Environmental Justice Executive Summary

Environmental Justice Executive Summary
This report through the United Church of Christ and Justice & Witness Ministries was very
important in the progress of environmental justice because the report presented that race is the most
"potent variable" of where "commercial hazardous waste facilities were located in the U.S."
Throughout this report, the constant theme was about toxic and solid waste, but another underlining
theme was the economy versus environment.
In the 21st century, environmental justice examined government legislator and policies that placed
people and communities of color at risk. The authors presented the point on how the current system
has "institutionalized unequal enforcement." One powerful statement that was made during their
critiques was how the system "placed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eno Road was used as "the dumping ground" for the county for over forty years, before they
officially made the land a landfill. The researchers found that over fourteen–hundred people
retrieved their drinking water from private wells or springs within four miles from the landfill,
which caused contamination of TCE and other hazardous chemicals throughout the private wells and
springs. One particular African American family, the Holt family, basically received a "death
sentence" from the U.S. Government because the Holt's well "was not retested or monitored as
recommended by state officials" (140). The whole Holt family experienced a range of deadly illness;
anyone would have had these illnesses from drinking well water that had twenty–six parts per
billion of TCE, which is twenty–five more than the regulation. Yet, the Holt family had to wait to be
"treated," but they never received the respect or the money they deserved from this awful
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Environmental Justice Chapter Summary
This book chapter goes over the overview of several historical events, organizations, and people that
contributed to the evolution of what is now the Environmental Justice movement. The authors list
some of the key influences of the movement. This influences include: 1) the Civil Rights movement
that brought an understanding of social structural injustices – Civil Rights activists argue that
because of racism, the injustices were not random –, 2) the anti–toxics movement that contributed to
better understand the power dynamics that shape the distribution of environmental bads while
resisting against hazardous waste facilities, landfills and incinerators, 3) academics who
demonstrated that environmental injustice is part of a national problem ... Show more content on
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The author points out the long history of women' activism in Bolivia shaping women's invisibility
and ability to implement social change. In turn, this both strengthen the position of women and
indigenous people in Bolivia. The part of the paper addresses the intersectional perspective on
women's movements which highlights the challenges associated with the recognition of indigenous
women's voices. Another important section of the article focus on feminism and indigenous in
Bolivia. The author shows the tensions that might exist between the "traditional" feminist movement
and indigenous activists – which speaks to the grievances of intersectional scholars arguing that
there is not an universal "woman's experience". Other sections of the article discuss the complexity
of activism in Bolivia, pointing out the role of indigenous women's groups, indigenous mixed–
gender organizations, or the feminist movement who all participate in creating complex activism
mechanisms. This article is very interesting because it shows the active role of indigenous women in
affecting social change. The author points out the challenges associated with indigenous women's
activism while highlighting their ability to be actively involved in the decision making process. The
article also provides useful insights at the intersection of race and

Environmental Justice Is The Fair Treatment
Everything about environmental justice is supposed to give the environment and the world the
treatment it deserves, people have spent a lifetime trashing it with pollutants, smog, and cutting
down its trees, but at the same time the people who live on the Earth have been treated with injustice
as well, "Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people
regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development,
implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies." (EPA 1).
"Environmental racism is policy or practice that differentially affects or disadvantages (intentionally
or unintentionally) individuals, groups, or communities because of their race and/or class. Poor
communities and communities of color often experience disproportionate impacts of environmental
hazards."(The Weave 1). Water discrimination is an example of environmental racism and the act of
distributing clean water to wealthy people and dirty water to those who live in poverty and can not
afford the clean water. This is a tactic used to separate the rich from the poor, and in this case,
money equals health, however, clean water should not be a privilege to the people who can afford it.
It should be something that is given to everyone despite their background and the money they come
from.
Water discrimination is a big problem in Africa where only the wealthy are offered healthy water,
this is very unfair because

Environmental Justice: Qualitative Or Quantitative Evidence?
Environmental Justice requires a variety of different perspectives to be understood fully, and Walker
(2012) presents both qualitative and quantitative evidence as valid in terms of environmental justice
solutions. This is a position that I agree with; environmental justice requires both quantitative and
qualitative evidence, and one may argue that qualitative evidence is more important as it ensures
that all groups have participated in an environmental justice solution, a core tenet of the movement.
Firstly, issues of environmental justice are, by nature, unique to specific locations and events.
Quantitative evidence cannot capture the significant variability in human perspectives on certain
issues (Walker, 2012). Quantitative data is only useful for numerical data concerning the facts
behind certain injustices, such as air pollution levels in certain regions, and how that relates to
ethnicity. What the method cannot capture is the valid emotional concerns of people who live in
areas which have undergone instances of environmental justice. As the opinions of those who are
impacted by environmental justice issues are crucial to the concept, it can be concluded that
qualitative evidence is arguably more important in adhering to the core tenet of the concept.
Therefore, qualitative evidence cannot be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Walker (2012) presents an example of this when he refers to the use of interviews to decipher certain
patterns of exclusion that older people face in certain urban areas. Patterns of exclusion in cities are
based on the perceptions of certain areas, which are very difficult to capture through quantitative
evidence. Qualitative evidence, whilst diverse, can be compiled to create a clear understanding of
perceived injustice, and so it is crucial that qualitative investigation is used to uncover hidden
injustices in

Environmental Justice and Toxic Racism
Environmental Justice and Toxic Racism
Encouraged by diverse foundations from across the globe, The Environmental Justice movement has
become one of the most important topics in the media. Europeans have used Marxist philosophy on
class laddering, while non–Western countries required its encouragement in the criticism of
colonialism. In the United States, The Civil Rights Movement was its forerunner. The notion of
"Environmental Justice", nevertheless, has its genesis in the resistance of black culture and lower
income–communities in opposition to uneven ecological trouble in the United States during the last
few years of the 1970s and the early 1980s. In the framework of racial improvement and public
activism, the phrase was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the first influences on the deliberation on Environmental Justice was The Civil Rights
Movement in the United States of America. Leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. fought hard to
ensure that social transformation and power be established for African Americans, especially those
in the southern states as well as those in the northern inner–city parts. Activists like King altered the
philosophy on Environmental Justice arguing that there was a lopsided effect that proved that
environmental hazards were not accidental. What environmentalists advocated instead was that
environmental dangers resulted from racial segregation that placed power plants, nuclear plants, and
other potential ecological hazards in areas with a high concentration of minority and low income
groups. Several activists defined this as "environmental racism." The earliest reference to
"environmental racism" originated in Warren County, North Carolina, in 1982. A mainly African
American neighborhood rallied to protest the construction of a noxious waste landfill. The
community was well–backed with the support of the United Church of Christ. The remonstration
resulted in well over five hundred arrests for civil disobedience. Its impact caused other explorations
in southern communities across of the United States of America. In 1987, The Commission for
Racial Justice of the

The Court Of India, While Administering Environmental...
The Court of India, while administering environmental justice, has evolved certain principles and
doctrines within and at times outside the framework of the existing environmental law.
Environmental principles, such as polluter pays principle, precautionary principle and public trust
doctrine have been adopted by the Court in its concern to protect the environment from further
degradation and improve the same. It is important to note that these principles have been developed
in various international agreements and conferences to control and prevent further environmental
degradation. Drawing inference from international environmental principles, the Court of India has
applied various principles to resolve domestic environmental problems. For example, the Polluter
Pays Principle was invoked by the Court of India in the Indian Council for Enviro–Legal Action v.
Union of India. Giving the judgment, the Judges held that 'we are of the opinion that any principle
evolved in this behalf should be simple, practical and suited to the conditions obtaining in this
country. Once the activity carried on is hazardous or inherently dangerous, the polluter carrying on
such activity is liable to make good the loss caused to any other affected party by polluter's activity
irrespective of the fact whether the polluter took reasonable care while carrying on his activity'. In
this case, the Court has stated that the 'Polluter Pays Principle' means that the absolute liability for
harm to the

Is Environmental Justice Achievable?
Is environmental Justice achievable? It will be achieved when everyone enjoy the same degree of
protection from environmental and health hazards and equal access to the decision–making process
to have a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work.
What Is the relevance of a "racial formations" approach for environmental justice? It requires us, as
activists and scholars, to see that contemporary radicalizations are part of long historical processes,
and are formative of future ones. A racial formations approach asks us to examine how material
conditions are influenced by both structural factors and representations over time.
Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless ...
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Utilitarianism argues that, given a set of choices, the act we should choose is that which produces
the best results for the greatest number affected by that choice.
If the environment only exist in remote protected areas, then only rural people, or those with money,
will have access to it. Urban or suburban residents who cannot or do not go to the places marked off
as parks and reserves can have no knowledge of or interest in nature, and are disempowered from
being included in those debates or, in some cases, in those very spaces.
Procedural justice: focuses on the process through which environmental decisions are made.
If decisions are made through a fair and open process, they may be considered just regardless of
their distributional impact. suggest that there is an obvious solution that is fair, and it may be one
that appeals to common sense as well
The rule utilitarian may, in some cases, disagree, contending that one should do things that, as a rule,
generate the greatest good for the greatest number.
In

Environmental Justice Research Paper
In the last few decades the concept of Environmental Justice has been at the forefront of
environmental discussions. Environmental Justice is defined as "the fair treatment and meaningful
involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the
development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies"
(EPA). Many of the issues regarding environmental justice have to do with the unfair treatment of
marginalized communities at the hand of big business.
While corporations are driven by the vast engine of consumer satisfaction, many are also
responsible for significant environmental destruction (VanDeVeer and Pierce 546). Since business
always aim to increase revenue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, I think that this approach is unrealistic for our modern times. I propose that instead of
working to dismantle these incredibly powerful systems of big business, we instead rework the
system and create businesses that are environmentally–conscious from the start. This can be done at
first by creating incentives for businesses to have locations and practices that do not create
environmental injustices. Such as giving subsidies to those companies that do not ship waste to
lower income areas or who minimize what they release into the environment. By doing this,
business are forced to reflect on who they are impacting and how they can change the problem.
Then, in the future, new businesses will start adhering to these guidelines, changing the way the
relationship between business and the

What Is Environmental Inequality?
Environmental inequality, contrary to what we may imagine, is a social and political problem rather
than a simple environmental problem. Environmental inequalities are deeply tangled with political,
economic structures and institutions; adding more problems to the social inequalities that already
affect our daily lives (Brehm, 2013). So, what exactly is environmental inequality? It refers to the
fact that low–income people and people of color are disproportionately likely to experience various
environmental problems by living in high risk and polluted areas. If we look at this problem closely
we realize "that black, white, and Hispanic households with similar incomes live in neighborhoods
of dissimilar environmental quality" (Downey, 2008) and that most people who suffer the
consequences of living in neighborhoods with high hazard levels are racial minorities. This allows
us to conclude that environmental inequality it is also linked to racism.
The concept of environmental inequality appeared at the end of the 70s and at the beginning of the
80s after researchers, activists and government officials began to collect data that in turn showed
patterns where social inequality and environmental harm became evident (Brehm, 2013). An
additional term used to describe the situation is environmental justice, which according to the
sociologist Robert Bullard, misled the reality by giving the impression that all people and
communities are entitled to equal protection by environmental

Personal Experience: Environmental Justice and...
Before this semester started, I had no idea what environmental justice was. I have come a long way
since then and I have learned a lot. I have learned a lot more than I will be able to talk about in this
essay. For this reason I have narrowed it down to three important topics that I find interesting and I
feel I have learned the most about. Three things I have learned and will take with me after this
course are Environmental racism, mountaintop removal, and ecological imperialism. One thing I
have learned and I will take with me after this class is environmental racism. Environmental racism
is to put a minority group or any group at a disadvantage, to treat them less that or as if they are not
equal to you. These people are not given the same standards as people in different neighborhoods.
These people are forced to put up with having to live in conditions that are not as safe or hazard free
but they have no choice because they don't have as much power as the people putting those hazards
there. Environmental racism is something that we should all be aware of and something that we
should all strive to end. Environmental racism is one thing that I have learned a lot about and I will
definitely take with me after class. Another thing that I have learned and I will take with me after
class is mountaintop removal. Mountaintop removal is when the top of a mountain is blown up and
removed in order to acquire the coal. This is a very wasteful way of mining. They waste the trees

Environmental Justice Struggles in Canada:...
The Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong) First Nation is an Ojibwa First Nation located north
of Kenora, ON. The community has been fighting against environmental injustices imposed on them
from various actors over the last 40 years (Rodgers, 2009, para. 10), involving issues with mercury
poisoned fish (para. 1) clear cutting of their lands (para. 27) and subsequent degradation of their
land, water and food sources. This essay will detail the environmental justice struggles of the Grassy
Narrows First Nation, point out the unfair treatment and environmental racism they have been
subject to and will also question the role that authority, power and litigation have played within the
community.
The Grassy Narrows people have a long, deeply ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Environmental justice links a number of social movements–anti–racism, Aboriginals rights, and the
mainstream environmental movement–and addresses the problem of environmental racism (Gosine
& Teelucksignh, 2008, p. 11). The concept of environmental justice in the U.S was associated with
the struggles over toxic waste sites and the call for equal treatment of all communities, radicalized
or not (p. 9). It was about looking at human health rather than preserving areas deemed as
"playgrounds for the rich."
Cole and Foster (2002) describes how many of the Native environmental justice struggles were
focused around land and environmental exploitation (p. 26), both of which can be seen with the case
of clear cutting in the Grassy Narrows community (Keewatin v Minister of Natural Resources,
2011), as well as with the issues surrounding the case of mercury pollution (Grassy Narrows and
Islington Indian Bands Mercury Pollution Claims Settlement, 1986). This is an environmental
justice issue because the Grassy Narrows people continually have to deal with environmental
racism. Both of the examples mentioned above, along with the fact that they are still battling out in
court their right to clean water and harvesting rights that sustains their livelihood (Keewatin v.
Ontario Natural Resources, 2013) show how indigenous communities are still facing environmental
racism in Canada.
It is also important to point out that, unlike the US movement, Canada's environmental justice

Environmental Justice Issue Of Environmental...
Introduction I propose to add the environmental justice issue of environmental discrimination into
the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. To do so, I will investigate specific issues and regulation
deficiencies that are negatively impacting the Great Lakes' reserves, and develop a plan of action on
your behalf. As you are aware, protecting the Great Lakes is critically important. It is not only the
largest source of freshwater in the United States but in the whole world. Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,
Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin border the Great Lakes, and all of those
states use it as a water source for a total of about 10 million people. Since the passing of the Clean
Water Act, industries like U.S. Steel Industry have been using the loopholes found in the bill to
further their profit, and as a side effect has caused damage to the water supply, disproportionately
affecting people in marginalized communities. By using these loopholes, the Great Lakes are
continually polluted, which causes appalling damage to the millions of people who use the water for
drinking and other water–centric necessities. Also, aging infrastructure causes leaking pipes,
corroding pipes that jeopardize the water systems, and failing sewage treatment plants. These
infrastructure problems not only disproportionate effect marginalized communities but all
communities suffer when the Great Lakes become polluted. Since there is already an initiative to
combat

Environmental Justice And Gentrification Of The United...
Final Paper
Environmental Justice and Gentrification
The United States and its population pride themselves on setting the trend. Whether it's the newest
clothing line, the best recording artist, or a slightly more important issue, Americans pride
themselves in setting the pace on issues for the rest of the world. One issue that has caught our
attention is the term "urban greening". This is defined as taking an urban area and making it more
"green" by adding parks, building green roofs on apartments, or closing power plants and other
harmful industrial areas to create a more environmentally safe area (Brasuell, 2014). When a low–
income area, with many undesirable environmental qualities, starts becoming greener, it causes a
negative effect on that population (Regan, n.d). While their housing is now better, the neighborhood
becomes increasingly desirable, causing a spike in cost of living and other expenses. Now that the
rent has increased, the original tenants cannot afford the new prices, and they are forced to move
out. This process is called "environmental gentrification". This term has sparked numerous debates
due to it's two polar opposite sides. While environmental justice strives to provide equal
development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws and quality, these qualities
are what makes low–income areas desirable. Imagine a low–income area in New York City, where a
neighborhood is next to several production plants and is not near any

The Push for Environmental Justice Essay
Every movement has its pros and its cons, and environmental justice is no different. The term
"environmental justice" emerged in the 1980's, but the movement started as early as the 1970's. Of
course, the want for environmental justice has always been there. All throughout history justice has
been sought after, and environmental justice is just half of it. Politics and the economy are extreme
factors to where and whom environmental injustice effect. Developing countries, such as Egypt, are
extremely high in environmental injustice, due to the extreme poverty. The reasons people create
and oppose environmental injustice are understandable, yet debatable for both sides. Some feel
environmental injustice is growing so prominent that they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Places of poverty, such as the Al–Kheima district of Cairo, Egypt, are bustling with the growth of
major corporations spewing harmful chemicals throughout the district and infecting many with
ailment. It was said by Frederick Douglass that, "Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced,
where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is in organized
conspiracy to oppress, rob, and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe." This
statement speaks for the justice portion of environmental injustice and is a common thought of all
environmental activists. Knowing the benefits and ailments many have gone further into creating
environmental justice. To prevent environmental injustice, and to receive justice for all, many
activists and government officials around the globe have made actions to stop environmental
injustice. After residents located near the Love Canal toxic waste dump in Niagara Falls, New York,
were notified of eighty–eight harmful chemicals migrated near them, they ordered the state relocate
them. After the state's government refused the community members held protests for an evacuation,
eventually leading to President Jimmy Carter relocating the community. The infamous "Love Canal"
incident led to the Superfund Act in 1980. This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum
industries and provided broad

Environmental Justice Is The Fair Treatment Of The...
The placement of companies deleterious to the environment and well–being of humans is something
that prosperous communities are not quite familiar with; in contrast, it is something well–known to
less affluent communities. The imbalance of classification shows a lack of environmental justice in
low–income and minority communities. According to the EPA, or Environmental Protection
Agency, "environmental justice is the fair treatment... of all people regardless of race, color, national
origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of
environmental laws, regulations, and policies," (EPA, n.d.). However, the environmental justice, the
EPA mentions is not prevalent in communities of color, but rather its counterpart is: environmental
injustice. Environmental injustice, or environmental racism, being the excessive placing of perilous
waste and contaminating polluters near communities of color (Cha, 2016). Although often
overlooked, environmental racism is an extensive problem that negatively affects minority
communities in Southeast Los Angeles. As stated in the thesis, environmental injustice mostly
affects minority communities. In a map presented by the Los Angeles Times, in Southeast LA there
are 26 communities– which 83.9% of the inhabitants are of minority groups (Southeast, n.d.).
Similarly, another map released by EPA from the 1990 U.S. Census illustrates that in places where
there is 80 to 100% of people of color there is at least 2

Environmental Justice Strategic Plan Paper
The U.S.D.A. Environmental Justice Strategic Plan of 2016–2020 was developed in an effort to
provide equitable conditions throughout every community in the United States of America. The
goals that have developed to reach the equality in all communities has to consider climate changes
unlike other strategic plans. The key priorities for this strategic plan are many and varied. For
example, one is to increase public participation, opportunities for minorities, low income, American
Indians and Alaska natives. This plan is a malleable to adjust for the best results. However, it does
contain parts that are immovable. This Strategic plan is a directive from the Secretary of Agriculture
to each U.S.D.A. agency. In addition, each agency has a point ... Show more content on
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The objectives for this goal were of a collaborative nature with communities and partners to address
career opportunities, forest health, wildfire risks, climate changes, heat stress, sea level rise, and
environmental justice. In addition, one of the objectives of Goal 2 is to conduct public meetings that
engage the communities in the decision making process. Yet again, Goal 2 has in place agency
performance measures and target dates to ensure accountability and implementation of this goal.
Lastly, Goal 3 purpose is to expand participation in program operations, planning activities, and
decision making processes to benefit environmental justice communities. This goal has objectives
that stress public participation, outreach and collaboration in relationship to programs, planning and
decision making of activities. The overall objective to this Goal is to ensure that the public is both
involved in identifying, avoiding and minimizing environmental justice concerns. In addition,
another objective to this Goal is maintenance and assurance of Tribal Relations. Furthermore,
another objective is to maintain a database of national and community based organizations and
networks concerned with environmental justice. Moreover, this goal has U.S.D.A. performance
measures and target dates in similar fashion as the other

Soil Not Oil: Environmental Justice In A Time Of Climate...
Being "Green" is an economic and socially driven philosophy that many companies adapt in an
effort to help improve the environment and attract more customers into buying their products.
Companies claiming to be "Green" started when more customers became aware of the growing
effects of global warming and began to show interest in helping the environment by recycling,
reusing, and reducing their products. Two companies, McDonalds and Apple, sought to join the
Green Movement. They make the company look "Green" by eliminating their waste products that
mostly end up in landfills and by saving energy through renewable sources. However, their claims
may be questioned because of the way their products are made and the transportation involved in
shipping them. In the book, Soil Not Oil: Environmental Justice in a Time of Climate Crisis,
Vandana Shiva expresses how companies play a big role in global warming due to deforestation and
chemical emissions being released by the burning of fossil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It implements energy from the sun to generate heat and electricity at Apple facilities. According to
the article, "Apple now gets 100% of its energy from renewable resources...It's been a big point of
pride for the world's largest company" (Ciaccia). Before, the company used to run its resources
without a solar panel, which increased the amount and cost of energy sources. Now, the company
has created a way to help improve the environment by having solar panels, which reduces the cost of
heat and electricity up to forty percent. This is an effective approach because the company is not
using nonrenewable resources to help generate their company. Instead, they are using their own
resources directed from the sun. Therefore, Apple has gained its reputation as being the leading
electronic company that operates their energy from solar panels, thus helping the Earth by saving

Environmental Justice: Selective Discrimination
What is Environmental Justice, as defined. "to improve their safety and livelihood, and to enhance
human rights by providing more equitable distributions of environmental burdens and benefits."
(Randolph 15) By my definition, environmental injustice/racism is the act of selective
discrimination, based on a society, culture or location, where the heaviest burdens of environmental
impacts are centered and focused. Environmental laws and regulations mandate just about
everything from water to air and everything in between, but the need for clarification and regulation
for the equal distribution of environmental waste and eye sores was needed. As our country
developed and shaped itself throughout the 20th century, the development of land became ... Show
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140 –– Nondiscrimination, Executive Order on Environmental Justice, DOT Order on
Environmental Justice, FHWA Order on Environmental Justice, 23 CFR 200.5 –– Title VI
Definitions, 23 CFR 200.7 et.al. –– Title VI Policy and State Responsibilities, Uniform Relocation
Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, Impacts of the Civil Rights
Restoration Act of 1987 on FHWA Programs, and the Title VI Legal Manual, US. Department of
Justice, Civil Rights Division." (FHWA 2014) As we can see there is no shortage of laws and
regulations pertaining to Environmental Justice. For example, an objective, the main one as I see it
from the former President Bill Clinton, Presidential Executive Order 12898, "provide guidance to
Federal agencies on criteria for identifying disproportionately high and adverse human health or
environmental effects on minority populations and low–income populations" (Clinton 1994) With
this in mind the focus on the need to diversify the negative significance and impacts to the
environment is key to a healthy and sustainable living environment for ALL to

Environmental Justice Analysis
Environmental justice is very ambiguous term as it denotes the need for not only environmental
sustainability but also social liberation. Regrettably, not every citizen, politician or business owner is
apprehensive about our wilting global environment. To this very day, there are scholars and
politicians that contend that climate change and global warming is the rhetorical vehicle for which
liberal propaganda can be transported. Consequently, these same leaders in their lofty positions deny
that there is any evidence of global warming and other environmental dangers by undermining the
countless research studies by acclaimed scientists. Ignorance to objective quantitative and
qualitative findings that justify theoretical claims that global warming ... Show more content on
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to launch an intensive construction plan to create this direct access pipeline. Antecedently, the
United States is attempting to capitalize in their domestic crude oil production to dissipate the cost
of importing crude oil from the middle east and other areas. Theoretically, the managerial approach
to public administration contends that public administration is a "field of business" as quoted by the
presumed Father of Public Administration, Woodrow Wilson (Rosembloom,1983). Under this
theoretical proposition of public administration, it depersonalizes citizens and concentrates on the
economic profits of subordinates. Nevertheless, rational choice theory must also be pondered.
Rational–Choice theory is a neo–economic concept that proclaims that individuals will function
within their own self–interest to achieve maximum utility (Frederickson, Smith, Larimer, & Licari,
2012). Theorist Adam Smith advocates that people will act in pursuit of their own self–interests and
that they would do so concerning the achievement of the greatest benefit for all of society
(Frederickson, Smith, Larimer, & Licari, 2012 p. 196). There is a double entendre that the late hip–
hop mogul Big Pun made that declares, "Cause if it doesn't make

The Problem Of Environmental Racism
In this paper, we are going to provide a quick overview of what environmental justice is and when
this phenomenon started to then analyze the dilemma of environmental racism in minorities'
neighborhoods. At the same time we will try to present some solutions to the matter as well as
explain if we believe that this kind of social–race problem could be addressed in a near future or it
will be ignored and forgotten by the new generations. The environmental justice movement is tightly
related to the Civil Rights act created in 1964 and the work of Dr. Martin Luther King. Many believe
that the real origin of the movement was in Warren County, North Carolina when residents protested
about a landfill placed in their county causing some serious environmental pollution. After this
event, communities around the country mainly low income, reported similar impacts in their
neighborhood and land, making everyone aware of a new wave of racial discrimination, reason
enough to get the attention of human rights activists who promptly took action and a new political
agenda was created. The environmental movement main purpose is to seek change in the abuse of
decisions made by people in power to the disproportional exposure of color people and other racial
minorities to polluted air, soil and water causing long term health effects by allowing the
construction of waste or nuclear facilities in the same segregated area were poor people are located.
Based on the description above many

Environmental Sociology And The Environmental Justice...
Environmental sociology began to emerge in conjunction with the environmental justice movement.
Environmental sociology can be defined as the study of how human societies interact with their
environment. One important individual, Dr. Robert Bullard, acted as a key person throughout the
environmental justice movement. He served as a technical advisor on civil right lawsuits and is now
a professor at Texas Southern University. Because of his research dedicated to environmental issues
pertaining the African American community, he is known as the father of environmental justice.
Under the umbrella of environmental sociology it discusses concepts such as environmental justice
and environmental inequalities. When racial and socially marginalized ... Show more content on
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This can be shown in areas that are considered fenceline communities. These are communities that
are located directly in the midst of toxic pollution. Residents who live in these communities often
accept their conditions of their surroundings and wait for disasters to happen. These disasters
include chemical spills or toxic contamination that can demolish their communities at some point.
These individuals are also put at a higher risk for possible terrorist attacks. Moreover, residents who
live nearby also suffer by having their wealth stolen through lowered property values. To show
example, in 1992 the National Law Journal found discrepancies in the way the Environmental
Protection Agency enforced its Superfund laws (Bullard & Wright 2012). In the same year
Michigan's Department of Environmental Quality signed off on permits allowing Genesee Power
Station to build an eighty million dollar incinerator for construction use. This incinerator was built
beside a predominately black low income neighborhood (Burke 2017). The residents were forced to
be exposed to particulate matter, carbon monoxide, lead, and acidic gases. Being within walking
distance from a chemical site would eventually begin to affect their quality of life and health
(National Research Council). If disasters are to take place they are often blamed on natural
occurrences. This concept tends to be pushed by corporations who do not want to own up to

Environmental Racism And Environmental Justice
Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice
Environmental Racism and Environmental justice is one of the biggest global issues that the world
has facing and dealing with and critically hits the world as a result inconsistency implementation
from the government. It has many issues that out of control and unprecedented and discriminating in
the process. the government hasn't want to stabilizing the issues and environmental discrimination,
and environmental policy making are one of the top critically impact the affect the global issues and
confronting environmental racism in our generation twenty first century.
According to Bullard, R. (2002), "despite significant improvements in environmental protection
over past several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the consideration of the problematic equation associated with environmental injustice is
not only concern of the movement. For example from the statement of Bullard, when stated about
the environmental justice practical reality, "advances environmental justice is not a social program",
nor it and affirmative action program and that ultimately the central concern of the movement is the
implementation of justice ("American Environmental Justice Movement | Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy", 2016). The statement of environmental justice, originated with a great passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title VI, which stated that the illegality of any act against the passage
that not permitted or allowed the federal government to discrimination any bases of race, color and
national origin. Nevertheless, the reality and actual practice has been differently and the global
environment issues have many conflicts that critically influence and move the world in critical
movement. (http://www.iep.utm.edu/enviro–j/#H3) As a result today there is no place in the world
have environment is protected and resistible because of intentional governmental

Environmental Justice Essay
The United States Environmental Protection Act (hereinafter referred to as EPA) defines
environmental justice as ''the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of
race, colour, national origin or income with respect to the development, implementation and
enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies'' (Bullard 2005, 4). Throughout the
world, poor people and people of colour, who have the least political power and who are the most
marginalized, are selectively victimized by environmental crises (Bullard 2005, 6). Numerous
environmental groups have been formed over time e.g. the Green Belt Movement to combat this
injustice. On the other hand, environmentalism is more concerned with protecting the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the EPA was never designed to address environmental policies that result in unfair, unjust
and inequitable outcomes. Officials of the EPA are not likely to ask questions that go to the heart of
environmental justice such as ''what groups are most affected by a specific environmental problem''
or ''why are they affected'' or ''how could the problem have been prevented''? (Bullard 2005, 29).
The environmental justice framework was adopted on September 27th, 1991 following the First
National People of Colour Environmental Leadership Summit (Bullard 2005, 21). This seventeen–
principle framework was extremely important at the time it was drawn up because it served as a
catalyst for bringing environmental protection issues to the core. The framework attempts to turn the
dominant environmental protection paradigm on its head by seeking to prevent environmental
threats before they occur. (Bullard 2005, 5). It incorporates the aims of other social movements that
seek to eliminate harmful practices in houses, health care, poverty and redlining especially for those
living in an urban ghetto or barrio (Bullard 2005, 25). Bullard states that the framework attempts to
uncover the underlying assumptions that may contribute to and produce unequal protection (Bullard
2005, 25). One of its major principles is that all individuals have a right to be protected from
environmental degradation and some of the precedents for

Robert Bullard: Environmental Racism And Environmental...
Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice
By:
Sarah Hatfield
S104293
University of the People
December 21st 2014
Term 2 2014
Robert Bullard defines environmental racism as "any policy, practice, or directive that differentially
affects or disadvantages individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color" (Bullard 98).
Racism basically creates differences in environmental quality in white and black communities.
Governmental policies and industry practices often provide benefits to the white communities while
shifting environmental costs onto people of color.
The quality of various ethnic and racial groups' life and health is often linked to the person's socio–
economic status, and that is a factor that directly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ethical implications of businesses polluting in a poorer area would be they are careless about the
environment, the people, and the future of that country. Development is the process of continuously
learning and improving to achieve a greater goal. Therefore, when a manufacturer is making
economic progress, the development would be coming up with a better way to handle the
manufacturing wastes. A responsible business can be making economic progress and handling
pollution at the same time and still be making money. It does not have to be one or the

Environmental Justice Document Analysis
Adopted on October 24–27, 1991, in Washington D.C., at the First National People of Color
Environmental Leadership Summit, seventeen principles of Environmental Justice were formed. The
document act as a blueprint for the grassroots movement. The first, fifteenth, and seventeenth
principle is respect for Mother Earth and her inhabitants. The second and fifth principle is a demand
for the fair treatment of all peoples in their participation of public policy. The third principle is the
right to use land and renewable resources for the wellbeing of the planet and its organisms. The
fourth and sixth principle calls for the elimination of all hazardous things that threaten the purity of
the planet and for those who partake in these hazards are

Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A...
Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A Distributive Model
ABSTRACT: Environmental philosophers, policy–makers and community activists who discuss
environmental justice do so almost exclusively in terms of mainstream Western distributive models
of social justice. Whether the issue is treatment of animals, human health or property, wilderness
and species preservation, pollution or environmental degradation, the prevailing and largely
unchallenged view is that the issues of environmental justice are for the most part distributive issues.
I think this wholesale framing of considerations of environmental justice solely in terms of
distribution is seriously flawed. Drawing on both ecofeminist insights into the inextricable ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The need for environmental justice
Whether it is trees, forests and forestry, unsanitary water, food production and agriculture, or
training in environmental technologies, it is often poor women and children, particularly women and
children of color in the South (or, Southern hemisphere), who suffer disproportionately the effects of
environmental degradation. (1) Because of subordinate gender roles as forest managers, it is poor
rural women and children in India who walk farther for fuelwood and fodder (e.g., an average of ten
kilometers every three or four days for an average of seven hours each time). Because it is poor
women and children who perform the water collection work in the South, it is women and children
who experience disproportionately higher health risks in the presence of unsanitary water. Each year
millions of people, primarily women and children, are affected by major illnesses acquired while
drawing water. Women farmers grow at least 59 percent of the world's food, and in some places
(e.g., parts of Africa), as much as 80 percent. Yet the gender division of labor gives women unequal
access to cash crops and their labor is often unpaid. And so–called "appropriate technologies" often
are inappropriate for women: Such

Research Proposal On Environmental Racism And...
Unit 8 Learning Assignment Research paper University of the People term 4 (2015–2016) Phil
1404: Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice May 30, 2016 Andy Stanford (Instructor)
This will be my paper research proposal on behave of the unit 8 Learning assignment as per
requested; The Brief summary of my topic will be An environmental Justice / Environmental
Racism. This ethical concern is our biggest generation issues that critically affected the human life
around the globe. To limit global warming as necessary and needed to the required labels is a big
challenge, and to avoid worst effects of climate change has many issues because of it's on Justice
and racism around the matter. Additional pay attention to the matter will be very important in my
ethical understanding. I have attached three link list in order to support my paper research. Title:
Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice: Environmental Racism and Environmental
justice is one of the biggest global issues that the world has facing and dealing with and critically
hits the world as a result inconsistency

Decolonial Environmental Justice Movement Analysis
The environmental movement to preserve and restore land has been something that has been
cultivated by the west and believed to be applied everywhere even where it is not applicable. It is
actually an incorrect approach to helping stop ecological degradation. In these previously colonized
nations, there has been a push for "decolonal environmental justice". This approach embodies the
intersectionality of the oppression of communities of color and their land; it connects environmental
degradation and political and economic inequalities. According to Reed, movements are now
becoming more intertwined, "in the context of these global movements for justice, the lines between
environmental movements and other movements have grown increasingly and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Often time's social movements are started and organized by people and communities of color, but
then these movements are co–opted by the white people. This is what decolonial environmental
justice tries to disrupt, this is a movement for the people, by the people. As previously stated,
colonialism has created these external barriers and division, one of those being race. Race was
created in the justification of colonialism, this driving force is a main proponent behind the
decolonial environmental justice movement, "Yet much remains to be done to move beyond US–
centric versions of environmentalism and to expose the racism that blinds us to the roots of
ecological devastation (39 Reed) ". By critically analyzing this, one can understand the complexity
of the intersections of race, gender and the environment. This shift from "contemporary
environmentalism" to decolonial environmental justice allows for recognition of one's place in both
privileged and oppression. Because of the representation in this movement, the decolonial
environmental justice movement, people of color, there has been a lot of mainstream backlash. This
movement is and has been criminalized by many and met with militant

The Importance Of Environmental Justice
In todays world, there are a fair share of groups with opposing viewpoints as well as mindsets,
which often leads to conflict. Certainly the forestry world has had its fare share of people in power
making decisions based on whats best for them finically or personally, and not what is best for the
community and/or forest. Deep ecology includes a large majority of the same concepts in which
they want to work towards the best interest of the forest and environment, and for the majority focus
on the fact that humans are interfering with the forest to much as it is, and it needs to be changed
(Naess, 264). Environmental justice focuses on how currently there is an elitist membership and
narrow scope in the current conventional environmental practices and tries to work towards
sustainability(Gottlieb 1993). When both of these collide they create what is knows as "Wicked
Problems", they go beyond scientific, economic, and techno–rational analysis and methods of
problem solving ( Nie 307). Hence is is difficult to know when said conflict has been solved, " We
use the term 'wicked' in a meaning akin to that of 'malignant' (in contrast to 'benign') or 'vicious'
(like a circle) or 'tricky' (like a leprechaun) or 'aggressive' (like a lion, in contrast to the docility of a
lamb)"(Rittel and Webber 1973: p. 160) Recently there has been an increase in the amount of drivers
in the modern environmental movement, some of which are resource scarcity, rise of outdoor
recreation, changing

Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental...
Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice
The goals of this environmental justice conference are stated simply: firstly, to explore whether
racial minorities and the poor are being environmentally victimized, and secondly, to evaluate public
policies that promote environmental fairness. Each speaker provided insight and information from
their respective area of expertise. Led by keynote speaker Dr. Bunyan Bryant, they drew upon the
realms of academic investigation, government and public policy, sociology, healthcare, and
philosophy to unite the environmental movement with the quest for social justice. After absorbing so
much information concerning the current state of environmental justice, one leaves the conference ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, many conferences over the years have contributed to the organization and
dissemination of information vital to the growth of the environmental justice movement. As the
movement continues to grow and hopefully breach international boundaries, Dr. Bryant emphasizes
the importance of promoting an understanding of the central issues of race, income, intent, pollution
control versus prevention, positivism and participatory research, and top–down versus bottom–up
perspectives of investigation. Overall, Dr. Bryant's talk reveals the uniting theme of the conference –
the need for public awareness and understanding of environmental issues and concerns.
Dr. Manuel Lizarralde spoke of green imperialism and the relationship of indigenous people with
the conservation of natural environments. He emphasizes the importance of encouraging knowledge
and understanding of the environmental effects of the consumerism lifestyle, as well as recognizing
the expertise of indigenous people concerning their environment. Dr. Lizarralde dispenses with the
notion of the "noble savage," instead explaining that indigenous people often do not have the
technology to cause extensive environmental damage. This should serve as a warning to those of us
inhabiting the western developed nations. Choices we make every day can degrade our own
environment, as well as that of indigenous people in the

Environmental Justice And Its Effects On The Environment
Environmental Justice
Living in a highly industrialized world that is ruled by capitalism, the concern for the environment
often takes a back seat. Individuals or companies nowadays prioritize achieving optimal profit
without putting into mind what their respective actions or productions may have an effect on the
environment. They do not realize how important the role of our environment plays in the quality of
human life. We can say that a good environment leads to a better quality life, while a bad
environment could lead to a harmful and unproductive life. Now, it becomes unfair and unjust when
the risks and costs of a company affect a certain group of people and on the opposite side of the
spectrum another group of individuals enjoy the benefits without costs. The individuals that are
affected badly are usually from Third World Countries where the distribution of risk and costs are
not even (Low and Gleeson 1999). This is where Environmental Justice comes in. Environmental
Justice mainly concerns the welfare of human beings (Low and Gleeson 1999). Talking about cities
where capitalism surges from, it has been argued that these cities are 'unfairly structured' (Low and
Gleeson 1999). Basically, what this is saying is that the wealthier you are, the better or cleaner the
environment. On the other hand, if you are poor, then the environment around you will have more
health risks. This kind of injustice or disparity is what adds fuel to the fire of environmental justice.
In

Environmental Issues Of Environmental Justice
Environmental justice is a term coined in the United States that usually deals with two different
things. One is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color,
national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of
environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature
pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the
concept of injustices carried out by energy companies, environmental injustice is still a rampant
problem in todays wide variety of social justice issues. While the prior two meanings mentioned are
the main ones, some other definitions include equitable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are seen as environmental discrimination because the companies are placing possibly toxic
facilities in these specific areas where the residents do not often have the means to fight back against
them.
Due to the results of that study, waste dumps and waste incinerators have been the target of
environmental justice lawsuits and protests. Several of the most popular Environmental Justice
lawsuits are based off of violations of civil rights laws. The first instance to use civil rights as a way
to challenge the placement of a waste–management facility was in 1979.
The Northeast Community Action Group, or NECAG, was created by African American residents in
a middle–class neighborhood in order to keep a landfill out of their home town. This group is
recognized as the first organization that found the connection between race and pollution. The
group, alongside their attorney Linda McKeever Bullard started the lawsuit Bean v. Southwestern
Waste Management, Inc., which was the first of its kind to challenge the sitting of a waste facility
under civil rights law. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which was used
many times to defend minority rights during the 1960s, has also been used in numerous
Environmental Justice cases.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is sometimes used in lawsuits that are fighting
environmental inequality. Section 601 prohibits

Environmental Justice Model
This memo presents and overview of the environmental justice movement and the importance of
economic models like hedonic valuation to control for underlying factors of discrimination. The
paper concludes with a study of the relationship between an industrial composting facility and
property values in Maple Valley, Washington.
Background
Rooted in the civil rights movement, environmental justice emerged in the 1970s before gaining
nation's attention in the early 1980s. In 1982, a nonviolent demonstration protesting a PCB landfill
in Warren County, North Carolina brought the concern of discriminatory siting to the public and
prompted further investigation.
Landmark studies on environmental justice include a 1983 report by the Government ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, total living area is positive and significant, with values increasing 0.02% per additional
square foot. Views from the property also increased value by 21%. Although not quite statistically
significant, traffic noise on the property may decrease value by 6.8%.
When calculated into distance and time groupings, the value of properties within one mile of the
facility were 21.2% higher than those further away. Across time periods, the prices of properties sold
between 2010–2014 were 14.5% lower than earlier years. This indicates a possible decreased
desirability of the area, overall, despite the booming real estate market in King County.
The independent variables only explain about 30% of the variation in sale price, making it difficult
to determine if the facility influences local property values or if $75,000 in damages is appropriate
for the residents of the area, based on the analysis above.
Considerations
Because this analysis focuses on sales of single–family properties, it does not accurately portray the
changing rental landscape or the sale of multifamily residential properties in the area. Additionally,
the focused area limited the sample

The Environmental Justice Movement Is The Confluence Of...
Delegates of the National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit once said that the
"The environmental justice movement is the confluence of three of America's greatest challenges:
the struggle against racism and poverty; the effort to preserve and improve the environment; and the
compelling need to shift social institutions from class division and environmental depletion to social
unity and global sustainability." (pg.1)
"Environmental Justice is a grassroots movement that deals with environmental burdens and their
distributional consequences" (Visgilio and Whitelaw, ix) Environmental justice emerged in the
United States in the 1960's during the civil rights movement. However, environmental justice didn't
become a national issue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will discuss why communities in the United States, who have the least political power, fewer
resources such as money, time and education and have little to no community awareness on
ecological threats, are more than likely to experience arduous environmental and health problems.
Additionally, I will explain that the main reason certain communities are not talking about these
injustices is because they don't know how much they are being affected by toxic air pollution or
water contamination. How they don't understand the neoliberal policies that encourage and allow
companies to be located near their homes, schools and children. I will then go into a case study
about Barrio Logan and the injustices the community has faced over the century. Through my case
study, I will discuss how organizations like Barrio Logan College Institute (BLCI) are extremely
important because they encourage families to become more involved with their community. Using
BLCI's coalition efforts, I will focus on ways in which activism, education and community
involvement are important when fighting against environmental injustices in Barrio Logan.
"In the United States, communities of color and low–income neighborhoods are historically the
hardest hit by pollution from industrial factories and incinerators, the illegal dumping of chemical
wastes on vacant lots, lead contamination in building materials, a lack of parklands and other

The Importance Of The Environmental Justice Act Of 2016
I urge you to support the "Environmental Justice Act of 2017" that requires the commitment of
federal agencies with environmental justice to eliminate the environmental disparity for
communities most affected. Minority and low–income communities often suffer a disproportionate
share of environmental costs that may lead to detrimental health outcomes. As a college student in
Boston, my name is Ashley Chin and I support the "Environmental Justice Act of 2017". Access to
quality healthcare, environment, and income levels are important factors in an individual's health.
Toxic waste dumps are often located in poor communities where regulating governing toxics are
weak or nonexistent. This act will help greatly help the population affected by ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As of 2014, the highest rates of adult and childhood asthma in the United States are experienced by
7.8% of the population in California, which is roughly 2,279,568 individuals. The rate of asthma
sufferers in Southeast California is especially alarming, where roughly a quarter of the residents in
Imperial County and the Salton Sea communities live in poverty. According to state public health
figures in 2015, roughly 12,000 children have been diagnosed with a chronic respiratory illness.
This toxic air pollution mix of automobile exhaust, heavy winds, use of pesticides from commercial
farms, and the area's desert heat will worsen when the Drought Contingency Plan (DCP) reduces
diversions from the Colorado River to California, Arizona, and Nevada, blocking a large portion of
the Colorado River water that flows into the Salton Sea and causing an innumerable amount of
economical issues. This legislation will empower the population in Southeastern California to
engage and take action to protect their homes, schools, and neighborhoods. Woking in solidarity, the
"Environmental Justice Act of 2017" will give people a voice in meaningful discussion about
environmental health issues to make an impactful change. The "Environmental Justice Act of 2017"
specifically points out the injustice of environmental impacts under the

Environmental Justice Personal Statement
I will do my part to ensure environmental justice for all by being educated and aware of
environmental issues and the evolving covers/ another name for racisms. I will use that knowledge
to vote for the right politicians who will focus on bettering the environment. I will do my part to
ensure environmental justice by volunteering my time to work for a local environmental group/
small grassroots movement to fight for the local community. I will use my education to spread the
awareness of the inequality and to push for equity. I will ensure my part for environmental justice by
being more environmentally friendly and to push for more sustainability and by saving the
environment, it reduces the stress on communities. I already do not eat meat because

Pezzullo Environmental Justice
1.) Pezzullo investigates in this article the strategies of environmental justice advocates in Warren
County, North Carolina. The rhetorical efforts shown by these advocates vigorously urged the state
of North Carolina to clean up a local toxic landfill caused by a truck illegally dumping oil
contaminated with PCBs in the middle of the night. 2.) To start with, Pezzullo successfully
demonstrates how citizens critically interrupt the success story narrative about environmental
activism in Warren County. Throughout the course of this reading, we see the residents of Warren
County try to come up with a new conclusion to those narratives, one of which would include
environmental cleanup. Additionally, Pezzullo presents two rhetorical tensions

Environmental Justice Is The Fair Treatment And...
Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and involvement of people of all races, national origin, or
income regarding the construction, implementation, and enforcing of environmental regulations and
policies (EPA). No single group of people should carry the full burden of pollution produced by
industry or commercial operations in their vicinity. The discourse on environmental justice cannot
proceed without mentioning environmental racism. According to the EPA, environmental racism is
the targeting of non–white communities when locating harmful facilities, where racial minorities are
not a part of the decision–making process. Environmental racism is one manifestation of
environmental injustice reinforced by economic and political institutions (Bullard, 559).
Above all, Environmental Justice has its roots in Warren County, North Carolina. In 1982,
demonstrations by community members with the NAACP in Warren County opposed the decision to
place a PCB landfill in an African American majority neighborhood. It resulted in over hundreds of
arrests but put environmental justice on national headlines. Furthermore, the protests led the United
Church of Christ to undertake a study entitled, "Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States". This
seminal study analyzed the connection between the placement of waste sites and race in the country.
It found race to be the most confounding determinant in siting hazardous waste facilities in certain
communities. Furthermore, the study

Racism In Cancer Alley
Antelope Canyon is a geographical gem in the middle of the Arizona desert. The descendants of the
Navajos care for this once very sacred land, yet 30 meters away is a fossil fuel power plant. Out of
all of the vast desert space, why did this company decide to put it on a Native American site? Could
this be because this particular region has less costs for the companies and the minorities just happen
to be there, or, would the decisions be actually based on race? While there is ostensibly minimal
proof of racism at play, with extensive research and case studies, there is evidence of patterns that
make these government decisions beyond what they actually portray themselves to be. While racism
as a whole is still an issue, there has been escalating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1987, there were "fifteen cancer victims in a two–block stretch" in an area along the Mississippi
River between Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana ("Cancer Alley, Louisiana" 2006). The
population of cancer alley is low–income and African American, and it has been reported that "19 to
47 million pounds of ethylene dichloride (EDC), a suspected human carcinogen, was discharged into
a local stream" ("Cancer Alley, Louisiana" 2006). Due to the many cancer cases, those who could
relocate did and those who did not have privilege stayed back and endured the pollution without
help from the government. Most of these citizens have little education, and even though there are
about 136 facilities on site, unemployment was high ("Cancer Alley, Louisiana" 2006). Then, a few
years later, another company planned to build a toxic complex on cancer alley and continued to do
so until 1996. Despite the complaints from the community against these entities, companies
continued to routinely place their facilities on the very same spots rather than look for an alternative.
Because they knew these people are highly disadvantaged minorities, they see no huge
complications against their landfills that they cannot simply brush off, making it a deliberate
decision to target these people of color. This indicates that African Americans are more likely to live
near industrial plants than whites, creating a resource apartheid in which blacks do not have the
same access to public health and clean natural services. Consquently, "those in poverty are subject
not just to widening income inequality, but to environmental injustices as well" (Lee,

Environmental Justice Executive Summary

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