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Chapter 6 Lecture Notes.pptx
1. Societies and Their Transformation (1 of 2)
6.1 Summarize the main characteristics of these types of societies: hunting and gathering, pastoral and
horticultural, agricultural, industrial, postindustrial, and biotech.
• Hunting and Gathering Societies
• Pastoral and Horticultural Societies
• Agricultural Societies
• Industrial Societies
• Postindustrial (Information) Societies
• Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of Society Emerging?
2. Societies and Their Transformation (2 of 2)
As society—the largest
and most complex type of
group—changes, so, too,
do the groups, activities,
and, ultimately, the type
of people who form that
society. What social
changes can you identify
from this photo?
3. Hunting and Gathering Societies
• Few social divisions
• Little inequality
• A shaman
4. Figure 6.1 The Social Transformation of
Society
Flow chart showing the types of societies emerging with each social revolution.
Source: By the author.
5. Pastoral and Horticultural Societies
• Domestication
• Pasturing animals
• Using hand tools: Horticulture
• Division of labor
• Increase in possessions decrease in equality
6. Figure 6.2 Consequences of Animal
Domestication and Plant Cultivation
Flow chart showing the societal changes
occurring as a result of the animal and plant
domestication of the first social revolution.
Source: By the author.
7. Agricultural Societies
• Invention of the plow
• Large-scale agrarian activities
• Greater division of labor
• Greater increase in possessions more inequality
8. Industrial Societies
• Invention of the steam engine
• “Industrial Revolution”
• Solidified division of labor
• Even greater increase in possessions
• Initially, very few workers’ rights
• Ultimately, more workers’ rights and less inequality
9. Postindustrial (Information) Societies
• Invention of the microchip
• Built on information
• Nothing actually “produced” (but services)
• Softening division of labor
10. Biotech Societies
• Initiated (possibly) by significant developments
• Identification of DNA double helix
• Decoding of the human genome
• Application
• Production of new foods, medicines, and materials
brought about by the ability to modify genetic
structures
11. Groups within Society
6.2 Discuss the main characteristics of primary groups, secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups,
reference groups, and social networks.
• Primary Groups
• Secondary Groups
• In-Groups and Out-Groups
• Reference Groups
• Social Networks
12. Not a Group: Aggregates and Categories
• Aggregate: Individuals temporarily sharing the same
physical space (e.g., shoppers waiting in a checkout
line)
• Category: People who share similar characteristics (e.g.,
all college men who wear glasses)
13. Primary Groups (1 of 2)
• Characterized by intimate face-to-face association and
cooperation
• Family and Friends
• Produce a mirror within - form part of the
perspective from which you look out onto the world
14. Primary Groups (2 of 2)
Primary groups such as the
family play a key role in the
development of the self. As
a small group, the family
also serves as a buffer from
the often-threatening larger
group known as society. The
family has been of primary
significance in forming the
basic orientations of this
couple, as it will be for
their daughter.
15. Secondary Groups
• Larger, formal, and impersonal
• Based on shared interests or activities
• Examples: College classes, clubs, political parties
• May subdivide into primary groups
16. In-Groups and Out-groups
• In-groups
• We feel loyalty
• They shape our perception of right and wrong
• We think of them as “Us”
• Out-groups
• We feel antagonism
• We think of them as “Them”
17. Reference Groups
• Family, neighbors, teachers, classmates
• Groups we refer to when we evaluate ourselves
18. Social Networks (1 of 3)
• Social network
• People linked to one another
• Six degrees of separation
19. Social Networks (2 of 3)
The smallest part of social
networks is our friends and
acquaintances, the people we
hang out with. This part of
our social networks overlaps
with and forms a core part of
our reference groups. Can you
see how the reference groups
and social networks of these
youths are not likely to lead
them to the same social
destination as the youths in
the next photo?
20. Social Networks (3 of 3)
Can you see how the
reference groups and
social networks of these
youths are not likely to
lead them to the same
social destination as the
youths in the previous
photo?
21. Group Dynamics (1 of 2)
6.3 Be familiar with the effects of group size on stability, intimacy, attitudes, and behavior; the types and styles of
leaders; the Asch experiment on peer pressure; the Milgram experiment on authority; and the implications of groupthink.
• Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy
• Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior
• Leadership
22. Group Dynamics (2 of 2)
• The power of peer pressure
• The Asch experiment
• The power of authority
• The Milgram experiment
• Global consequences of group dynamics
• Groupthink
23. Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy
(1 of 2)
• Dyad: Two people
• Triad: Three people
• Stability
• Coalitions
• More group members more stability, but less intimacy
24. Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy
(2 of 2)
Group size has a significant
influence on how people
interact. When a group
changes from a dyad (two
people) to a triad (three
people), the relationships
among the participants
undergo a shift. How do you
think the birth of this child
will change the relationship
between the mother and
father?
25. Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and
Behavior
• Increase in size increases formality
• Increase in size diffuses responsibility
26. Figure 6.3 The Effects of Group Size on
Relationships
Diagrams showing
the increase in
the number of
relationships as
group size grows.
28. The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch
Experiment
• Conformity
• Experiment in which respondents often conformed to
a group of strangers
29. Figure 6.4 Asch’s Cards
The cards used by Solomon Asch in his classic experiment
on group conformity
30. The Power of Authority: The Milgram
Experiment
• How People “Just Follow Orders”
• Experiment in which respondents continued even
though they thought they were administering severe
shocks
31. Global Consequences of Group
Dynamics: Groupthink
• Groupthink
• Collective tunnel vision
Editor's Notes
"The flow chart shows the following steps:
• Hunting and gathering society
• The First Social Revolution: Domestication (of plants and animals)
o Horticultural society
o Pastoral society
• The Second Social Revolution: Agricultural (invention of the plow)
o Agricultural society
• The Third Social Revolution: Industrial (invention of the steam engine)
o Industrial society
• The Fourth Social Revolution: Information (invention of the microchip)
o Postindustrial (information) society
• (Emerging) The Fifth Social Revolution, question mark: Biotech (decoding of human genome system?)
o Biotech society?
"
"The steps in the flowchart are as follows:
o Animal husbandry and Plant cultivation
o More dependable food supply
o Food surplus
o Larger human groups
o Division of labor
o Trade
o Accumulation of objects
o Feuds and wars
o Slavery
o Accumulation of objects, Feuds and wars, and Slavery leading to “Social inequalities as some people accumulate more.”
o Inherited wealth
o Concentrated wealth and power
o Changes in types of leadership.
"
"The details of the figure are as follows:
• A dyad represented by a straight line connecting A and B, depicting one relationship.
• A triad represented by a triangle connecting A, B, and C, depicting three relationships.
• A Group of Four represented by a rhombus connecting A, B, C, and D, with each member connected to the other by a straight line, depicting six relationships.
• A Group of Five represented by a pentagon, with alphabets A to E, with each member connected to other by a straight line, depicting ten relationships.
• A Group of Six represented by a hexagon, with alphabets A to F, with each member connected to the other by a straight line, depicting fifteen relationships.
• A Group of Seven represented by a heptagon, with alphabets A to G, with each member connected to the other by a straight line, depicting twenty-one relationships.
"
