Andrés Ramírez Gossler, Facundo Schinnea - eCommerce Day Chile 2024
Views on Population Growth and Food Supply
1. A Planet With No Space for Enjoying Life?
20.1 Contrast the views of the New Malthusians and Anti-Malthusians on population growth and
the food supply; explain why people are starving.
• The New Malthusians
• The Anti-Malthusians
• Who Is Correct?
• Why Are People Starving?
2. The New Malthusians
• The Malthus theorem and the exponential growth curve
• The day of reckoning
3. Figure 20.1 How Fast Is the World’s Population
Growing?
Pictorial dramatizing global population growth.
Source: By the author. Based on Haub et al. 2016.
4. Figure 20.2 World Population Growth
Line graph demonstrating the increase in the global population over
time.
Sources: Modified from Piotrow 1973; McFalls 2007; based on projections from Haub
et al. 2016.
5. Figure 20.3 The Demographic Transition
Graphic representation of demographic transition states.
Note: The standard demographic transition is depicted by Stages 1–3. Stage 4 has been
suggested by some Anti-Malthusians.
Source: Standard presentation modified by the author to add Stage 4.
6. The Anti-Malthusians
Large families on U.S. farms used
to be common. Children helped
plant and harvest crops, take care
of animals, and prepare food. As
the country industrialized and
urbanized, children became non-
producers, making them expensive
to have around. Consequently, the
size of families shrank as we
entered Stage 3 of the
demographic transition. This photo
was taken in 1887 near Comstock,
Nebraska.
7. Who Is Correct?
• Using the conflict theory to control the population
• Arguments by New Malthusians
• Arguments by Anti-Malthusians
• Too early to tell
8. Figure 20.4 How Much Food Does the World
Produce per Person?
Line graph showing how food production has increased over time.
Note: 2004–2006 equals 100. Projections by the author.
Sources: By the author. Based on Simon 1981; Statistical Abstract of the United States
2010:Table 1335; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2013, 2015a.
9. Why Are People Starving? (1 of 2)
Photos of starving
children, such as this
child in South Sudan,
haunt Americans and
other members of the
Most Industrialized
Nations.
10. Why Are People Starving? (2 of 2)
Many of us wonder why,
when some are starving, we
should live in the midst of
such abundance, often
overeating and even
casually scraping excess
food into the garbage. As in
this photo from Toronto,
Ontario, Canada, we even
have eating contests to see
which “competitive eater”
can eat the most food in
the least amount of time.
11. Population Growth
20.2 Explain why the Least Industrialized Nations have so many children, consequences of rapid population
growth, population pyramids, the three demographic variables, and problems in forecasting population growth.
• Why the Least Industrialized Nations Have So Many
Children
• The Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
• Population Pyramids as a Tool for Understanding
• The Three Demographic Variables
• Problems in Forecasting Population Growth
12. Figure 20.5 World Population Growth, 1750–
2150
Graph demonstrating the much greater population growth in less
industrialized nations since the middle of the 18th century.
Sources: “The World of the Child 6 Billion” 2000; Haub et al. 2016.
13. Figure 20.6 Why the Poor Need Children
Children are an economic asset in the Least Industrialized Nations. Based on a survey in Indonesia, this figure
shows that boys and girls can be net income earners for their families by the age of 9 or 10.
Line graph depicting jobs which can be performed by children.
Source: U.N. Fund for Population Activities.
14. Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
• The number of available jobs and housing facilities;
food production; transportation and communication
facilities; water, gas, sewer, electrical systems; schools,
hospitals, churches, civic buildings, theaters, stores,
and parks must increase with the rise of population
• Failure to keep up will result in a lower standard of
living
• Applying the conflict perspective
15. Figure 20.7 Three Population Pyramids
Source: Population Today, 26, 9, September 1998:4, 5.
16. The Three Demographic Variables (1 of 4)
Table 20.1 Extremes in Childbirth
Where Women Have the Fewest Children Where Women Have the Most Children
Country Number of Children
Romania 1.2
Singapore 1.2
South Korea 1.2
Taiwan 1.2
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1.3
Greece 1.3
Moldova 1.3
Poland 1.3
Portugal 1.3
Spain 1.3
Source: Haub et al., 2016.
Country Number of Children
Niger 7.6
South Sudan 6.7
Congo, Dem. Republic 6.5
Chad 6.4
Somalia 6.4
Burundi 6.1
Angola 6.0
Mali 6.0
Mozambique 5.9
Uganda 5.8
17. The Three Demographic Variables (2 of 4)
We are in the midst
of a large wave of
immigration. Shown
here are some of our
newest citizens.
18. The Three Demographic Variables (3 of 4)
Table 20.2 Country of Birth of Authorized U.S. Immigrants
Asia 5,495,00
0
India 983,000
China 979,000
Philippin
es
806,000
Vietnam 426,000
Korea 308,000
Pakistan 219,000
Iran 177,000
Banglade
sh
154,000
Iraq 135,000
N.
America
4,907,00
0
Mexico 2,253,000
Dom.
Rep.
543,000
Cuba 467,000
El
Salvador
325,000
Haiti 294,000
Jamaica 259,000
Canada 218,000
Guatemal
a
203,000
Europe 1,599,0
00
U.K. 212,000
Ukraine 181,000
Russia 176,000
Poland 142,000
German
y
101,000
19. The Three Demographic Variables (4 of 4)
Table 20.2 Country of Birth of Authorized U.S. Immigrants
[continued]
Africa 1,265,000
Ethiopia 163,000
Nigeria 163,000
Egypt 112,000
Ghana 102,000
Note: Totals are for countries of origin with more than 100,000 immigrants for 2001–2014.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 51.
S. America 1,226,000
Peru 324,000
Colombia 276,000
Brazil 169,000
Ecuador 146,000
Venezuela 121,000
Guyana 101,000
20. Figure 20.8 Countries of Origin of Unauthorized
Immigrants to the United States
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 46.
21. Problems in Forecasting Population Growth (1 of
2)
Trying to increase
births, the Italian
government declared a
national Fertility Day.
Shown here is Italy's
Minister of Health as
she promotes this
campaign.
22. Problems in Forecasting Population Growth (2 of
2)
Chinese officials are
concerned about their
lopsided gender ratio,
largely an unintentional
consequence of their
former “one couple, one
child” policy. By featuring
a female child on posters
and billboards, they are
trying to reduce female
infanticide.
23. Figure 20.9 Population Projections of the U.S.
Line graph showing three different possibilities for the population of
the United States by the year 2050.
Note: The projections are based on different assumptions of fertility, mortality, and
especially migration.
Source: By the author. Based on Day 2010.
24. The Development of Cities and Urbanization
20.3 Explain how cities developed, and summarize urbanization from city to megaregion.
• The Development of Cities
• The Process of Urbanization
• The appeal of cities versus forced urbanization
• Metropolises
• Megalopolises
• Megacities
• Megaregions
25. Figure 20.10 A Global Boom: Cities With Over
One Million Residents
Bar graph showing the
dramatic increase in million-
plus cities around the world.
Sources: By the author. Based on
Chandler and Fox 1974; Brockerhoff
2000; United Nations 2014:Figure 8.
26. Figure 20.11 How the World Is Urbanizing
Line graph indicating increase in urban percentage by level of
industrialization.
Source: By the author. Based on United Nations 2010.
27. Figure 20.12 The World’s 10 Largest
Megacities
Note: A megacity is a city with more than 10 million people. These are the largest of
the world’s 31 megacities.
Source: By the author. Based on United Nations 2014.
28. U.S. Urban Patterns
20.4 Be familiar with the patterns of urbanization that characterize the United States.
• Uneven Urbanization
• Shifting Resources and Power
• Caused by urban migration
• Edge Cities
• Gentrification
• Changes in Suburbanization
29. Figure 20.13 How Urban Is Your State? The
Rural–Urban Makeup of the United States
U.S. map showing urban percentage by state.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States
2017:Table 26.
30. Shifting Resources and Power Because of
Urban Migration
Table 20.3 The Shrinking and the Fastest-Growing Cities
The Shrinking Cities The Fastest-Growing Cities
1. negative 3.5% Flint, MI
2. negative 2.8% Youngstown, OH
3. negative 2.5% Rockford, IL
4. negative 1.3% Utica-Rome, NY
5. negative 1.0% Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, PA
6. negative 0.9% Erie, NY
7. negative 0.9% Huntington, OH
8. negative 0.8% Cleveland, OH
9. negative 0.8% Kingsport, TN
10. negative 0.8% Norwich, CT
Note: Population change from 2010 to 2015, the latest years available.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 21.
1. +16.6% Austin, TX
2. +14.7% Myrtle Beach, SC
3. +13.5% Cape Coral–Ft. Myers, FL
4. +12.8% Greeley, CO
5. +12.7% Raleigh, NC
6. +12.4% Houston, TX
7. +12.0% Charleston, SC
8. +11.8% Orlando, FL
9. +11.3% Ft. Collins, CO
10. +11.3% San Antonio, TX
3.5%
2.8%
2.5%
1.3%
1.0%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
31. Edge Cities
• Breaking the mold of traditional cities
• Provide services to those who live and work there but
include drawbacks
• Lack identity
• Lack parks
33. Changes in Suburbanization
• People moving from cities to suburbs
• Over half of all Americans now live in the suburbs
• Created unexpected changes and consequences
34. Models of Urban Growth
20.5 Compare the models of urban growth.
• The Concentric Zone Model
• The Sector Model
• The Multiple-Nuclei Model
• The Peripheral Model
• Critique of the Models
35. Figure 20.14 How Cities Develop: Models of
Urban Growth
Source: Cousins and Nagpaul 1970; Harris 1997.
36. Critique of the Models
• Models are bound by time
• Sprawling areas around older cities with no distinct
pattern
37. City Life
20.6 Discuss alienation and community, types of people who live in the city, the norm of
noninvolvement, and the diffusion of responsibility.
• Alienation in the City
• Community in the City
• Who Lives in the City?
• The Norm of Noninvolvement and the Diffusion of
Responsibility
38. Alienation in the City
• The price of personal freedom is alienation
• Can lead to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness
39. Community in the City
• Herbert Gans and the Urban Villagers (1962)
• Slum or low-rent area?
40. Who Lives in the City? (1 of 2)
These men are
members of the
Lubavitch, an ultra-
orthodox Jewish sect in
Crown Heights, New
York. Where do you
think they fit in Gans’s
classification of urban
dwellers?
41. Who Lives in the City? (2 of 2)
• The Cosmopolites
• The Singles
• The Ethnic Villagers
• The Deprived
• The Trapped
• Critique
42. The Norm of Noninvolvement and the
Diffusion of Responsibility
• The protection of personal space through the norm of
noninvolvement
• More people means less help and the assumption that
“another” will do the right thing
43. Urban Problems and Social Policy
20.7 Explain the effects of suburbanization, disinvestment and deindustrialization, and the
potential of urban revitalization.
• Suburbanization
• Disinvestment and Deindustrialization
• The Potential of Urban Revitalization
45. Figure 20.15 Urban Growth and Urban Flight
At first, the city and
surrounding villages grew
independently.
As city dwellers fled
urban decay, they
created a ring of
suburbs.
As middle-class flight
continues outward,
urban problems are
arriving in the outer
rings.
Pictorial describing the growth of metropolitan areas.
46. Disinvestment and Deindustrialization
• Disinvestment as a result of redlining pushed areas of
the city into further decline
• Deindustrialization eliminated U.S. manufacturing jobs
47. The Potential of Urban Revitalization
U.S. suburbs were once
unplanned, rambling
affairs that took
irregular shapes as
people moved away
from the city. Today’s
suburbs are planned to
precise details even
before the first
foundation is laid. This
photo is of a
waterfront suburb in
Florida
Editor's Notes
The horizontal axis represents “Thousands” ranging from 0 to 450 in increments of 50. The data presented in the graph for a single day is as follows:
• Add (Births): 403,000
• Minus (Deaths): 157,000
• Equals (Population increase): 246,000
The cumulative increase is as follows:
• Each second: 2.85
• Each minute: 171
• Each hour: 10,250
• Each day: 246,000
• Each week: 1,722,000
• Each month: 7,482,000
• Each year: 89,790,000
The vertical axis represents “Billions of people” ranging from 0 to 18 in increments of 1, while the horizontal axis represents “Year” ranging from 200 to 2200 in increments of 200, with origin labelled as “The birth of Christ.”
The curve remains nearly constant at 0 between origin and 400. The population remains between 0 to 1 billion till 1800. Further, the increase and projected increase are shown as follows:
• 1930: 2
• 1960: 3
• 1975: 4
• 1987: 5
• 1999: 6
• 2011: 7
• 2024: 8
• 2050: 9.5
• 2100: 13
• 2150: 16
• 2200: 18
The four stages involved in demographic transition are as follows:
• Stable population: Births and deaths are more or less balanced. The birth rate is slightly higher than the death rate.
• Rapidly growing population: Births far outnumber deaths.
• Stable population: Births drop, and births and deaths become more or less balanced.
• Shrinking population: Deaths outnumber births.
with a young girl on his lap and a lady standing behind the chair, two boys kneeling down, four young boys and a girl standing, with another boy sitting on a horse. The background shows a house and horses.
The vertical axis represents “Per capita food production” ranging from 0 to 120 in increments of 10, while the horizontal axis represents “Year” ranging from 1950 to 2020 in increments of 5.
• The curve begins at 64, in the year 1950, which is shown to increase till 112 in the year 2015. Further, the curve is represented through a dotted line, increasing till 115, in the year 2020.
• Note: All data is approximate. 2004 to 2006 equals 100. Projections by the author.
The vertical axis represents “Population in Billions” ranging from 0 to 12 in increments of 2, while the horizontal axis represents “Year” ranging from 1750 to 2150 in increments of 50.
• The least industrialized nations: Beginning at 1 and increasing till 2 in the year 1900, it is shown to increase gradually till 11 in the year 2150.
• The most industrialized nations: beginning at 0.05 in the year 1750, it increases gradually, reaching 2 at 1920 and then shoots up to around 10 at 2070, and again increases gradually to around 14 in 2150.
The vertical axis represents “Average age at which activity begins” ranging from 7.5 to 13.5 in increments of 0.5, while the horizontal axis represents different activities. The data presented in the graph is as follows:
• Caring for chickens/ducks: 7.9
• Caring for younger children: 8.0
• Fetching water: 8.8
• Caring for goats/cattle: 9.3
• Cutting fodder: 9.5
• Harvesting rice: 9.7
• Transplanting rice: 9.9
• Working for wages: 12.9
• Hoeing: 13.0
The data presented in the pyramid for Mexico is as follows:
Male
o 80 plus: 0
o 75 to 79: 0.1
o 70 to 74: 0.2
o 65 to 69: 0.4
o 60 to 64: 0.9
o 55 to 59: 1.1
o 50 to 54: 1.4
o 45 to 49:1.8
o 40 to 44: 2.1
o 35 to 39: 2.4
o 30 to 34: 3.2
o 25 to 29: 4.0
o 20 to 24: 5..0
o 15 to 19: 6.0
o 10 to 14: 7.0
o 5 to 9: 6.8
o 0 to 4: 6.8
Female
o 80 plus: 0
o 75 to 79: 0.1
o 70 to 74: 0.2
o 65 to 69: 0.5
o 60 to 64: 0.9
o 55 to 59: 1.1
o 50 to 54: 1.3
o 45 to 49: 1.7
o 40 to 44: 2.1
o 35 to 39: 2.5
o 30 to 34: 3.1
o 25 to 29: 4.0
o 20 to 24: 4.2
o 15 to 19: 5.9
o 10 to 14: 6.7
o 5 to 9: 6.5
o 0 to 4: 6.8
The United States:
Male
o 80 plus: 1.0
o 75 to 79: 0.9
o 70 to 74: 1.1
o 65 to 69: 1.3
o 60 to 64: 1.8
o 55 to 59: 2.0
o 50 to 54: 2.8
o 45 to 49: 4.0
o 40 to 44: 4.5
o 35 to 39: 4.7
o 30 to 34: 3.9
o 25 to 29: 3.4
o 20 to 24: 3.2
o 15 to 19: 3.7
o 10 to 14: 3.9
o 5 to 9: 3.8
o 0 to 4: 3.7
Female
o 80 plus: 2.0
o 75 to 79: 1.2
o 70 to 74: 1.3
o 65 to 69: 1.5
o 60 to 64: 2.0
o 55 to 59: 2.1
o 50 to 54: 2.8
o 45 to 49: 4.0
o 40 to 44: 4.3
o 35 to 39: 4.4
o 30 to 34: 3.9
o 25 to 29: 3.3
o 20 to 24: 3.1
o 15 to 19: 3.2
o 10 to 14: 3.4
o 5 to 9: 3.3
o 0 to 4: 3.2
The world:
Male
o 80 plus: 0.2
o 75 to 79: 0.4
o 70 to 74: 0.9
o 65 to 69: 1.0
o 60 to 64: 1.3
o 55 to 59: 1.9
o 50 to 54: 2.0
o 45 to 49: 2.5
o 40 to 44: 3.0
o 35 to 39: 3.3
o 30 to 34: 3.9
o 25 to 29: 4.3
o 20 to 24: 4.5
o 15 to 19: 4.6
o 10 to 14: 5.0
o 5 to 9: 5.5
o 0 to 4: 5.6
Female
o 80 plus: 0.5
o 75 to 79: 0.4
o 70 to 74: 1.0
o 65 to 69: 1.3
o 60 to 64: 1.4
o 55 to 59: 1.8
o 50 to 54: 1.9
o 45 to 49: 2.3
o 40 to 44: 2.9
o 35 to 39: 3.1
o 30 to 34: 3.7
o 25 to 29: 4.0
o 20 to 24: 4.2
o 15 to 19: 4.2
o 10 to 14: 4.8
o 5 to 9: 5.0
o 0 to 4: 5.1
Note: All data are approximate.
The pie chart is divided into eleven segments. The data presented in the graph is as follows:
• Mexico: 6,700,000
• El Salvador: 690,000
• Guatemala: 560,000
• Honduras: 360,000
• Philippines: 310,000
• India: 260,000
• Korea: 230,000
• China: 210,000
• Ecuador: 170,000
• Vietnam: 160,000
• Other Countries: 1,760,000.
The vertical axis of the graph is labelled as “Millions of People” ranging from 0 to 600 in increments of 50 while the horizontal axis represents “Year” ranging from 1950 to 2050 in increments of 10 years.
• The curve shows a straight line beginning at 150 in the year 1950, reaching around 300 by 2010.
• One projection shows it increasing linearly till 400 in the year 2050, another to 525, and the third stagnating at 300.
• Note: The projections are based on different assumptions of fertility, mortality, and especially migration.
The vertical axis of the graph ranges from 0 to 700 in increments of 100 while the horizontal axis represents “Year,” marked “1800, 1900, 2000, 2014, and 2030” (left to right). The actual data and projected data presented in the graph is as follows:
• 1800: 1 million
• 1900: 16 million
• 2000: 414 million
• 2014: 488 million
• 2030: 662 million.
The vertical axis of the graph represents “Percent urban” ranging from 0 to 900 in increments of 10 while the horizontal axis represents “Year,” ranging from 1950 to 2050 in increments of 50. The data presented in the graph is as follows:
• Most industrialized nations: beginning at 53 in the year 1950, it increases to 67 in 1975. Further, it tends to increase till 87 in 2050.
• Industrializing Nations: beginning at 20 in the year 1950, it increases exponentially to 65 in 2050.
• Least industrialized nations: beginning at 7 in the year 1950, it increases exponentially to 55 in 2050.
Note: All data is approximate.
Tokyo (37,200,000), Delhi (22,700,000), Mexico city (20,500,000), New York (20,400,000), Shanghai (20,200,000), Sau Paulo (19,900,000), Mumbai (19,700,000), Beijing (16,600,000), Dhaka (15,400,000), and Kolkata (14,400,000).
With the most urban states being California (95.0 percent), New Jersey (94.7 percent), and Nevada (94.2 percent), while the most rural states are Maine ( 38.7 percent rural), Vermont (38.9 percent rural), and West Virginia (48.7 percent rural). The state map is divided into three categories as follows.
• The most rural states: 38.7 to 66.2 percent urban
o Alaska: 66.0
o Montana: 55.9
o Wyoming: 64.8
o North Dakota: 59.9
o South Dakota: 56.7
o Oklahoma: 66.2
o Iowa: 64.0
o Arkansas: 56.2
o Mississippi: 49.4
o Alabama: 59.0
o Kentucky: 58.4
o North Carolina: 66.1
o West Virginia: 48.7
o Vermont: 38.9
o Maine: 38.7
o New Hampshire: 60.3
o Delaware: 83.3
• Average states: 66.3 to 81.0 percent urban
o Oregon: 81.0
o Idaho: 70.6
o New Mexico: 77.4
o Nebraska: 73.1
o Kansas: 74.2
o Minnesota: 73.3
o Missouri: 70.4
o Louisiana: 73.2
o Wisconsin: 70.2
o Michigan: 74.6
o Indiana: 72.4
o Ohio: 77.9
o Pennsylvania: 78.7
o Virginia: 75.5
o Tennessee: 66.4
o Georgia: 75.1
o South Carolina: 66.3
• The most urban states: 83.3 to 95.0 percent urban
o Hawaii: 91.9
o Washington: 84.1
o California: 95.0
o Nevada: 94.2
o Utah: 90.6
o Arizona: 89.8
o Colorado: 86.2
o Texas: 84.7
o Illinois: 88.5
o Florida: 91.2
o New York: 87.9
o Massachusetts: 92.0
o Rhode Island: 90.7
o Connecticut: 88.0
o New Jersey: 94.7
o Maryland: 87.2
o Washington D.C.: 100
• The most urban states
o California (95.0 percent)
o New Jersey (94.7 percent)
o Nevada (94.2 percent)
• The most rural states
o Maine (38.7 percent)
o Vermont (38.9 percent)
o West Virginia (48.7 percent).
Each of the models is illustrated as follows:
Concentric zones: Illustrated as six concentric circles. From the innermost, they are Central business district, Wholesale and light manufacturing, Low-class residential, Medium-class residential, High-class residential, and Commuters’ zone.
Sectors: The central business district is in the center. Wholesale and light manufacturing and Low-class residential areas spread out as triangular wedges from the center. A High-class residential area appears in the same way. Between these wedges are concentric Low-class residential areas, and beyond them are Medium-class residential areas.
Multiple nuclei: The different types of areas appear in different patterns. The central business district is surrounded by Wholesale and light manufacturing, Low-class residential, and Medium-class residential areas. High-class residential areas appear beyond the Medium-class residential areas and the outlying business district is situated between them. Heavy manufacturing area appears beyond the Low-class residential area. Beyond the High-class residential area and detached from it is the residential suburb and beyond the Heavy manufacturing area and detached from it is the industrial suburb.
Peripheral model: The central city is connected outward on all four directions through radial highways. Another highway also connects it to the outlying airport complex. Concentric suburban residential areas appear around the central city, with pockets of shopping malls and industrial districts. Circumferential highways pass through these suburban residential areas. Office parks, Service centers, and combined employment and shopping centers line these highways.
The illustration consists of a sparsely populated urban core and it’s less populated surrounding territories sharing the city represented by thick dots and villages represented by small dots. The state highway roads and a national highway road represented by its badges intersects at the core.
The illustration consists of a densely populated urban core and it’s more populated surrounding territories sharing the city represented by thick dots and villages represented by small dots. The state highway roads and a national highway roads represented by its badges intersects at the core. Some of the state highways branches from the national highway roads. A ring of suburbs expands from the core.
The illustration consists of a densely populated urban core and it’s more populated surrounding territories sharing the city represented by thick dots and villages represented by small dots. The state highway roads and three national highway roads represented by its badges intersect at the core. Some of the state highways branches from the national highway roads. A ring of suburbs expands from the core and covers almost all the city and villages.
