1947 and later was amended
by the Reorganization Plan in 1949, the council was placed in the Executive Office of the President.
Setting on the council is the President as the chairmen, along with the Vice–President, Secretary of
State and others that assist the president for National Security Affairs (National Security Council
n.d.). The start of the National Security Council was brought under the administration of President
Truman, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As discussed previously the beginning of the Council was a rough start with President Truman not
attending any of the meetings and relying on the cabinet members to pass the information along to
him as it came. President Truman believed that the Secretary of State should sit in as the chairman,
and the Council was a forum for studying and appraising problems and making recommendations,
but not the one for setting policy or serving as a centralized office to coordinate implementation
(Best 2011, 10). Later on the Hoover Commission made the recommendation that a better
relationship between the Council and the Joint Chief of Staff would best serve the president. Shortly
after President Truman, no longer made the chairman the Secretary of State but that the President
should fill this position (Rosati and Scott 2013, 115). Under the Kennedy administration, the attempt
was made from the beginning to cut a lot from the Council. Kennedy made the position of Director
of the Office of Emergency Planning to the Council. This position was to be used in case of an
emergency to coronate any type of response that might be necessary. Like Truman, Kennedy made
most of the biggest decisions outside of the regular Council sessions more of an informal session
with his closest advisors there (Best 2011, 13). With President Johnson taking over as president,
Johnson was left with

Federal Budget
The federal budget is one of the biggest political debates in Washington, D.C. Every year, the
President and Congress debate over how much money should be allocated to certain areas of the
budget to effectively manage the country. The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the
President to submit the budget to Congress for each fiscal year. The federal budget includes funding
request for all federal executive departments and independent agencies. The United States spends
more money on defense than any other country in the world. The Department of Defense accounts
for the majority of the discretionary spending in the federal budget. Discretionary spending is
government spending that covers the cost of routine activities commonly associated ... Show more
should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world: What
all these potential adversaries–from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers–have in common
is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional
military terms. The United States cannot take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest
in the programs, platforms, and personnel that will ensure that dominance's persistence. But it is also
important to keep some perspective. As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold
War, for example, in terms of tonnage, its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies
combined–and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners." (Staff,

The National Security Act Of 1947
Even though President Truman implemented the Executive Order 9835 in order to ensure the
attainment of national security, it failed to do so in a legal manner. Any national intelligence
program such as the HUAC could not have legally used Truman 's loyalty program in order to attain
national security. The National Security Act of 1947 states that the methods of investigation utilized
by national intelligence programs should be "free of political considerations" ("National Security
Act of 1947," 12). Executive Order 9835 shows how the HUAC 's methods of investigation failed to
be independent of political considerations. As a broken loyalty program, Truman's Executive Order
was very opinionated. Any individual or organization deemed disloyal by the government without
any evidence of intending to subvert would be subject to further investigations done by
congressional investigation committees and other national intelligence programs. Those conjectured
as political leftists or fascists fell victim to loyalty screening despite not truly being of an
insubordinate nature. In this way, the broken system of loyalty determination created by Executive
Order 9835 cannot be justified through the attainment of national security since the Executive Order
failed to be independent of political opinions. Consequently, the HUAC failed to comply with the
official mandates of the National Security Act since its methods of investigation were politically
biased. In accordance with Truman 's

The Foundation Of The U.s. National Security Policy
The foundation of the U.S. National Security Policy is on the Goldwater–Nichols Act. 1947, signed
by U.S. President Ronald Reagan after the World War II, encouraging a restructure of the military
through the National Security Act of 1947. The Department of War and the Department of Navy was
unified into the National Military Establishment (NME), then renamed to Department of Defense
with the purpose to have Army, Navy and Air Force into a unified structure. President Truman
signed the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 in reflection to strategic changes to the Cold
War facts. This paper explores the book review, performed by Robert B. McCalla and Melvin A.
Goodman, of Richard J. Stoll's "U.S. National Security Policy and the Soviet ... Show more content
In 1991, McCalla analyzes four different themes in Stoll's book that seems to be suggestive and with
no supportive information for discussion. The first theme is "the role of the military force in the
nuclear era" (Stoll), promoting discussion about the use of force between US and USSR "conflict
involvement in the pre and post–World War II eras" (McCalla). Stoll asserts in his notes that
"changes [in the nuclear balance] can be turned into political–military leverage in a wide variety of
situations," but fails to provide concrete references and dates to support his statements. The second
theme is "domestic influences on national security policy" (Stoll), which fails to explain in depth the
"congressional and public support for defense spending and presidential actions" (McCalla).
According to McCalla, Stoll provides useful information about the "long–term impact of World War
II on the development of various services," encouraging discussion on the subject. The third theme
is "strategic nuclear warfare," where Stoll exams the change of directions taken by the leaders.
Moreover, McCalla describes Stoll's writing as of a "creative manner" to discuss about the "limiting
nuclear war" without conclusive data. The final theme is the "defense of Western Europe" (Stoll)
where per McCalla, Stoll provides "an intriguing discussion of possible European responses to a
U.S. pull from Europe – even though the

Spy Organizations Research Paper
Spy Organizations
Spy Organizations are designed to amass information that is profitable to their government and
leader in helping national security. The information can be collected by foreign radios, newspapers,
and television broadcast. There are an immense amount of spy organizations in the world from
countries like Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia etc. The most widely known spy
organizations are, CIA(America), MI6(Britain), and FIS(Russia).
The CIA(Central Intelligence Agency) is one of the leading intelligence organizations in the U.S.
government. Its headquarters is in Langley, Virginia. The CIA's duty is to supply national security
intelligence to senior U.S. policymakers. The CIA wasn't created until 1947 when ... Show more
The FIS provides the President, the Federal Assembly and the government of intelligence, news to
aid them in their decision making for political, scientific, military, etc. fields. In the 1920's units of
the Soviet state intelligence was created in the Red Army as well as Cheka due to the political
situations within the country and in the international area. Then in 1923, the Cheka and the creation
of its base was abolished because, it no longer needed to use extraordinary measures during the
Civil War. This led to the establishment of the FIS on December 18, 1991, whose director is,
Fradkov, Mikhail Yefimovich. The FISs activity is regulated by "The Law on Foreign Intelligence"
that states, "the Russian foreign intelligence is an integral part of the forces of security of the
Russian Federation and is designed to protect the security of the individual, society, and the state
from external threats with the use of certain methods and means of the Law." Last year, the FSI
helped Russia's air group attack 285 terrorist targets in Syria for three days during the Syrian Civil
War that has lasted for 5 years. The Syrian Civil War is still ongoing to this

DHS Mergers
So far numerous studies shows that between 50 to 85 percent of merger failed, and a study by Baker
& McKenzie (2014) opined that majority of the merger did not improve shareholder value or did not
returned enough return on investment by stakeholder. DHS was created by bring most of the
domestic agencies domestic security functions under one agency, with the notion that the merger
will make America's borders safer and enhance domestic intelligence. About 14 years after the initial
creation of the agency, it seems that there are still some challenges facing the agency, especially in
area of integration and configuration of the agency. Also, some of these mergers involved two
companies whereas DHS merger involves combination of 22 units from

Involvement And The Effect On The Failure Of The Terrorist...
In this presentation, I will discuss some examples of failed cooperation and the impact on the failure
to prevent the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001; the likelihood of improving cooperation,
given the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission; verify whether the reforms recommended have
been implemented and of course give some recommendation if any. However, before I dabble into
that, I will like to start with intelligence definition, brief history and evolution of intelligence in the
United.
Intelligence as we already discussed, deals with the process of collecting, analyzing, and providing
refined information to the policy makers, which they uses to form decisions' about potential threats
to national security and how to prevent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chiefly among them was the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The aftermath of this
lead to the creation of the National Intelligence Authority, a Central Intelligence Group in 1946; and
subsequently enacted into law the National Security Act of 1947 that served as the organizational
basis for the US conduct of the Cold War. The 1947 act also established the Central Intelligence
Agency who will be responsible for the national intelligence mission (Federation of American
Scientists, 1996). Also, the influence and prosecution of the cold war contributed largely into "the
development of the most basic forms and practices of the U.S intelligence capability" (Lowenthal,
2014, p.16). But the "Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995" was enacted in the fall of
1994 to advance and harmonize counterintelligence and security practices across the Intelligence
Community, especially the FBI and CIA (Public Law, 1994).
How and why intelligence and law enforcement agencies failed to appreciate the threat before the
actual attacks
However, during the late 1990s, there were increased interests by terrorist organizations to carry out
against the United States and her interests Worldwide. Typical examples among them were the 1993
World Trade Center bombing, and the East Africa U.S. embassy bombings in1998. This led to
concern that the United States

The Attack On Pearl Harbor And 2001 Attacks On The World...
The United States (U.S) Intelligence community has come a long way since the revolutionary war.
After winning independence from England, the U.S would not invest much into intelligence or
foreign policy until the 20th century. Foreign policy was simply not a priority for our young nation,
having an ocean on eastern and Western boarders of the country severely limited potential threats.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt would be the first president since Washington to understand the
importance of intelligence and lay the groundwork for what we now consider national intelligence.
Unfortunately, it has taken two catastrophic failures in intelligence for the U.S to realize the need for
good intelligence and take steps to improve itself. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, due to the fractured state of U.S intelligence community, that was never a possibility.
This major intelligence failure was a wakeup call, and the goal of the U.S intelligence community
was now to prevent another such attack from happening. Cold War Intelligence The Cold War with
the Soviet Union and its allies started almost immediately after the end of WWII, and would be the
next step for the U.S intelligence community. The signing of the National Security Act of 1947 by
president Truman drastically restructured the military and intelligence community, creating the
Department of Defense (DoD) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) while establishing a clear
chain of command (CIA, 2008). With the establishment of the CIA and director of central
intelligence, The National Security Act of 1947 the U.S had a permanent and legitimized
intelligence community, one that could start to develop and refine their own methods of operation
and traditions (Lowenthal, 2017). The National Security Act of 1947 would go largely unchanged
for 57 years, not being severely altered until 2004. After Pearl Harbor the intelligence communities
primary function was to ensure that a catastrophe of that scale would not occur again. During the
cold war, the largest threat to the U.S was a nuclear war with the Soviet Union, so an extremely
large percentage of intelligence assets were focused on observing the Soviet nuclear program
(Bukharin,

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