AWS Data Engineer Associate (DEA-C01) Exam Dumps 2024.pdf
Chapter 13 Lecture Notes.pptx
1. Aging in Global Perspective
13.1 Understand the social construction of aging; explain how industrialization led to a graying globe and how
race–ethnicity is related to aging.
• The Social Construction of Aging
• Industrialization and the Graying of the Globe
• The Graying of America
2. The Social Construction of Aging
Among some groups,
the elderly don’t retire.
They continue their
traditional tasks, but
they do slow down. This
man on the Li River in
Yangshuo, Guangxi,
China, continues to fish
with his cormorant, just
as he has done from his
youth.
3. Figure 13.1 The Graying of the Globe
World map showing country-by-country percentages of their over-64 populations.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 1348.
4. Figure 13.2 U.S. Life Expectancy by Year of
Birth
Sources: By the author. Based on Historical Statistics of the United States,
Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Part Series B, 107–115;
Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 112.
I,
5. Figure 13.3 The Graying of America:
Americans Age 65 and Older
Bar graph illustrating the increase in the percentage of the aged over time in the United States.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 8, and earlier years.
6. Figure 13.4 The Median Age of the U.S.
Population
Bar graph illustrating the increase in the average age over time in the United States.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 8, and earlier years.
7. Figure 13.5 Life Expectancy in Global
Perspective
Bar graph comparing the life
expectancy in selected
countries.
Source: By the author. Based on
Statistical Abstract of the
United States 2017:Table 1349.
8. Figure 13.6 As Florida Goes, So Goes the
Nation
U.S. map showing percentage of elderly by state.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 17.
9. The Graying of America
Table 13.1 Race-Ethnicity and Aging
Blank
Median Age 65 and Older 75 and Older 85 and Older
Whites 43.3 21.5% 9.2% 2.7%
Asian Americans 36.2 12.8% 4.9% 1.2%
African Americans 33.2 12.2% 4.5% 1.2%
Native Americans 30.7 9.9% 3.4% 0.8%
Latinos 28.8 7.9% 3.0% 0.8%
U.S. Average 37.8 16.9% 7.0% 2.0%
Note: The percentages shown here are those expected for year 2020.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Tables 10, 11.
10. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
13.2 Explain how people decide when they are old, and discuss changes in perceptions of the elderly.
• When Are You “Old”?
• Biology
• Personal history
• Gender age
• Timetables
• Changing Perceptions of the Elderly
• The Influence of the Mass Media
11. When Are You “Old”?
At age 117, Violet
Brown of Trelawny,
Jamaica, is the world’s
oldest living person.
The world’s record for
age that has been
documented by a birth
certificate is held by
Jeanne Calment of
France who died in
1997 at the age of
122.
12. Changing Perceptions of the Elderly
The world over,
grandparents are proud of
their grandchildren, as in
this photo from Dalian,
Liaoning, China. The text
explains why government
decisions have made the
greying of China a special
problem.
13. The Influence of the Mass Media
When does "old" begin?
Until recently, Halle
Berry, age 51, would
have been considered
elderly. No longer. This
change illustrates the
social nature of age and
aging.
14. The Functionalist Perspective
13.3 Summarize theories of disengagement, activity, and continuity.
• Disengagement Theory
• Activity Theory
• Continuity Theory
15. Disengagement Theory
• The function of pensions
• The benefits of retirement through the disengagement
theory
• Evaluation of the theory
• Exchanging one set of roles for another
• What is the meaning of retirement
16. Activity Theory
This 73-year-old man
teaches yoga in
Hangzhou, Zhejiang,
China. I wonder how
many 20-year-olds,
even teenagers, could
keep up with him.
17. Continuity Theory
• Adjusting to changes in life by continuing ties to the
past
• The impact of social class
• Evaluation of the theory
• Is the theory too broad?
18. The Conflict Perspective
13.4 Review findings on the living arrangements of the elderly, nursing homes, elder abuse, and the
elderly poor.
• Fighting for Resources: Social Security Legislation
• “Old People Are Sucking Us Dry:” Intergenerational
Competition and Conflict
• Fighting Back
19. Fighting for Resources: Social Security
Legislation
The U.S. elderly are a potent
political force today. They were
not considered so until Dr.
Francis Everett Townsend
(pictured here) organized them
as a political force in the 1930s.
Townsend proposed a radical
$200 per month pension plan
for the elderly in the midst of
the Great Depression. His plan
and campaign frightened
Congress.
20. Figure 13.7 Workers to Support the Retired
Graphic illustrating the decrease in the dependency ratio.
Source: By the author. Based on Social Security Administration; Statistical Abstract of the United
States 2017:Tables 566, 567.
21. Figure 13.8 Social Security Payments to
Beneficiaries
Line graph illustrating the dramatic increase in the amount of money spent on Social Security.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1997:Table 518; 2017: Table 567. Broken
line indicates the author’s projections.
22. Figure 13.9 Health Care Costs for the Elderly
and Disabled
Line graph illustrating the
dramatic increase in the
amount of money spent on
Medicare and Medicaid.
Note: Medicare is intended for the elderly and disabled, Medicaid for the poor. About 18 percent of
Medicaid payments ($53 billion) go for medical care for the elderly (Statistical Abstract 2017:Table
161).
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States various years, and 2017:Table
148. Broken lines indicate the author's projections.
23. Figure 13.10 Age and Trends in Poverty
Line graph comparing percentages of children and seniors in the United States over time.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States, various years, and
2017:Table 738. Broken lines indicate the author’s projections.
24. Down-to-Earth Sociology
The New Centenarians
Centenarians are so new
that of all who have lived
on earth, most are still
alive. Some are in
excellent health. Shown
here is Fauja Singh, who
moved from India to
London in his 80s, where
he began running
marathons. He gave up
running when he was 104.
25. Fighting Back
• The Gray Panthers
• The American Association of Retired Persons
26. Recurring Problems
13.5 Review findings on the living arrangements of the elderly, nursing homes, elder abuse, and the
elderly poor.
• Gender and Living Arrangements of the Elderly
• Nursing Homes
• Elder Abuse
• The Elderly Poor
27. Gender and Living Arrangements of the
Elderly
• The impact of women living longer
• Widowhood is more likely a woman’s burden
• Elderly women are less likely to be living with their
husbands
29. Figure 13.11 The Elderly Who Are Widowed
Bar graph comparing the percentage of widows to widowers.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 32.
30. Figure 13.12 The Elderly Who Live with a
Spouse
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 32.
31. Elder Abuse & The Elderly Poor
• Abuse
• Less common than expected
• Poverty
• By Race-Ethnicity
• By Gender
32. Figure 13.13 Race–Ethnicity and Poverty in
Old Age
Bar graph delineating the percentage in poverty by racial-ethnic group.
Source: By the author. Only these groups are listed in the source. Based on Statistical Abstract of
the United States 2017:Table 738.
33. Figure 13.14 Gender and Poverty in Old Age
Bar graph comparing the percentage of male
versus female elderly who are poor.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical
Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 32.
34. The Sociology of Death and Dying
13.6 Explain how industrialization changed death practices, how death is a process, why hospices emerged,
suicide and age, and adjusting to death.
• Industrialization and the New Technology
• Death as a Process
• Hospices
• Suicide and Age
• Adjusting to Death
35. Industrialization and the New Technology
• Industrialization and the New Technology
• The dying are removed from our presence
• The person is gone but not gone
▪ Technological life
• Death as a Process
• Five stages (Kübler-Ross)
36. Death as a Process
• Five stages (Kübler-Ross)
• Denial
• Anger
• Negotiation
• Depression
• Acceptance
37. Hospices
There is a variety of
ways by which hospices
(or hospice services)
make a dying person’s
last days more
comfortable, tolerable,
and even enjoyable.
Tender care by
concerned medical
personnel is one of
these ways.
38. Suicide and Age
• Suicide
• More likely for older men
• Lowest for adolescents
• Adjusting to death
• The importance of “closure”
39. Adjusting to Death: The Importance of
“Closure”
• The expected death
• Less stressful
• Unexpected death
• More stress
• Greater emotional shock
40. Looking Toward the Future
13.7 Discuss developing views of aging and the impact of technology on how long people live.
• New Views of Aging
• The Impact of Technology
41. New Views: Creative Aging
With longer lives, better
health, and more resources,
the elderly years are
becoming a stage of life in
which people explore and
develop new dimensions of
their selves. Shown here is
an 86-year old woman
executing a scissors split at
the Palm Springs Follies in
Palm Springs, California.
42. The Impact of Technology
• The new world of genetic engineering
• The potential for unlimited life spans
Editor's Notes
"The data presented in the map is as follows:
• Lowest percentage of population age 65 and older
o Uganda (2.0 percent)
o South Sudan (2.1 percent)
o Zambia (2.4 percent)
• Highest percentage of population age 65 and older
o Japan (26.6 percent)
o Germany (21.5 percent)
o Italy (21.2 percent).
The global trend is as follows:
The least (2% to 3.9%): Several African countries, some countries below Mexico in North America, countries in the Arabian Peninsula, and some Asian countries such as Nepal, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Kirghizstan, Mongolia, Laos, and Vietnam.
The most (10% to 26.6%): The United States, Mexico, almost all European countries, Russia, South Korea, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.
The middle range ((4% to 9.9%): All other countries.
"
"The vertical axis of the graph represents “Age” ranging from 0 to 90 in increments of 10 while the horizontal axis represents “Year.” The data presented in the graph is as follows:
• 1900
o Men: 46.3
o Women: 48.3
• 1910
o Men: 48.4
o Women: 51.8
• 1920
o Men: 53.6
o Women: 54.6
• 1930
o Men: 58.1
o Women: 61.6
• 1940
o Men: 60.8
o Women: 65.2
• 1950
o Men: 65.6
o Women: 71.1
• 1960
o Men: 66.6
o Women: 73.1
• 1970
o Men: 67.1
o Women: 74.7
• 1980
o Men: 70.0
o Women: 77.4
• 1990
o Men: 71.8
o Women: 78.8
• 2000
o Men: 74.1
o Women: 79.3
• 2010
o Men: 76.2
o Women: 81.0
• 2020
o Men: 78.0
o Women: 82.4
• 2040
o Men: 81.2
o Women: 84.8
"
"The vertical axis of the graph represents “Percentage” ranging from 0 to 25 in increments of 5 while the horizontal axis represents “Year.” The data presented in the graph is as follows:
• 1900: 4 percent
• 1950: 8.2 percent
• 2000: 12.4 percent
• 2050: 22.1 percent.
"
"The vertical axis of the graph represents “Percentage” ranging from 0 to 40 in increments of 10 while the horizontal axis represents “Year” ranging from 1850 to 2050 in increments of 50. The data presented in the graph is as follows:
• 1850: 20
• 1900: 23
• 1950: 30
• 2000: 35
• 2050: 42.
"
"The top horizontal axis represents “Years” ranging from 0 to 100 in increments of 10.
The graph on top is titled “The world’s longest life expectancy (79 and higher),” with data as follows:
• Italy: 84.7 years
• Japan: 84.7 years
• South Korea: 82.4 year
• Australia: 82.2 years
• Canada: 81.8 years
• France: 81.8 years
• Spain: 81.6 years
• Holland: 81.2 years
• Germany: 80.6 years
• Taiwan: 80.6 years
• Great Britain: 80.5 years
• United States: 79.7 years.
The graph on top is titled “The world’s shortest life expectancy (below),” with data as follows:
• Afghanistan: 50.9 years
• Zambia: 52.2 years
• Mozambique: 52.9 years
• Nigeria: 53.0 years
• Uganda: 54.9 years
• Burkina Faso: 55.1 years
• Niger: 55.1 years
• Mali: 55.3 years
• Angola: 55.6 years
• Congo, Dem. Rep.: 56.9 years
• Zimbabwe: 57.1 years
• Cameroon: 57.9 years
• Cote d’Ivoire: 58.3 years
• Rwanda: 59.7 years.
"
"The data for percentage of women in the workforce in different states of the U.S. is categorized under the following three categories as follows:
• The younger states: 9.9 to 14.6 percent
o Alaska, 9.9
o Washington, 14.4
o California, 13.3
o Nevada, 14.6
o Utah, 10.3
o Wyoming, 14.5
o Colorado, 13.0
o North Dakota, 14.2
o Kansas, 14.6
o Texas, 11.7
o Louisiana, 14.0
o Illinois, 14.6
o Indiana, 14.6
o Georgia, 12.8
o Virginia, 14.2
o Washington D.C., 11.5
o Maryland, 14.1
• The average states: 14.7 to 15.8 percent
o Idaho, 14.7
o New Mexico, 15.8
o South Dakota, 15.7
o Nebraska, 14.7
o Oklahoma, 14.7
o Minnesota, 14.7
o Missouri, 15.7
o Wisconsin, 15.6
o Michigan, 15.8
o Kentucky, 15.2
o Tennessee, 15.4
o Mississippi, 14.7
o Alabama, 15.7
o North Carolina, 15.1
o New York, 15.0
o New Jersey, 15.0
o Connecticut, 15.8
o Massachusetts, 15.4
• The older states: 15.9 to 19.4 percent
o Oregon, 16.4
o Hawaii, 16.5
o Montana, 17.2
o Arizona, 16.4
o Iowa, 16.1
o Arkansas, 16.0
o Florida. 19.4
o South Carolina, 16.2
o Ohio, 15.9
o West Virginia, 18.2
o Pennsylvania, 17.0
o Vermont, 17.6
o Maine, 18.8
o New Hampshire, 16.5
o Rhode Island, 16.1
o Dover, 17.0
• Least elderly
o Alaska (9.9 percent)
o Utah (10.3 percent)
o Texas (11.7 percent)
• Most elderly
o Florida (19.4 percent)
o Maine (18.8 percent)
o West Virginia (18.2 percent).
"
The vertical axis of the graph represents "Billions of Dollars" ranging from 0 to 1,300 in increments of 100 while the horizontal axis represents “Years” ranging from 1950 to 2030 in increments of 10. The curve begins at 0 in 1950, which remains approximately 0 till 1960. Between 1960 and 1980, the curve increases from 0 to 100, followed by an increasing trend till 890, between 2010 and 2020. Further, the curve shows an increasing trend till 1,200 (shown as broken line), between 2015 and 2030. Note: All data is approximate.
"The vertical axis of the graph represents ""Billions of Dollars"" ranging from 0 to 600 in increments of 50, followed by a kink to read, 1300 and 1400, while the horizontal axis represents “Years.”
• The line on top represents “Medicare” beginning at 0 in 1967, remaining between 0 and 50 from 1967 to 1975, followed by an increasing trend reaching 570 in 2012. Further, the curve shows an increasing trend till 1340, between 2012 and 2015.
• The line at bottom represents “Medicaid” beginning at 0 in 1967, remaining between 0 and 50 from 1967 to 1975, followed by an increasing trend reaching 448 in 2012. Further, the curve shows an increasing trend till 580, between 2012 and 2015.
• Note: All data is approximate.
• Note: Medicare is intended for the elderly and disabled, Medicaid for the poor. About 18 percent of Medicaid payments (53 billion dollars) go for medical care for the elderly (Statistical Abstract 2017: Table 161).
"
"The vertical axis of the graph represents ""Percentage” ranging from 0 to 35 in increments of 5 while the horizontal axis represents “Years.”
• The line on top represents “Children (under 18 years),” beginning at 17 percent in 1967, which shows an up-down trend with peak at 21 in 1985, followed by a constant trend at 20 between 1985 and 1995. Further, trend declines till 15 at 2000. The curve again increases to 22 in 2012. Further, an increasing trend (21 to 23) is shown by broken lines between 2013 and 2020.
• The line at bottom represents “Medicaid” beginning at 27 in 1967, declining till 14 between 1975 and 1979. Further, it is followed by an increase to show a peak at 17 in 1980. It is further followed by declining trend reaching 9 in 2020. The curve between 2013 and 2020 is shown by a broken line.
• Note: All data is approximate.
"
"The vertical axis of the graph represents ""Percentage"" ranging from 0 to 50 in increments of 10 while the horizontal axis represents ""Sex."" The percentage of elderly widowed person is as follows:
• Men: 12
• Women: 34.
"
"The vertical axis of the graph represents ""Percentage"" ranging from 0 to 70 in increments of 10 while the horizontal axis represents ""Sex."" The percentage of elderly widowed person is as follows:
• Men: 70
• Women: 45.
"
"The vertical axis of the graph represents ""Percentage"" ranging from 0 to 30 in increments of 5 while the horizontal axis represents different races. The percentage of elderly widowed person is as follows:
• Overall: 10 percent
• Whites: 9 percent
• Asian Americans: 15 percent
• Latinos: 18 percent
• African Americans: 19 percent.
"
"The vertical axis of the graph represents ""Percentage"" ranging from 0 to 14 in increments of 2 while the horizontal axis represents ""Sex."" The percentage of elderly widowed person is as follows:
• Men: 7
• Women: 12
• The text below the image reads “The percentage of Americans aged 65 and older who are poor.”
"
