Chapter 15 Lecture Notes.pptx

Micropolitics and Macropolitics
15.1 Distinguish between micropolitics and micropolitics.
• Micropolitics
• Everyday-life power
• Macropolitics
• Large-scale power

Power, Authority, and Violence
15.2 Contrast power, authority, and violence; compare traditional, rational–legal, and charismatic authority;
explain authority as an ideal type.
• Authority and Legitimate Violence
• Traditional Authority
• Rational-Legal Authority
• Charismatic Authority
• Authority as Ideal Type
• The Transfer of Authority

Authority and Legitimate Violence
• The collapse of authority
• The monopoly of violence
• The Revolution

Traditional Authority
For centuries, widows in
the Mediterranean
countries, such as this
widow in Italy, were
expected to dress in black
and to mourn for their
husbands the rest of their
lives. Widows conformed
to this expression of
lifetime sorrow not
because of law, but
because of custom. As
industrialization erodes
traditional authority,
fewer widows follow this
practice.

Rational–Legal Authority
• Reasonable laws
• Written and agreed upon
• Bureaucratic authority

Charismatic Authority
One of the best examples
of charismatic authority is
Joan of Arc, a teenager
who changed the history of
France. This engraving
from the 1800s shows her
liberating Orleans from the
British in 1429.

Authority as Ideal Type
Charismatic authorities can
be of any morality, from the
saintly to the most bitterly
evil. Like Joan of Arc, Adolf
Hitler attracted throngs of
people, providing the stuff
of dreams and arousing
them from disillusionment
to hope. Hitler's speeches
mesmerized Germans,
building enthusiastic
support for his bellicose
policies.

The Transfer of Authority
• The orderly transfer of authority from one leader to
another
• The transfer of one type of authority to another type of
authority
• Routinization of charisma

Types of Government
15.3 Compare monarchies, democracies, dictatorships, and oligarchies.
• Monarchies: The Rise of the State
• Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary Idea
• Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure of Power

Monarchies: The Rise of the State
• City-states and the king and queen
• The gain of regions through war

Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary
Idea
Democracy (or
“democratization”) is a
global social
movement. People all
over the world yearn
for the freedoms that
are taken for granted in
the Western
democracies. Shown
here are tribesmen
voting in the
Philippines.

Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure of
Power
• Individual and small group power
• Vary in control
• Totalitarianism

The U.S. Political System
15.4 Compare the U.S. political system with other democratic systems; discuss voting patterns, lobbyists, and P
ACs.
• Political Parties and Elections
• Contrast with Democratic Systems in Europe
• Voting Patterns
• Lobbyists and Special-Interest Groups

Figure 15.1 Which Political Party Dominates?
A U.S. map showing party dominance per state.
Note: Domination by a political party does not refer to votes for president or Congress. This social map is based on
the composition of the states' upper and lower houses. When different parties dominate a state's houses, the total
number of legislators was used. In Nebraska, where no parties are designated, the percentage vote for president was
the determining factor.
Source: By the author. Based on Book of the States 2016:Table 3.3.

Polling and Predictions (1 of 2)
Even many Trump
supporters were
surprised that Trump
won, while Clinton
supporters were
devastated. How
could the polls have
gotten it so wrong?

Polling and Predictions (2 of 2)
Although the
Democrats and the
Republicans
represent slightly
different slices of the
center, those
differences arouse
extreme loyalties and
emotions, pandered
to by both parties.

Contrast with Democratic Systems
in Europe
• Distinctions between the U.S. and Europe
• Elections in most of Europe are not winner-take-all
• European countries, in contrast, base their elections
on a system of proportional representation
• Proportional representation encourages minority
parties, while the winner-take-all system discourages
them
• Europe encourages the formation of noncentrist
parties
• United States has centrist parties

Voting Patterns (1 of 6)
Table 15.1 Who Votes for Presidents?
Blank
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
OVERALL
Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank
Americans Who Voted 57% 61% 54% 55% 58% 58% 57% 61%
Age
18–20 33% 39% 31% 28% 41% 41% 35% 39%
21–24 46% 46% 33% 35% 43% 47% 40% 46%
25-34 48% 53% 43% 44% 47% 49% 46% 53%
35-44 61% 64% 55% 55% 57% 55% 53% 60%
45-64 68% 70% 64% 64% 67% 65% 63% 65%
65 and older 69% 70% 67% 68% 69% 68% 70% 68%

Table 15.1 [continued]
Blank
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
Sex
Male 56% 60% 53% 53% 56% 56% 54% 59%
Female 58% 62% 56% 56% 60% 60% 59% 63%
Race-Ethnicity
Whites 64% 70% 56% 56% 60% 60% 58% 65%
African Americans 55% 59% 51% 54% 56% 61% 62% 60%
Asian Americans NA 54% NA 25% 30% 32% 31% 49%
Latinos 48% 52% 27% 28% 28% 32% 32% 48%

Blank
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
Education
Some high school 41% 41% 34% 34% 35% 34% 32% 34%
High school graduate 55% 58% 49% 49% 52% 51% 49% 52%
Some college 65% 69% 61% 60% 66% 65% 62% 63%
College graduate 78% 81% 73% 72% 74% 73% 72% 74%
Marital Status
Married NA NA 66% 67% 71% 70% 63% 69%
Divorced NA NA 50% 53% 58% 59% 56% 59%
Labor Force
Employed 58% 64% 55% 56% 60% 60% 59% 64%
Unemployed 39% 46% 37% 35% 46% 49% 46% 50%

Blank
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
Income super 1
Under $20,000 NA NA NA NA 48% 52% 48% 38%
$20,000 to $30,000 NA NA NA NA 58% 56% 56% 52%
$30,000 to $40,000 NA NA NA NA 62% 62% 58% 59%
$40,000 to $50,000 NA NA NA NA 69% 65% 63% 62%
$50,000 to $75,000 NA NA NA NA 72% 71% 68% 68%
$75,000 to $100,000 NA NA NA NA 78% 76% 74% 71%
More than $100,000 NA NA NA NA 81% 92% 79% 78%
Sources: By the author. Based on Casper and Bass 1998; Jamieson et al. 2002; Holder 2006; Current Population
Survey: Voting and Registration Supplement, 2012; Statistical Abstract of the United States 1991:Table 450;
1997:Table 462; 2014:Table 418; U.S. Census Bureau 2017b:Tables 1, 5, 6, 7, 9
primary source changed the income categories in 2004, making the data from earlier presidential election years
incompatible.
1
Income
1
The

Cultural Diversity in the United States The Politics
of Immigrants: Power, Ethnicity, and Social Class
This photo from the early
1900s in Ellis Island, New
York, shows a customs
official attaching labels
on the coats of a family
of immigrants from
Germany. After their
background information
(city of origin, birth
dates, and occupation)
are recorded, they will
be inspected for signs of
disease.

Table 15.2 How the Two-Party Presidential Vote Is Split
Blank
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
Women
Democrat 50% 61% 65% 56% 53% 57% 55% 54%
Republican 50% 39% 35% 44% 47% 43% 44% 41%
Men
Democrat 44% 55% 51% 47% 46% 52% 45% 41%
Republican 56% 45% 49% 53% 54% 48% 52% 52%
African Americans
Democrat 92% 94% 99% 92% 90% 99% 93% 89%
Republican 8% 6% 1% 8% 10% 1% 6% 8%

Blank
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
Whites
Democrat 41% 53% 54% 46% 42% 44% 39% 37%
Republican 59% 47% 46% 54% 58% 56% 59% 57%
Latinos
Democrat NA NA NA 61% 58% 66% 71% 66%
Republican NA NA NA 39% 42% 34% 27% 28%
Asian Americans
Democrat NA NA NA 62% 77% 62% 73% 65%
Republican NA NA NA 38% 23% 38% 26% 27%
Note: The 2016 election results are based on exit polls.
Sources: By the author. Based on Gallup Poll 2008; Roper Center 2013; Statistical Abstract 1999:Table 464; 2002:
Table 372; 2014:Table 423; CNN exit polls 2017.

Lobbyists and Special-Interest Groups
• Lobbying by special interest groups
• The money

Who Rules the United States
15.5 Compare the functionalist (pluralist) and conflict (power elite) perspectives of U.S. power.
• The Functionalist Perspective: Pluralism
• The Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite
• Which View Is Right?

The Functionalist Perspective: Pluralism
• The basic needs of the group
• Pluralism uses checks and balances to prevent any one
person from gaining control over the government

Figure 15.2 Power in the United States:
The Model Proposed by C. Wright Mills
The Power Elite pyramid.
Source: By the author. Based on Mills 1956.

Which View Is Right?
• Overwhelming evidence points to the wealthy and
business groups being a major influence on U.S. policy
• These are unsettling results

War and Terrorism: Implementing Political Objectives
15.6 Distinguish between war and terrorism; explain how common war is, why countries go to war, the role of
profits, and the costs of war.
• Is War Universal?
• How Common is War?
• Why Countries Go to War
• The War Machine and the Profits of War
• Costs of War
• A Special Cost of War: Dehumanization

Is War Universal?
• War is one option for dealing with disagreements
• Others handle disagreements with nonviolent
procedures
• Still others do not even have a name for war

How Common Is War?
Few want to say that we honor
war and killing, but we do. The
centrality of war and killing in
the teaching of history and the
honoring of the patriots who
founded a country are two
indications. A third is the display
of past weapons in parks and
museums. A fourth is the
monuments that commemorate
wars and battles. Discarded
weapons, as with this M48 U.S.
Army tank in Hue, Vietnam,
sometimes become children's
playthings

Why Countries Go to War
• Three conditions
• An antagonistic situation in which two or more states
confront incompatible objectives
• A cultural tradition of war
• A “fuel” that heats the antagonistic situation to a
boiling point
• Objectives
• The seven fuels
• Power, unity, revenge, prestige, leader, ethnicity,
beliefs

The War Machine and the Profits of War
(1 of 2)
• The production and distribution of war goods
• The propaganda of war
• War for profit

The War Machine and the Profits of War
(2 of 2)
The business of death—
making money from killing—is
one impetus to war. Who
makes money from
manufacturing and selling
this M-16 and its ammunition?
The slaughter from this
weapon, a favorite of rebels
and armies, puts profits in
someone’s pockets. This
photo was taken in
Michoacan, Mexico.

Costs of War (1 of 2)
Table 15.3 What U.S. Wars Cost
Conflict Cost
American Revolution $2,407,000,000
War of 1812 $1,553,000,000
Mexican War $2,376,000,000
Civil War $79,742,000,000
Spanish-American War $9,034,000,000
World War 1
$334,000,000,000
World War 2
$4,104,000,000,000
Korean War $341,000,000,000
World War I
World War II

Costs of War (2 of 2)
Conflict Cost
Vietnam War $738,000,000,000
Gulf War $102,000,000,000
Iraq War $784,000,000,000
Afghanistan $321,000,000,000
Total $6,820,000,000,000
Note: These totals are in 2011 dollars. Not included are veterans’ benefits, which run about $110
billion a year; interest payments on war loans; and the annual budget of the military, currently
about $575 billion a year. Nor are these costs reduced by the financial benefits to the United States,
such as the acquisition of California, Arizona, and New Mexico during the Mexican War. The military
costs for the numerous U.S. involvements in “small” clashes, such as the Barbary Coast War of 1801–
1805 and others more recently in Grenada, Panama, Somalia, Haiti, and Kosovo are not listed in the
sources.
Sources: Daggett 2010:Table 1; Statistical Abstract 2017:Table 497.

A Special Cost of War: Dehumanization
This photo was taken in
1937 during the Nanking
Massacre, also known as
the Rape of Nanking. The
text explains how killing
contests became sporting
events.

Terrorism
The weaker side of
confrontational forces
sometimes turns to
terrorism as a way to
express their grievances
and goals. This photo
was taken after a
suicide bomber ran his
motorcycle into a car in
Peshawar, Pakistan.

Down-to-Earth Sociology Who Are the Suicide
Terrorists? Testing Your Stereotypes
This woman, Ahlam
Tamimi, is unlikely to
match your stereotype of
a suicide terrorist. She is
serving 16 life sentences
in an Israeli prison for
her involvement in a
terrorist attack in
Jerusalem.

Down-to-Earth Sociology Child Soldiers
Boy soldiers in Uganda.

Sowing the Seeds of Future Violence (1 of 2)
• Selling war technology
• Alignments and disalignments

Sowing the Seeds of Future Violence (2 of 2)
Table 15.4 Making Money from War: The Business of Death
The Top 10 Arms Sellers
1. United States $47.2 billion
2. Russia $33.2 billion
3. China $8.8 billion
4. France $8.6 billion
5. Germany $7.9 billion
6. Great Britain $6.8 billion
7. Spain $4.0 billion
8. Italy $3.8 billion
9. Ukraine $3.7 billion
10. Israel $3.2 billion
The Top 10 Arms Buyers
1. India $18.3 billion
2. Saudi Arabia $11.7 billion
3. U.A.E. $6.6 billion
4. China $6.4 billion
5. Algeria $5.3 billion
6. Turkey $4.7 billion
7. Australia $4.6 billion
8. Iraq $4.6 billion
9. Pakistan $4.5 billion
10. Vietnam $4.3 billion
Note: For the 5 -year period of 2012–2016. All prices in 1990 dollars. U.A.E. is United Arab Emirates.
Source: By the author. Based on SIPRI 2017.

A New World Order?
15.7 Explain how the globalization of capitalism might be bringing a New World Order
• Unity and Disunity
• Inevitable Changes

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