3. Fiber Optic Communications
Use high carrier frequencies (∼100 THz)
Also known as Lightwave systems
Guided and unguided lightwave systems
Guided systems use fiber optics as the guiding medium
4. Historical perspective of communication technologies
•Advent in 1830
•Used Morse Code of dots
and dashes
•First transatlantic telegraph
cable in 1866
•Bit rate ~ 10 b/s
•Invented in 1876
•Analog transmission
•Used two copper wires as
the transmitting media
•First coaxial system in 1940
•3 MHz Bandwidth
•300 voice channels or a
single TV channel
•Losses increase when used
for frequencies higher than
10 MHz
•More advanced coaxial
systems operate at 274 Mb/s
•Repeater spacing ~ 1Km
•Frequency dependent
losses of coaxial cable led to
Microwave communications
•1-10 GHz
•Used AM, FM or PM
•First microwave system in
1948
•Larger repeater spacing
•Low bit rate
•The demand for High bit
rate and bandwidth led to
optical communication
•Laser invented in 1960
•Optical fibers suggested in
1966
•1960s fiber loss ~ 1000
dB/Km
•1970 fiber loss ~ 20 dB/Km
•First system in 1980 (USA)
8. Analog Vs Digital Signals
Bit: Binary Digit
TB : Bit Slot
Bit Rate = 1/TB
Example: ASCII code
Δf = Bandwidth of the signal
determined by Fourier
transform
9. Analog to digital conversion
Sampling theorem: a bandwidth-limited signal
can be fully represented by discrete samples,
without any loss of information, provided that
the sampling frequency fs satisfies the Nyquist
criterion fs ≥ 2Δf
M Discrete Intervals (M >Amax/AN)
Quantization noise
Dynamic range (Amax/AN)
SNR: Signal to noise ratio
10. Quantized to Digital conversion techniques
Pulse-position modulation, pulse position within the bit slot is a measure of the sampled
value (rarely used)
Pulse-duration modulation, the pulse width is varied from bit to bit in accordance with
the sampled value (rarely used)
Pulse-code modulation (PCM), A binary code is used to convert each sampled value into
a string of 1 and 0 bits
11. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
The number of bits m needed to code each sample is related to the number of quantized
signal levels M by the relation
M = 2m or m = log2M
The bit rate associated with the PCM digital signal is thus given by
B = mfs ≥ (2Δf )log2M
where fs ≥ 2Δf
M > Amax/AN
log2M = (log210)(log10M)=3.33(log10 (Amax/AN))=(3.33/20)SNR=(1/6)SNR
B> (2Δf )log2M B> (Δf/3 )SNR
12. Example
The analog audio signal contains frequencies in the range 0.3–3.4 kHz and has a SNR of
about 30 dB. Sampling rate is 8 kHz and each sample is represented by 8 bits.
What is the minimum bandwidth requirement to transmit this signal?
What is the bit rate for this transmission?