Urethritis

Urethritis
Urethritis
What is urethritis?
Urethritis is a medical term for inflammation of the urethra, which is located at the end of the
urinary tract. The urethra is longer in males compared to females as it needs to travel down the
length of the penis. When this region of the urinary tract becomes inflamed, patients develop
burning on urination, pain, clear or purulent urethral discharge, and occasionally bleeding. Urethritis
is most commonly seen in sexually active men.
The most common cause of urethritis is infection due to Chlamydia or Gonorrhea. Urethritis is also
commonly caused by Mycoplasma genitalium. These forms of urethritis are sexually transmitted
diseases. Penile trauma is another potential but less frequently encountered cause of urethritis.
Due to the importance of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Urethritis can be prevented by using barrier contraception such as condoms.
Summary:
Urethritis is a medical term for inflammation of the urethra, which is located at the end of the
urinary tract. It is most commonly seen in sexually active men.
Patients develop burning on urination, pain, clear or purulent urethral discharge, itching, and
occasionally bleeding. Men are more likely to have symptoms than women.
There may be redness (erythema) and inflammation at the tip of the urethra. Discharge can
sometimes be expressed by "milking" the penis.
Patients with HSV infection may have pain genital ulcers or vesicles grouped together with a red
base.
In rare occasions, C. trachomatis causes a syndrome called reactive arthritis – conjunctivitis, arthritis
(typically sacroiliitis), and urethritis.
The most common organisms responsible for urethritis include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia
trachomatis, and Mycoplasma genitalium.
Urethritis is less commonly caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) or Trichomonas vaginalis
infection. All of these are sexually transmitted
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Wgu C228Coummunity Health Essay
C228 Community Health Task 2
Michelle Wall
Meningococcal disease is a disease that can be found worldwide. Meningococcal disease refers to
any disease or illness that is caused by the type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitides, also called
meningococcus (Meningococcal disease, 2015). The first documented outbreak was over two
hundred years ago in Geneva in 1805 which circulated rapidly and killed thirty three people. The
first case ever recorded in America was in 1806 in Medford, Massachusetts (Fredericks, n.d.). A
European physician, Professor A Weichselbaum, discovered the cause of the mysterious cerebro–
spinal meningitis illness in 1887 and Penicillin was the first antibiotic used to fight the disease. In
1978 the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment for infected people involve antibiotics, steroids, intensive care, and droplet precautions.
Prophylactic antibiotics are usually given to prevent the spread of the disease to those in close
contact of the infected people.
Africa has the highest incidence of meningococcal disease, tuberculosis, and malaria because of
overcrowding in many villages. There is an area in sub–Saharan Africa called the Meningitis Belt
that stretches from Senegal to Ethiopia with over 20,000 reported cases and 2,000 deaths every year
(Healthgrades editorial staff, 2015). During the dry season in Africa, from December through June,
meningitis epidemics occur with the three major areas infected being Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and
Chad. The most recent outbreak of the meningococcal disease reported in the United States occurred
as meningitis in the dorms at the University of California, Santa Barbara and Princeton University in
New Jersey in December of 2013 (Doheny, 2013). When the outbreak occurred at these two
universities it was caused from serotype B of the disease and resulted in one death. Since the current
meningococcal vaccine does not cover the serotype B bacteria the FDA allowed the use of a special
vaccine from New Zealand to treat the outbreaks (Burrell, 2015). One in five US teens have not had
their first recommended dose of meningococcal vaccine and for those who have had the first dose of
the vaccine,

Meningitis Research Paper
Meningitis – is a kind of infection or inflammation that affects the delicate membranes of the brain
and spinal cord in infected individuals.
Bacterial meningitis is fatal and contagious among people in close contact and can be caused by
several bacteria. The most common cause in children and adults are Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus), Streptococcuspneumoniae (pneumococcus) and among elderlies are Listeria
monocytogenes. These forms of infections need immediate medical attention. (1)
Figure 1: This photograph shows the graph of having meningitis on our membranes.
Viral meningitis and fungal meningitis are less severe otherwise and most people recovered
completely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was first discovered in 1805 by Vieusseux during an outbreak in Switzerland and later identified
by Anton Weichselbaum in 1887. It was given the name Neisseria intracellularis due to its
intracellular oval micrococci (3) and was placed in the Nisseria genus for its characteristics and
close relation to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It was then later named Neisseria meningitidis by
bacteriologist Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser.(4)
In 1992–1993 endemics were reported in United States and Canada, in Spain in 1995–1997 on
average of 3,000 new cases of meningitis are reported each year with only about 10–12% are fatal
and of which 30% are survivors with long–term consequences.(5) In West Africa known as the
"Meningitis Belt", 100 to 800 people in 100,000 are infected and this number can reach as high as
1,000 per 100,000. The largest outbreak reported was in Africa in 1996 with 250,000 cases recorded
and of which 25,000 deaths occurred.(6)
Meningococcal meningitis most commonly occurs in children and teens and leading cause of
bacterial meningitis in adults. The infection occurs more often in winter or spring.

Gonorrhea Research Paper
Gonorrhea is a venereal disease involving inflammatory discharge from the urethra or vagina.
Gonorrhea is most commonly known as the "clap" or "drip". It is a very contagious disease that is
mostly transferred through sexual contact with a person who is already infected. Gonorrhea is also
spread through contact with infected bodily fluid. Infected mothers can pass the venereal disease to
their infant during childbirth. Both genders are susceptible to gonorrhea. Gonorrhea is caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a bacteria that grows and multiplies easily in the
humid areas of the reproductive tract. The bacteria can develop in the cervix, uterus, and fallopian
tubes of a woman and the urethra in both men and women. Neisseria ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rocephin is the brand of the generic medication Ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin. It is
also an injectible. Side effects of Rocephin are black, tarry stools, chest pain, chills, cough,fever,
painful or difficult urination, shortness of breath, sore throat, sores, ulcers, or white spots on the lips
or in the mouth, swollen glands, unusual bleeding or bruising, and unusual tiredness or weakness.
Adverse effects are stomach cramps, bleeding gums, bloody nose, convulsions, dark urine, bloody
diarrhea, hot flashes, hives, joint inflammation, rashes, vomiting blood, and unpleasant breath odor
just to name a few. Precautions for this medicine are when using this medication, tell your doctor or
pharmacist your medical history, especially of: gallbladder disease, kidney disease, liver disease,
stomach/intestinal diseases. Do not give any products by vein that contain calcium to a newborn less
than 1 month old who is receiving this medication. By doing this you can cause serious problems in
vital organs. Ceftriaxone may cause live bacterial vaccines not to work. Do not have any
vaccinations while using this medication without the consent of your doctor. Before having surgery,
tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant before
using this medication. This medication passes into breast milk in small amounts and is

The Vaccination
It begins as minor flu symptoms. But then things seem to never get any better. As symptoms become
more severe, a person is advised to go see a doctor. It turns out the individual did not have the flu. It
was something far worse, something more treacherous, something more contagious, something
chilling, something life–threatening. This disease is known as bacterial meningitis. It is possibly a
college student's worst nightmare, and a disease that students should be well informed about. But
while the bacterial infection is rather rare, it's also terminal, killing 10 to 12 percent of those it
infects, sometimes within hours. The disease attacks and closes up major organs and prevents blood
from circulating to limbs, causing tissue to die. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why not also ensure they are paying for a safe environment by imposing this proposal. No
university would want their public safety to be questionable when students are making the tough
decision on whether or not to attend. Though the disease has no general region to be transmitted,
next year a school such as A&M may be passed up by students due to the incident with Williams. An
opposer to this view may complain that the Meningococcal vaccination does not protect students
from all strains of meningitis, but this is the case with every vaccination. The vaccination is created
to protect society from the most common strain of the disease, and the overall rarity of these
diseases only calls for the single vaccination of this strain.
Another importance of this proposal is personal safety. As nature proves, only the strong survive.
Meaning, one must put themselves first as far as safety when matters such as this arise. When the
subject of meningitis is brought up to most college students, by the end of the conversation the
person fears the disease as though it were serial killer on the loose. This is not necessary, as it is
made so easy now–a–days to go and receive vaccination. Another possible complaint made by
opposers, is that a person may be allergic to chemicals within the vaccination, so why put
themselves at risk? On average it is quite uncommon for someone to have an allergic reaction to the
vaccination. If someone did have a reaction the symptoms

My First Day As A Nurse
Today is officially the first day of my nursing career, this is the day I have been looking forward to
for years. Recently, I received a position as an emergency room nurse which has been my desire for
as long as I can remember. The pace and the unpredictability are the factors that drew me into this
field of nursing and finally, I can experience it as a registered nurse. I hear the familiar sounds of the
ambulance approaching getting louder with every second, I can feel my heart thumping in my chest
and perspiration develops on the palms of my hands. I know this patient will be my first case. I
quickly grab a trauma gown and some gloves and head out to meet the ambulance.
The paramedic looks at me wide–eyed and begins to tell me the backstory of this patient as he
unloads the gurney from the ambulance. He states urgently, "Female, 15, conscious, has a fever of
over 40 degrees, complaining of a stiff neck and headache, rash (purpura) on her trunk and lower
extremities, she vomited in the field and according to her parents was lethargic and confused." (2)
The terrified parents scramble out of the ambulance and follow their daughter inside; my mind is
instantly flooded with the possibilities, we transfer her into a trauma room to examine her more
closely and find a purple blotchy rash over her trunk, legs and spreading to her neck. Dr. Williams
and I look at each other grimly, we both know what is going on with this patient. There has been a
recent outbreak of meningitis

The Gonorrhea Disease
Gonorrhea, one of the fastest growing STDs with almost 400,000 new cases per year in the U.S., is a
common bacterial illness that is transmitted sexually and perinatally (CDC, 2016). The disease
primarily affects the mucous membranes of the lower genital tract, but can also reach the rectum,
oropharynx, and the conjunctivae (Tan et al., 2008). Mucous membranes, rich in mucous glands,
line body passages and cavities, and within men, this includes the urethra, while within women, it
includes the vagina (Miriam–Webster Dictionary, 2017). Currently, there is a working antibiotic for
the bacteria, though early recognition is required for its use, and at the moment, a vaccine is being
worked on for the disease (Kollar et al., 2005). For men, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The infection primarily affects the mucous membranes of the lower genital tract, and less frequently,
those of the rectum, oropharynx, and the conjunctivae (Tan et al., 2008). Currently, there is no way
to fully prepare for gonorrhea besides being careful, but scientists are working on a vaccine that the
population could take at a young age to build a defense against the bacteria (Kollar et al., 2005).
However, the difficulty in designing this drug is in the bacteria's methods of resistance. Neisseria
gonorrhoeae can change both its phenotype and genotype, and it can produce its own antigens,
making it difficult for one antibiotic to target and destroy all types of the bacteria (Kollar et al.,

Neisseria Meningitis Research Paper
STRUCTURE AND MODE OF REPLICATION: Neisseria meningitidis is the bacterium that
causes the disease Meningococcal meningitis and septicemia. This bacterium is described as being
gram–negative with a diplococci structure, meaning that there is very little to no peptidoglycan in its
cell wall and is made up of many spherical–shaped bacteria pushed against each other. Neisseria
meningitidis is an immobile bacterium and is transferred between people through direct contact . It
is also described as being an aerobic bacterium, meaning that it is capable of using oxygen for
energy . (Samantha Bingen, 2008).
Neisseria meningitis is a common inhabitant of the human nasopharynx that can cross the epithelial
barrier to enter the blood stream. Whilst ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Common symptoms that occur for both types include, fever, nausea, lack of energy, tiredness,
confusion or disorientation, dizziness, irritability or agitation or a sore throat. Meningococcal
meningitis symptoms include back ache, stiff or painful neck, sensitivity to light, twitching or
convulsions, as well as a combination of common symptoms. Meningococcal septicemia symptoms
include fever with cold hands and feet, cold shivers, pain in muscles or joints, chest or abdomen
pain, pale grey or blotchy skin, rapid breathing, diarrhea or a rash. The rash that is caused by
Meningococcal septicemia is very distinctive. It first starts as either a spot, scratch, mark, blister, a
faint pink rash or as red or purple pin pricks. It then progresses to the distinctive purple bruising.
This distinctive rash can be a critical symptom of deadly septicemia and so it is therefore important
not to wait until the rash appears before seeking medical treatment (Meningococcal Australia,

Meningococcal Disease Is a Severe and Deadly Disease that...
Meningococcemia
I. Introduction
A. Meningococcemia– an acute and potentially life–threatening infection of the bloodstream that
can cause many symptoms in a person caused by a bacteria
B. Thesis Statement: Meningococcal Disease is a severe and deadly disease that affects a portion of
people resulting in severe complications; however, with immediate medical attention and patient
effort one can treat the infection and possibly be avoided
II. Etiology
A. Transmission of meningococcal bacteria
i. Meningococcal is a bacteria that can be transmitted from person to person through droplets. Which
starts of in the nasopharnx and makes its way to the bloodstream. This can affect the rest of the
organs of the body.
III. Pathopysiology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Etiology Meningococcemia is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis. This bacteria
usually has sporadic or epidemic incidences in late winter or spring where a person is more likely to
take in the pathogen through droplet transmission. Meningococcemia can be spread from person to
person from kissing to living in close quarters like dorms. Humans who come in close contact with
secretions or droplets of the pathogen, usually house the bacteria in the nasopharynx. Neisseria
meningitidis can stay in the upper respiratory tract for a few days to several months. After the
bacteria made its way to the nasopharynx, the meningococcus attaches to the fimbriae which causes
an asymptomatic colonization to most people. About ten percent of people have this type of bacteria
in the back of their nose and throat with no signs or symptoms of disease making it easier to pass
along. However if the person gets sick more easily, this bacteria can enter into the blood vessels
without much trouble causing damages to the epithelium causing more complications as well
(Talaro & Chess, 2012). The characteristic property of meningococci is to release an irregular bulge
of outer membrane vesicles which are rich in endotoxin. The endotoxin is part of the outer
membrane that plays an important part in releasing large quantities of

Disadvantages Of Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea are fastidious gram–negative, facultative, intracellular and typically appear in pairs
(diplococci), in the shape of coffee beans. Among various species of Neisseria that colonize humans,
only N. gonorrhoeae is clinically important responsible for transmission through sexual contact
(Elias J et al., 2011).They are non–motile, aerobic, capnophilic, non–sporulating, possess pilli to
adhere the surfaces of mucous membrane of warm blooded hosts (Janda Wet et al., 2007). The type
IV pili (Biais N et al., 2008) operate mechanically similar to a grappling hook, which extend and
attach to a substrate that signals the pilus to retract, dragging the cell forward. N. gonorrhoeae are
able to pull 100,000 times their own weight, and it has been claimed that the pili used to do so is the
strongest biological motor. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Porin channels (porA, porB) in the outer membrane play key role in virulence of bacterial.
Gonococcal strains with porA may have natural resistance to normal human serum and an increased
capacity to invade epithelial cells; Gonococci attach to the host mucosal cells and enter within 24–
48 hours through the subepithelial space. A typical host response is characterised by invasion with
neutrophils, followed by epithelial sloughing, formation of submucosal micro abscesses, purulent
discharge and if left untreated, macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration replaces the neutrophils.
Some gonococcal strains causes an asymptomatic infection, leading to an asymptomatic carrier state
in persons of both sex (Brian Wong,

Meningococcal Disease Treatments and Vaccines Essay
Meningococcal Disease Treatments and Vaccines
Meningococcal disease is a large concern in the medical field because it is unbiased towards the
patients it infects. There has been limited success in trying to eliminate this disease. Antibiotics play
a role in helping to treat patients with bacterial meningitis, and steroids have been tested to help
reduce risk factors. Prevention has also become a key issue because meningitis can only be spread
through direct contact with infected body fluid. The best prevention is to maintain clean hygiene.
Vaccines are another way of preventing disease. However, there are multiple serogroups of
meningitis that makes creating a universal vaccine extremely difficult. So far, there have only been
two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even one drop of nasal fluid can be enough to make another person ill if the drop of fluid makes
contact. This disease is easily spread through direct and indirect contact, whether it is through
kissing or sharing eating utensils. The easiest way to protect against meningitis is to stay away from
infected people and not to share utensils or other personal objects with other people. Also, good
hygiene is extremely
2
important, and it is advisable to always wash hands after use in restrooms or before eating, as this
will reduce the chance of contracting the disease. (Hirsch 22). Monitoring social activities is also
another way of preventing the spread of meningitis. A study has shown a specific correlation
between the number of meningococcal disease and college students who rave and go clubbing.
These close contact areas are the breeding grounds for all different diseases, and meningococcal
disease is one of the more prominent causes of illness in these college students (Pollard 2). With
education from schools and public health officials, the public would be more aware of how to
prevent a meningococcal disease epidemic from starting, and would help to reduce the number of
deaths a year within a large community. Chemoprophylaxis, or prevention through use of drugs and
food supplements, is a possibility, but usually it is best to use the tips above because drugs and such
do not guarantee complete protection.
Antibiotics play a significant role in treating patients who have

The Pathophysiology Of Bacterial Meningitis
1. Explain the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meninges and the CFS. The introduction of
antimicrobial therapy has had a manifest result on the progress of the prognosis. The introduction of
the vaccine against Haemophilus influenza type B, Hib vaccine and streptococcus pneumoniae has
steered to huge changes in the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. The inflammatory response to
the infection tends to increase CSF production with a moderate increase in ICP. In bacterial
meningitis, organism also gain entry by direct contact implantation after penetrating wounds, skull
fractures that provide an opening into the skin or sinuses. Some procedure such as lumbar puncture,
surgical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neisseria meningitidis remain the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children between 3
months and 10 years of age despite appropriate treatment. In children older than 1 month and less
than 3 months, group B streptococci and gram negative bacilli was the most frequent pathogen
causing bacterial meningitis (Nigrovic, Kupperman, and Malley, 2008) Variety of agents can cause
bacterial meningitis. Since the introduction of new vaccine (Hib and PCV7), the pathogens
responsible have changed. Presently, S. pneumaniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the leading
cause of bacterial meningitis in children between 3 months and 19 years of age and Neisseria
meningitidis is the leading cause in children between 10 and 19 years. The causative pathogen
differs in children between 1 and 3 months. The leading cause of neonatal meningitis is group B
streptococci about 39% and gram negative bacilli 32% (Nigrovic, Kupperman, and Malley, 2008)
3. What are the possible complications of bacterial meningitis, including the differences between
meningococcal disease and meningococcemia?
The most common complications bacterial meningitis is increased inter cranial pressure (ICP). Most
patients will have increased ICP and it is the major cause of an altered

Mencouccal Meningitis Research Paper
5 Important Things to Know About Meningococcal Meningitis
Meningococcal Meningitis is a serious illness that infects the thin lining, which encircles the spinal
cord and brain. It could also affect the bloodstream (bacteremia or septicemia). It is a bacterial form
of meningitis that spreads through transmission of respiratory droplets, such as coughing, sneezing,
spiting, and kissing. This could only affect humans as no animal has been reported of the condition.
The bacteria can be carried through the throat at certain situations.
The Epidemic
Back in early 2010, there has been massive campaigns for preventive immunization. World Health
Organization accounted for an estimated 80–85% of Group A meningococcus. All of these cases
were found in the epidemic belt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be treated. We mentioned earlier that there is a vaccine available for this type of disease.
Nevertheless, antibiotics are also known to treat this illness. WHO said that a range of antibiotics are
available and can cure the bacterial infection. These antibiotics include ceftriaxone, ampicillin,
penicillin, and chloramphenicol. Meningococcal Meningitis can be fatal – that's why it should be
treated as an emergency all the time. A person who's suffering the symptoms should be admitted to a
hospital but isolation is not that necessary. As soon as antibiotics are available, it should be given to
the infected person immediately.
This disease happens in little clusters throughout the world. The danger lies in being exposed to the
very micro organism that causes it. Adults and kids who have a recent infection in the upper
respiratory tract should also take better caution. Health organizations continue to promote various
strategies to prepare people, prevent the disease, and treat the illness. Travellers and generally
everyone, should be aware of this condition. Be sure not to take any symptoms stated lightly. As
much as possible, consult your local physician whenever you feel ill and

Meningitis : Causes And Effects
Meningitis occurs when the meninges (a thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord) shows
inflammation (swelling). The meninges consist of three layers. They are the dura, arachnoid, and
pia. The inflammation is caused by an infection that has penetrated the cerebrospinal fluid that
surrounds the brain and spinal cord. When this occurs the brain is now venerable to attack by
bacteria, viruses, and others. As a result of these attack, the brain could have sustained damage
which cannot be repaired. The inflammation in an enclosed space such as inside the skull or spinal
also damages or kills healthy cells. There are five different types of meningitis. Those five types are
viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and non–infectious. Viral and bacterial are the two most common
type of meningitis. This paper is about one type of bacterial meningitis called meningococcal
meningitis. Meningococcal meningitis is caused by a Neisseria meningitides also called
meningococcus, which is a bacterium. Meningococcal meningitis is terminal if left untreated it can
cause severe brain damage and about half of the time death would occur but with proper treatment
potential and severe complications or even death could still be the outcome. Analyzing the etiology,
transmission, symptoms, diagnosing, treatment, and prevention of meningococcal meningitis.
Neisseria meningitidis is the bacterium that causes meningococcal meningitis. Neisseria
meningitidis has 12 serogroups; A, B C, D, X, Y,

Recurrent Bacterial Meningitis
Recurrent bacterial meningitis is a relatively rare condition. The estimated incidence is 4–9% of
patients with community–acquired bacterial meningitis. Recurrent cases are often associated with
craniopharyngeal structural damage caused by previous trauma, surgical procedure, or
immunocompromised state.1 Strongyloides stercoralis is an enteric nematode with the ability to
replicate within the host (autoinfection) and can cause chronic infection for many years. Impaired
cellular immunity of the host, especially a result of steroids, chemotherapeutic agents, organ
transplantation, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or human T–lymphotropic virus type 1
(HTLV–1) infection, facilitates the process of autoinfection and increases the burden of filariform

Sexually Transmitted Disease, Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is one of many highly contagious sexually transmitted infections caused by the bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram–negative intracellular diplococcus. These infectious bacteria can
spread through sexual contact and intercourse, as well as transmission during childbirth from mother
to fetus. This specific bacterium likes to grow in warm, moist areas of the body. They can multiply
very fast and infect the mucous membranes. Gonorrhea is said to infect an approximate 820,000
people in the United States annually. This genus is motile and can stick to surfaces and make it easy
to contract. This bacterium contains Opa proteins. Opa proteins in this genus bind to receptors in the
immune system. This action makes it possible to prevent an immune response. The infection, N.
gonorrhea is not able to develop memory cells against its own kind, meaning it can alter the bodies
response the next time around as it was never treated or infected. This later makes it possible to
infect the same person.
Gonorrhea can be caught through sexual contact and intercourse. Some forms of transmission are
vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, as well as oral intercourse and can sometimes infect the eyes.
Not everyone experiences signs and symptoms of gonorrhea, when infected or during the course of
infection, therefore making the chances of one knowing you have been infected rather difficult. This
can potentially lead to more serious effects such as infertility, pelvic inflammatory

Neisseria Gonorrhea Research Paper
Characteristics of Neisseria Gonorrhea There are many types of pathogens classified as sexually
transmitted infections such as chlamydia, genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and gonorrhea. These
pathogens are generally spread by sexual contact. The bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhea is a well–
known pathogen or STI that can quickly populate and mutate. In order to better understand how this
type of bacteria can be spread, we must first understand its general characteristics, pathogenic
factors, means of transmission, symptoms, and treatments. Neisseria Gonorrhea are infectious
bacterium characterized as gram–negative cocci. These cocci are so small they measure in
micrometers expressed by the symbol µm. If seen through a microscope they appear to be seen ...
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Your healthcare provider will perform the appropriate testing and examinations to determine what
treatment is best. There are many strains of Neisseria gonorrhea. The current treatment for infections
are administration of antibiotics. According to an article posted by the (MayoClinic,2014) the Center
for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the following medications for treatment; an
antibiotic cerfriaxone (Rocephin) which is administered by injection,in combination with either
azithromycin (Zithromax,Zmax) or doxycycline (Monodox, Oracea,Vibramycin) both antibiotics are
taken orally. Further research has discovered that when using both oral gemifloxacin and the
injection gentamicin is highly affective into treating gonorrhea. Infection should be taken serious for
both partners; although there may be no present symptoms, treatment should still be administered.
Newborns that are infected should be treated immediately; medication is placed in their eyes after
birth to prevent any type of infection entering into babies eyes. Babies are also treated with
antibiotics. In conclusion, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a bacterium that can rapidly spread by any
sexual contact. Gonorrhoeae can be highly dangerous if left untreated, may cause infections and in
some cases infertility among both females and males. It's recommend if a person is infected that

Treatment Of A Sexually Transmitted Disease
An 18–year old female has been diagnosed as having a sexually transmitted disease due to Neisseria
gonorrhoea; Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria called Neisseria
gonorrhoeae or gonococcus. Gonorrhoea is pathogenic bacterial type of infection.Itis a rather
common infectious bacterium that can grow and rapidly multiply in the mucous membranes, in
areas such as the mouth, throat and anus of males as well as females. Cervix, fallopian tubes and the
uterus of the female reproductive tract are also to be infected. An estimated of 650,000 people are
affected by gonorrhoea per year.
The bacteria are mainly found in discharge from the penis and vaginal fluid from infected men and
women and can be passed through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both sexes experience sore throat in oral infections if they are not asymptomatic. However, this
response is most commonly mistaken as a viral sore throat.
Describing the clinical presentation of this infection& health and safety issues when diagnosing the
infection in the microbiology laboratory
The recommended method for testing for gonorrhoea is nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT).
NAAT is a molecular test designed to detect the DNA (genetic material) of Neisseria gonorrhoea.
This tests is also more specific than other gonorrhoea tests
A sample of cells will be diagnosed by your doctor to determine the presence of gonorrhoea in your
body. Samples can either be collected by urine tests (helps with identification of bacteria in the
urethra), also a swab from the affected area (which removes the need for pelvic exam for women). A
swab of your urethra, throat, rectum or vagina may collect bacteria that can be identified in a
laboratory.
The collecting of a sample from the urethra, the anus, the cervix or the rectum may cause mild
discomfort or pain. A minority of women feel slight cramping while the speculum is inside the
vagina. Collecting of urine sample usually does not cause discomfort.
Having a sample of fluid collected from the cervix, the urethra, the anus, the eye or the throat
causes/is at very little risk. Women may experience a small amount of bleeding from the vagina if a
sample

Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhea and affects humans, especially
during sexual intercourse. The reservoir for gonorrhea are the male and female reproductive tract, it
can also be found in other area of the body including urethra, mouth, eyes and anus. Men who
shows no symptoms of urethritis can develop complications later in life and have a higher reservoir
rate for the bacteria. Gonorrhea can be transmitted through sexual intercourse through the penis,
vagina, mouth, or anus. Furthermore, gonorrhea can also be acquired by the baby from the mother
during the delivery of the baby. In addition, re–infection of gonorrhea can occur especially in
individual who was previously treated for gonorrhea when they are re–exposed

Taking a Look at N. Meningitidis
N. meningitidis and the diseases that it is responsible for are diagnosed by blood samples or a spinal
tap to retrieve cerebrospinal fluid samples. Since the bacteria grows fastidious and is oxidase
positive, it is preferred to grow it on a blood agar plate or a chocolate agar plate at temperatures
ranging from 35–37 degrees Celsius. It can be identified using the Kovac's oxidase test and if a
positive result is found it should be followed with a carbohydrate utilization test. If this too shows
N.meningitidis then a serological test should be performed to determine which strain is present. The
strains of A, B, C, Y and W135 are the only known associated with humans and disease. Strain B is
a weaker form and does not generate an adequate immune response therefore natural infection is
capable of generating some immunity. It is also important in the lab testing of N. meningitidis to
remember that the bacteria is capable of fermenting maltose in cultures which would set it apart
from N. gonorrhoeae. It is imperative to utilize the Biosafety Level 2 to prevent contamination in lab
workers. Most strains and diseases caused by N. meningitidis are treated with the administration of
intravenous penicillin in a natural form. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin or rifampin as well as
Chloramphenicol in children are used in treatment. It is also advised that anyone who may be
exposed to the disease be treated with prophylactic treatment in order to prevent secondary
infections. The treatment

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted contamination that has been known not resulting to medieval
times. The exact time when gonorrhea began can't be found. Most auspicious records of the pain are
found from 1611 when the English parliament embraced a law to guarantee that the spread of the
sullying is diminished and controlled. This demonstrates the measure of the general wellbeing issue
this spoiling had acted then. Regardless, and, in light of present circumstances the clarification
behind the illness was unknown.This was trailed by a relative law in 1256 in France amidst the
standard of Louis IX. The side effects of the spoiling were watched when the crusaders lay attack of
Acre. After the Pope Boniface secularized the showing of pharmaceutical,

Gonorrhea Is The Second Most Prevalent Sexually...
Gonorrhea is the second most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in the world (Unemo 2011).
Throughout time this disease has prevailed against different antibiotic defenses. This evolutionary
advantage has allowed gonorrhea to continue its survival and transmission into different hosts.
Understanding what causes the disease is important because what causes the symptoms in
gonorrhea–infectected hosts can explain why this disease is successful. Taking a look at the
evolutionary history in gonorrhea is the first step in understanding the nature of this disease.
Phylogenetic trees are a useful tool in looking at individuals (Hill et al. 2016). Knowing this, we can
look at the evolutionary history of that particular bacteria, and discover how it has evolved.
Phylogeny can trace closely related bacterial species to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. From this, we can
discover characteristics that have been derived in gonorrhea that differ from the common ancestor of
the bacterial species. N. menigitidis and N. lactamica are the closely the evolutionary history of
diseases. The bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae was primarily found within infected related bacterial
species to N. gonorrhoeae (Bennett 2007). Each pathogen is known to effect humans. Since N.
gonorrhoeae have uniformity, the closely related species help to sort out and identify these strains
using multilocus sequence typing (Bennett 2007). The uniformity in the strains of gonorrhea suggest
they have a fitness that is

Neisseria Meningitidis Research Paper
Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus, is a human pathogen that causes severe
infections in the menings that surround the brain and spinal cord. There is a 50% fatality rate if the
infections are not treated on time. (1)
(2)N.meningitidis belongs to the family Neisseriaceae. When it was first being identified in 1887,
the scientists found Neisseria meningitidis as a fastidious, encapsulated, non–spore forming, non–
motile, non acid–fast aerobic gram–negative diplococcus bacterium. It appears in kidney bean shape
under the microscope and it is 0.5–1 micrometer in size. The bacteria need an environment with
about 5% CO2 for normal growth. The preferred incubation temperature is around 35–37°C. The
capsule that N. Meningitidis has is not only an important virulence factor, but also is used to
distinguish the twelve serogroups of the pathogen. Each serogroup possesses different pathogenicity,
immunogenicity, and epidemic capabilities. Four of the serotypes (A, B, C, and W–135) are
responsible for most of the epidemics in the world. Serotype A is most commonly seen in Africa and
Asia; whereas Serotype B can be mostly found in America. ... Show more content on
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About 10 to 25% of the human population carry N.meningitidis in their respiratory system at any
time yet only few develop meningococcal disease. As one of the contagious bacteria, N.
Meningitidis are transmitted through direct contact with infectious droplets of respiratory secretions
from carriers. The pathogen can get spread by having close and prolonged contact (e.g. kissing,
sharing eating or drinking) with the carriers. Incubation period is between two to ten days and
invasive infections can happen within 14 days after acquisition. Meningococcal diseases have the
highest incidence during late winter and early

Gonorrhoeae Essay
Signs and symptoms of Neisseria gonorrhoeae vary between men and women. It is also possible for
individuals not to experience any symptoms when testing positive for gonorrhea. Symptoms differ
depending on the area infected (urinary tract, uterus, mouth, throat, eyes, or anus). Men who do
show signs of the disease might feel a burning sensation upon urinating, discharge coming from the
penis, or less commonly, puffy or aching testicles. Similarly, women may experience painful
urination, vaginal discharge, or bleeding between menstrual cycles. Indications of gonorrhea in the
rectum might include discomfort, bleeding, itching, rectal discharge or uncomfortable bowel
movements.
It is very possible that these symptoms are the result of a virulent strain of N. gonorrhoeae since it is
a contagious sexually transmitted disease (STD). The disease alone is treatable and not fatal, but if
left untreated can increase your chances of contracting human ... Show more content on
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This disease, however, has gradually gained resistance to each new treatment that has been
developed. Today, gonorrhea is alleviated with dual treatment. The Center for Disease Control's
STD treatment guidelines recommend cephalosporins (cefixime or ceftriaxone) in addition to either
azithromycin or doxycycline. The effectiveness of cephalosporins, however, might soon be
vulnerable as well. A reason why the bacterium has become resistant to previous antibiotics is due to
unnecessary prescriptions or incorrect recommended doses/ duration. Additionally, resistant strains
of bacteria have more than likely been spread from person to person. Today, the bacterium is not
currently susceptible because trends of decreasing treatment susceptibility have been modified by an
increase in recommended dose by the CDC or, in the most current case, a modification into dual
therapy

Gonorrhea, also spelled gonorrhoea, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium
Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Testing all women who are sexually active and less than 25 years of age each
year as well as those with new sexual partners is recommended.
Signs and symptoms
Half of women with gonorrhea do not have symptoms, whereas others have vaginal discharge, lower
abdominal pain, or pain with sexual intercourse associated with inflammation of the uterine cervix.
Men and women can acquire gonorrhea of the throat from performing oral sex on an infected
partner, usually a male partner. Such infection does not produce symptoms in 90% of cases, and
produces a sore throat in the remaining 10%. In advanced cases, gonorrhea may cause a general ...
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However, It became replaced by Protargol. Arthur Eichengrün invented this type of colloidal silver,
which was marketed by Bayer from 1897 on. The silver–based treatment was used until the first
antibiotics came into use in the 1940s.
The exact time of onset of gonorrhea as prevalent disease or epidemic cannot be accurately
determined from the historical record. One of the first reliable notations occurs in the Acts of the
Parliament. In 1161, this body passed a law to reduce the spread of "...the perilous infirmity of
burning". The symptoms described are consistent with, but not diagnostic of, gonorrhea. A similar
decree was passed by Louis IX in France in 1256, replacing regulation with banishment. Similar
symptoms were noted at the siege of Acre by Crusaders.
Coincidental to, or dependent on, the appearance of a gonorrhea epidemic, several changes occurred
in European medieval society. Cities hired public health doctors to treat afflicted patients without
right of refusal. Pope Boniface rescinded the requirement that physicians complete studies for the
lower orders of the Catholic

Meningitis In College Essay
"She thought it was just the flu. We all did. But she didn't seem to be getting any better. Her parents
made her go see a doctor, which was a good thing. It turns out she didn't have the flu. It was
something much worse. Something more dangerous, something more contagious, something life–
threatening, something scary," said my friend Ashley. I was on the phone with her talking about her
roommate at Elizabethtown College. It turns out that her roommate, Jocelyn has been diagnosed
with Meningitis.
Meningitis is a dangerous infection that can cause the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord to
swell. There are two types of Meningitis. The most common type of Meningitis is caused by a virus.
Viral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The infection can also be spread through oral secretion. Kissing, coughing, sharing makeup, sharing
utensils, and drinking out of the same straw as an infected person are all ways that The majority of
outbreaks occur in the winter and spring when school is in session. One–third of all Bacterial
Meningitis outbreaks between 1991 and 1996 occurred in schools or universities.
Symptoms of meningitis are similar to those of the flu and are therefore easy to overlook. People
with meningitis complain of symptoms such as headaches, fevers, stiff necks, extreme fatigue,
nausea, vomiting and extreme sensitivity to light. Some people develop a rash. Meningitis, if left
untreated can spread quickly. It can spread throughout your entire body, and eventually lead to death
within mere days, hours, of getting infected. It is important to seek treatment as soon as you think
you might have Meningitis.
3,000 Americans contract Bacterial Meningitis each year. Out of those 3,000, about 10 %, or 300
people, die from the infection. Approximately 125 of these cases occur on college campuses across
the country. Out of these campus outbreaks, there is an annual average of 10 student deaths.
It

The Epidemic Of Meningitis Epidemic
The first recorded Meningitis epidemic occurred in Geneva in 1805, and shortly afterward several
other outbreaks in Europe and the United States were recorded as well. Then, thirty–five years later,
the first outbreak in Africa was recorded. The African Meningitis outbreaks became much more
common in the 20th century. News Medical stated that "The first major epidemic was reported in
Nigeria and Ghana from 1905–1908." In the earliest reports, large numbers of people died from this
disease. The first evidence found that linked Meningitis with a bacterial infection was written by
Anton Vaykeslbaum, an Austrian bacteriologist, in 1887. This discovery led to many other people
conducting research of their own, and "organisms causing Meningitis were identified in the later
19th century including: Streptococcus, Neisseria Meningitidis, and Haemophilus Influenzae"
(History).
More symptoms of the condition were found by the end of the 19th century. Russian physician
Vladimir Kernig (1840–1971) described the symptoms of Meningitis in 1884, and in 1899, Polish
physician Jozef Brudzinski (1874–1917) conducted more research to expand on Kernig's findings.
"The signs of the disease were thus called Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign in 1882 and 1909
respectively. By the second half of the 20th century influenza viruses A and B, adenovirus were
found to be linked to Meningitis as well". In 1968, after more research on the matter, AA
Smorodintsev found evidence that showed that "there are

Thesis Statement For Meningitis Diseas
The discovery of Meningitis Diseas is one of the greatest acheivements of a scientist . Meningitis
Diseas is either infectious (contangious) or noninfectious. Infectious Meningitis is classified as
viral,bacterial,fungal and parasitic causing infections.
C. Thesis Statement:
Meningitis Diseas is a very rare infection of the brain
D. Credibility Statement:
1. I was a survivor of Meningitis Diseas. 2. I've been diagnosed for almost half a year when I was
six
.
E. Preview of Main Points:
I. First i will discuss a the meaning of Meningitis Diseas.
II. Second is what are the types of Meningitis Diseas.
III. Third and last is their causes and symptoms.
II. Meningitisn Diseas is a relatively rare infection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is an acute inflamation of the protictive membrane in the brain and spinal cored, known
collectively as the Meninges.
B. The inflammation can be cause by infection within the viruses, bacterias or orther micro
organism or even drugs.
C. It can be life–threatining because the inflammation is in the brain and spinal cord.
III. Types of Meningitis Diseas
A. Viral Meningitis or aseptic meningitis are the most common type of meningitis. It is rarely fatal
and usually resolve treatement.
B. Batecrial Meningitis is a severe and consederes a potential Medical Emergency. It is untreated, it
is fatal and can cause serious longterm complications bacause it can progress rapidly.
C. Fungal Meningitis developes in patrients with condition in their immune sysytem.
D. Parasitic Meningitis it is common in undeveloping country it is cause by parasites.

IV. Causes and symptoms of Meningites Diseas
A. Viral Meningitis
Causes non–polio enterovirusis, measles viruses, mumps viruses, Epstein Barr viruses, Influenza
viruses, arboviruses(through mosquitos and o her insects) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
Its symptoms are fever , irritability,poor eating, sleepiness or trouble waking up from sleep and
lethergy (lack of

According to the Centers for Disease Control and...
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, meningitis is the inflammation of the
meninges and affects the brain and spinal cord. There are five types of meningitis: viral, bacterial,
fungal, parasitic, and non–infectious meningitis. The symptoms are somewhat similar, though the
causes and recommended treatments differ. Bacterial meningitis is the most contagious type of
meningitis. All types of meningitis can be very debilitating to your health if not treated promptly
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). According to Krysta Peterson, bacterial
meningitis was first discovered in Switzerland in 1805 by Gaspard Vieusseux. The bacterium was
first identified as Neisseria intracellularis by Anton ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most people that come in contact with someone that has viral meningitis and gets infected with it do
not get meningitis, but the virus that led them to develop meningitis. Young children and people
with a weak immunity are more likely to contract viral meningitis. "Fungal meningitis is rare and
usually the result of spread of a fungus through blood to the spinal cord." It is usually caused by the
fungus Cryptococcus and it is not contagious. Fungi that can cause meningitis usually enter through
the mouth or nose from breathing or ingesting contaminated soil. It most frequently occurs in people
with weakened immune systems. Parasitic meningitis is caused by Naegleria fowleri, which causes
primary amebic meningoencephalitis, a very unusual form of parasitic meningitis. Naegleria fowleri
is most commonly known as the "brain eating amoeba." "The parasite enters the body through the
nose and is caused by the microscopic amoeba Naegleria fowleri. This parasite is most commonly
found in freshwater environments such as lakes and is most common in the southern part of the
United States. This parasite is not contracted by ingesting water that contains the parasite. It is not
contagious, yet anyone could be infected with it. Noninfectious meningitis is most common in
people with weakened immune systems and it is not contagious. It can be

Meningitis Is A Dangerous Bacterial Infection
Meningococcal Meningitis is a dangerous bacterial infection that has taken the lives of many people
since it has been discovered. This particular form of meningitis can be detected by symptoms that
someone experiences and can also sometimes be treated. There are now methods of prevention in
order to try to avoid outbreaks from occurring. This blood borne pathogen is extremely dangerous
and can greatly damage someone's life.
"The particular form of meningitis called Meningococcal Meningitis is an infection that affects the
brain and the spinal cord" (Meningococcal meningitis, 2015). "There is a thin lining that surrounds
the brain and when Meningococcal Meningitis is present then this lining is affected"
(Meningococcal meningitis, 2015). This infection is considered so dangerous because both the
spinal cord and the brain are extremely important parts of the human body. "Meningococcal
meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis, a serious infection of the meninges that affects the brain
membrane. It can cause severe brain damage and is fatal in 50% of cases if untreated"
(Meningococcal meningitis, 2015). As stated, the brain damage that can occur due to the bacteria
can cause death in the worst cases. "There are different kinds of bacteria that can be the cause of
meningitis but Neisseria Meningitidis has the largest chance of causing a big epidemic"
(Meningococcal Disease, 2015).
Meningococcal Meningitis can be transmitted to another individual. "The bacteria are

Illness Narrative: Lafayette College
Illness Narrative
Lafayette College policy requires all the freshmen living in college dormitories to receive
vaccination against meningococcal disease. Since the meningitis immunization is not an establish
practice in my home country Georgia, Lafayette administration proposed to conduct the vaccination
in the United States, in its affiliated health center Bailey's. Like most international students, I
received meningitis B vaccination on the second day of my arrival on campus.
My upper arm and shoulder started aching the following day when I had a great trouble using my
right hand to open the door, crawling on my bed which was too high to jump on and even changing
the clothes. I complained a little with my parents on the phone, but concluded

Meningitis Case Studies
1.0 Background/Causes:
A fatal microbial disease, commonly known as Meningococcal meningitis, can be scientifically
referred to as any illness caused by the infectious Neisseria meningitidis bacteria. (SEE APPENDIX
3.0) The highest extended disease rate is located within the belt of sub–Saharan Africa, stretching
within twenty–six countries from Senegal to Ethiopia. The infectious Meningococcal bacterium are
transmitted through person to person contact; spread by exchanging respiratory and throat
secretions, such as saliva or mucus, during intimate or neighbouring contact. These bacteria do not
hold any animal reservoir and can only be transmitted from humans. Approximately one in ten
people unknowingly have the bacteria living harmlessly and ... Show more content on
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In order to be infested with Neisseria meningitidis, close prolonged contact from one person to the
other must be present from anywhere between a two and ten day incubation period. (World Health
Organisation, 2015.) Most of the consistently occurring symptoms of the disease include sensitivity
to light, heavy breathing, cold chills and shivers, confusion, blood rashes, headaches, vomiting, high
fevers and a stiff neck. (SEE APPENDIX 2.0) Initial diagnosis of Meningococcal meningitis is
made by a clinical examination, and can be confirmed by growing the bacteria in specimens of
spinal fluid or blood by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Although in most cases the disease is
recognised during early stages, adequate treatment leads to the death of 5–10% of patients typically
after twenty –four to forty–eight hours of experiencing symptoms. (World Health Organisation,
2015.) In serious cases, this bacterial meningitis can result in learning disabilities, hearing loss or
severe damage to the blood stream, brain and spinal cord. Severe brain damage and blood poisoning
can lead to a traumatic death, whilst serious spinal cord injuries leave victims paralysed. This affects
approximately 10–20% of all survivors. (Disease Control,

Essay on Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Introduction
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease
(STD) gonorrhea. This Gram–negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or
experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection
occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the
1980's gonorrhea was also referred to as "the clap" when public awareness was quite minimal. This
was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved,
there has been a decline ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the gonococci gain entrance into the mucous membranes of these areas, they target columnar
non–ciliated epithelial cells. Neisseria gonorrhoeae uses a type IV pilus (twitches, forms bundles
and able to take up DNA) to anchor itself at the infection site. The pilE gene has been found to be
the main factor for adherence to epithelial cells. In a study, missense mutations of the pilE gene
revealed altered fiber morphology. PilE mutants had a defect in filament assembly, hence, less
adherence to human epithelial cells. In a wild type sample there are significant interconnections of
cells, then compared to a sample with a missense PilE polypeptide, we can see reduced
interconnections of the cells and filamentous structure. These defects only are expressed when the
pilT gene is activated. Spread
Spread occurs via oral, vaginal, and anal sexual contact through the routes of penis–vagina, penis–
mouth, penis–anus, mouth–vagina, and mouth–anus. During childbirth, infants contract the infection
in the birth canal resulting in bilateral conjunctivitis. Intimate contact is required to infect another
person, therefore, the myth of contracting the disease by toilet seats is a myth.
Multiplication
Replication of gonococci begin with the adherence to non–ciliated cells resulting in death triggered
by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Once the ciliary beat is impaired, the bacteria cannot be cleared
from the mucosal

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Research Paper
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a fastidious Gram–negative cocci that require nutrient supplementation to
grow in laboratory cultures, they grow on chocolate agar with carbon dioxide (www.wikipedia.com,
2016). A German physician by the name of Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser subsequently
undertook research on a skin infection called leprosy, which lead him to later discover syphilis and
gonorrhea. The bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae became known in 1879 after Neisser identified the
coffee bean shaped diplococci bacteria that he thought were a new species and possibly the cause of
leprosy (www.Deadscientistoftheweek.com, 2016). At the time there was confusion about the
identities of syphilis and gonorrhea on whether or not they were the same disease, however,
Neisser's research and discovery helped differentiate the two.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, (gonococci or gonococcus), is known for gonorrhea, the most common
sexually transmitted infection in the world today. In women it usually affects the urethra and
endocervix and the mucous membranes of the urethra in males; however, gonorrhea can also affect
the mucous membranes of the rectum, pharynx, and conjunctiva causing inflammation. When the
bacterium attaches, it produces lipopolysachharide endotoxin. The bacterium ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the most common signs and symptoms of gonorrhea include but are not limited to painful
urination, inflamed testicles, and yellow or green discharge in men; and vaginal discharge, bleeding
between menstruals, and burning or inflammation in the vaginal area in women. However,
symptoms may not be visible in females for up to 30 days whereas in males signs are shown within
2–5 days of being infected. Fortunately, gonorrhea can be treated with penicillin or ceftriaxone,
prevention can be done by wearing condoms, remaining abstinent, and consistently being

Essay about Neisseria Gonorrheae Bacteria
The scientific name for the bacterium gonorrhea is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococci
or gonococcus. It is a species of gram–negative spherical–shaped diplococci bacteria that is
responsible for this disease. It is usually seen in pairs with neighboring sides flattened.
The organism is usually found in the cell in a particular category of white blood cells with various
shapes of nuclei, of the gonorrhea pustule exudates with humans as its only natural host.
N. gonorrhoeae is highly efficient in using transferrin–bound iron for in vitro growth. Many strains
can also utilize iron. The bacteria bind only to human proteins carrying iron. This specificity is
thought to be the reason these bacteria are exclusively human ... Show more content on
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Not every person infected with gonorrhea acquires symptoms, so knowing when to seek treatment
can be tricky. When symptoms do occur, they are often within two to 10 days after exposure, but
they can take up to 30 days to develop. Gonorrhea symptoms in women include: greenish yellow or
whitish discharge from the vagina, lower abdominal or pelvic pain, burning when urinating,
conjunctivitis (red, itchy eyes), bleeding between periods, spotting after intercourse, swelling of the
vulva, burning in the throat and swollen glands in the throat (due to oral sex). Symptoms in men
include: greenish yellow or whitish discharge from the penis, burning when urinating, painful or
swollen testicles, burning in the throat and swollen glands in the throat (due to oral sex). In men,
symptoms usually appear two to 14 days after infection. The transmission of Gonorrhea is strictly
direct contact, most commonly transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.
Transmission of this contagious sexual disease also includes having direct contact with infected
bodily fluids. For example, a mother could pass on the infection to her newborn during childbirth.
Gonorrhea is an infection of the reproductive system in either women or men. The invading
pathogen enters the body through the spaces

The Causes Of Bacterial Meningitis Worldwide
Neisseria meningitidis has been around for hundreds of years and has been one of the major causes
of bacterial meningitis worldwide. This non endospore forming diplococcus, aerobic, gram negative
bacterial pathogen is exclusive only to humans and is a challenge worldwide. Over 500,000 cases
occur each year which makes it in the top ten infectious cause of death worldwide [7]. Physical and
mental side effects are often a permanent outcome for patient that survive Neisseria meningitidis.
Neisseria meningitidis is located in the back of the nose or throat in around 1 to 10, which show no
signs of disease transient microbiota. When a patient that carries this bacterium, but doesn 't show
any signs, is know as a asymptomatic carrier. When traveling to Hajj, a pilgrimage to Mecca, a
vaccination must be proven. Medical conditions such as myeloma, alcoholism, renal disease,
chronic lymphocytic leukemia and splenectomy increases congenital deficiencies of
immunoglobulins, which predisposes the patient to being susceptible to Neisseria meningitidis.
Large outbreaks of this bacterium can occur when the combination of clonal and increased
transmission occur. Abnormalities in bactericidal activity of human sera is another characteristic in a
humans that make them more susceptible to the bacterium [7]. To predispose a patient to the
bacterium is the absence of bactericidal antibodies (an antibody that kills the bacterial agent), the
presence of blocking antibodies (an antibody that

Spinal Meningitis Essay
Meningitis is an infection of the fluid of a person's spinal cord and fluid that surrounds a person's
brain. It is sometimes referred to as Spinal Meningitis. It's usually caused by either a bacterial or
viral infection. As you read through this paper you will learn how Meningitis is transmitted, its
symptoms, its effects, and even the incidences it has caused.
The common symptoms of anyone over two years old is high fever, headache, and stiff neck.
Symptoms can develop over several hours or even one to two days. Other symptoms include
vomiting, nausea, confusion, sleepiness, and discomfort looking at bright lights. As for newborns
and small infants, the classical symptoms may be difficult to detect or ... Show more content on
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Ten to fifteen percent of cases are fatal. Ten to fifteen percent of patients who recover have
permanent hearing loss, mental retardation, loss of limbs, brain damage, or learning disability in ten
to twenty percent of survivors. (WHO, 2004) The groups at risk for this disease include the general
population, infants and young children, refugees, household contacts of case patients, military
recruits, college freshmen who live in dormitories, people exposed to firsthand and secondhand
smoke, and microbiologists who work with isolates of Neisseria Meningitidis. (CDC, 2004)
In 1887, the causative agent Neisseria Meningitidis, the meningococcus, was identified. Because of
its potential to cause epidemics, Neisseria Meningitidis is one of the most important types. In 1805,
when Meningococcal disease was first described, an outbreak swept through Geneva, Switzerland.
Twelve subtypes of Neisseria Meningitidis have been identified. Four of them have been recognized
to cause epidemics. Those four are: A, B, C, and W135. The capabilities differ of the pathogenicity,
immunogenicity, and epidemic according to the serogroup. Thus it is crucial to the identification of
the serogroup responsible for epidemic containment. (WHO, 2004)
The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is suspected by the clinical presentation and a lumbar
puncture showing a purulent spinal

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, commonly known as gonorrhea, is a gram–negative bacteria found in the
family Neisseriaceae. This proteobacteria does not form spores, cannot move (have no flagellum),
are encapsulated in a bacterial capsule, and are non–acid fast. They are diplococci, found in pairs of
round kidney–bean shaped bacteria. They are small, smooth and colourless with flattened sides.
These obligate aerobes need oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other nutrient supplementation (usually
chocolate agar) to survive. They produce the enzyme β–lactamase, allowing N. gonorrhoeae to resist
certain antibiotics. There are 70 known strains of N. gonorrhoeae, and they produce colonies after
18–24 hours of incubation.
All victims of N. gonorrhoaeae are human. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In females, the organs most affected are the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and urethra. In males, the
organs most affected are the testicles and penis. Gonorrhoea is also commonly found in the anus and
rectum, the mouth and throat, and the eyes.
Infected people take a dose of antibiotics (often a dose of two antibiotics at once) to cure
gonorrheoea. As gonorrhoeae becomes much more antibiotic resistant, the treatment options become
much more limited, meaning even those who can properly diagnose their symptoms are at risk for
debilitating

Ethical And Legal Responsibilities Of The Paramedic During...
This paper is about identifying the pre–hospital use of Benzylpenicillin and identifying the evidence
behind its use. It will also look and compare dugs used for treating meningococcal disease and
discuss the evidence for and against these drugs and see which one promotes the best recovery.
Finally this paper will discuss professional, ethical and legal responsibilities of the paramedic in
administering antibiotics pre–hospital for meningococcal disease.
Benzylpenicillin is a broad spectrum antibiotic. The pre–hospital indication to use the drug are
suspected meningococcal disease with the presence of a non–blanching rash and signs and
symptoms suggestive of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. (Fisher, J 2013)
Studies suggest that by the time an ambulance is called, the patient is normally late stage
septicaemia and have most likely already sought help from GP earlier in the day. The patients
symptoms can initially present similar to influenza, so meningitis can often get missed. (Nursing
Times, 2014)
Pre–hospital use of Benzylpenicillin
There is limited evidence for the pre–hospital use of Benzylpenicillin. Using medical search
engines/databases including PubMed & prehospitalresearch.eu, searching for adults,
Benzylpenicillin & pre–hospital bought back very limited appropriate articles. One study found
showing the use of Benzylpenicillin pre–hospital came back quite disappointing. The number of
cases audited was low and the majority of the information was

Urethritis

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Urethritis