slides

1. The Development of Modern Education
17.1 Discuss education in earlier societies and how education is related to industrialization.
• Education in Earlier Societies
• The same as acculturation
• Industrialization and Universal Education
• The need for an educated workforce
• A way to “Americanize” in the U.S.

2. Education in Earlier Societies
In hunting and gathering
societies, there is no
separate social institution
called education. Instead,
children learn from their
parents, elders, and peers.
This boy is learning to
forage and to hunt. Note
that the boy is carrying
the same tool as the young
men, but one made for his
size.

3. Industrialization and Universal Education
A primary purpose of early
public education was the
"Americanization" of
immigrants. This meant
turning immigrants into
Americans, that is,
assimilating them into
dominant values and
orientations. This photo from
1926 was taken in Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, where 98
percent of the students were
children of immigrants.

4. Down-to-Earth Sociology Community
Colleges: Facing Old and New Challenges
Community colleges have
opened higher education
to millions of students
who would not otherwise
have access to college
because of cost or
distance.

5. Figure 17.1 Educational Achievement in the
United States
Bar graph showing a greater percentage attending high school and college over time.
Note: *Americans 25 years and over. Asterisk indicates author’s estimate. College graduates are included in both
categories (high school and higher and college graduates).
Source: By the author. Based on National Center for Education Statistics 1991: Table 8; Statistical Abstract of the
United States 2017:Table 254.

6. Figure 17.2 Not Making It: Dropping Out of
High School
U.S. map showing percentage of H.S. dropouts per state.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 256.

7. Education in Global Perspective
17.2 Understand how education is related to the culture and economy of a nation, and compare education in
Japan, Russia, and Egypt.
• Education in the Most Industrialized Nations: Japan
• Education in the Industrializing Nations: Russia
• Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt

8. Education in the Most Industrialized Nations:
Japan
These high school
students in Fukuoka,
Japan, who are
completing their cram
school courses, are
raising their fists in
enthusiastic hope of
success in their coming
university entrance
exams.

9. Education in the Industrializing Nations:
Russia
• Under the Soviets
• Strict and followed the same state-curriculum across the
country
• Education in science and math but nothing that offered critical
thinking skills
• From communism to capitalism
• Profit, private property and personal freedom brought a change
in education
• The birth of private, religious, and foreign-run schools
• Low wages
• Current situation
• Still low wages for teachers
• Glorification of Russian history

10. Education in the Least Industrialized Nations:
Egypt
The poverty of the
Least Industrialized
Nations carries over
to their educational
systems. This photo
was taken in Togolese
Republic, West
Africa.

11. The Functionalist Perspective: Providing Social
Benefits
17.3 Explain the functions of education: knowledge and skills, values, social integration, gatekeeping, and replacing family functions.
• Teaching Knowledge and Skills
• Cultural Transmission of Values
• Social Integration
• Gatekeeping (Social Placement)
• Replacing Family Functions
• Other Functions

12. Teaching Knowledge and Skills
• The 3 Rs
• Credential society

13. Cultural Transmission of Values
• Passing down cultural values
• Loyalty to the state

14. Social Integration
Children with
disabilities used to be
sent to special schools.
In a process called
mainstreaming or
inclusion, they now
attend regular schools,

15. Gatekeeping (Social Placement)
• Opening and closing the doors of opportunity
• Tracking as a means of sorting students on the basis of
their abilities

16. Replacing Family Functions
• Child care
• Sex education

17. Other Functions
• Jobs
• Longer life

18. The Conflict Perspective: Perpetuating Social
Inequality
17.4 Explain how the educational system reproduces the social class structure.
• The Hidden Curriculum: Reproducing the Social Class
Structure
• Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ
• Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding
• The Correspondence Principle
• The Bottom Line: Family Background

19. The Hidden Curriculum: Reproducing the
Social Class Structure
• Teaching beyond the formal curriculum
• Reproducing the social class structure

20. Down-to-Earth Sociology How I Became a Fairy:
Education and the Perpetuation of Social Inequality
From your experiences in
grade school, can you
tell if or how your
teachers unintentionally
helped perpetuate social
class divisions?

21. Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ
• Keeping the social system intact
• Using cultural bias to indirectly discriminate
• IQ tests as weapons

22. Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding
• How are U.S. schools funded?
• Richer communities pay higher taxes that contribute
more toward education
• Stacking the deck against the poor

23. Figure 17.3 The Unequal Funding of
Education
U.S. map showing per-student spending by state.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 256

24. Figure 17.4 Parents’ Income and the
Quality of Their Children’s College
Graph demonstrating the greater likelihood a child will go to a high quality college if his or her parents’ income is
high.
Source: Modified from Chetty et al. 2014.

25. Figure 17.5 The Funneling Effects of
Education: Race–Ethnicity
Bar graph showing the different percentages in length of
schooling by racial-ethnic group.
Note: The source gives totals only for these groups.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the
United States 2017:Table 286.

26. The Conflict Perspective: Perpetuating
Social Inequality (4 of 4)
Table 17.1 Types of College and Race–Ethnicity
Blank
Public Private Two-Year Four-Year
Whites 72% 28% 30% 70%
African Americans 66% 34% 36% 64%
Asian Americans 75% 25% 32% 68%
Latinos 81% 19% 48% 52%
Native Americans 77% 23% 43% 57%
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 291.

27. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
Teacher Expectations
17.5 Explain the significance of teacher expectations and give examples.
• The Rist Research
• The Rosenthal-Jacobson Experiment
• How Do Teacher Expectations Work?

28. The Rist Research
• Labels affect people all of their lives
• Applying the self-fulfilling prophecy

29. The Rosenthal–Jacobson Experiment
• Applying the self-fulfilling prophecy
• Expecting more and learning more result in better test
grades

30. How Do Teacher Expectations Work?
• Producing gender bias
• Producing racial-ethnic bias

31. Problems in U.S. Education—and Their Solutions
17.6 Discuss mediocrity in education, grade inflation, social promotion, rising standards, cheating by school
officials, and violence in schools.
• Mediocrity
• Raising standards
• Grade Inflation, Social Promotion, and Functional Illiteracy
• Overcoming Mediocrity
• Cheating
• Violence

32. Figure 17.6 National Results of the
Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)
Line graph indicating changes in SAT scores over time.
Note: Possible scores range from 200 to 800.
Source: By the author. Based on College Board 2016 and Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 280.

33. Grade Inflation, Social Promotion, and
Functional Illiteracy
• Grading is getting easier
• Today’s “A’s” are yesterdays “C’s”

34. Figure 17.7 Starting Salaries of U.S.
College Graduates, BA or BS Degree
Bar graph denoting differences in average starting salaries by major.
Note: Starting salaries for BA or BS degree.
Source: By the author. Based on various sources and NACE 2016; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table
313.

35. Cheating
• Cheating by teachers and administrators so the school
system “looks good”
• Pressure for improvement in teaching and learning
• No one wants to “look bad”
• Solution to cheating
• Zero tolerance

36. Violence
This frame from a
surveillance camera at
Columbine High School
in Littleton, Colorado,
shows Eric Harris, on
the left, and Dylan
Klebold, on the right,
as they search for
victims.

37. Thinking Critically about Social Life
School Shootings: Exploding a Myth
Table 17.2 Exploding a Myth: Murders at U.S.
Schools Years Murders
Mean of 1992-2000 29.0
Mean of 2000-2010 20.4
2010-11 11
2011-12 Not available
2012-13 31
2013-14 12
Source: National Center for Education Statistics. May 2017: Figure 1.1.
of students ages 5-18 at U.S. elementary or secondary schools, including victims who were “on the way
to or from regular sessions at school” or while they were “attending or traveling to or from an official school-
sponsored event.” These are the latest totals available in the source.
1
Schools
1
Homicides

38. Technology and Education
17.7 Explain how technology is changing education.
• Most Changes Are Minor Adjustments to a Flawed
System
• Each Is a Cosmetic Adjustment to the Details of a
Flawed System

39. Thinking Critically about Social Life Will
Traditional College Education Disappear?
MOOCs (Massive Online
Open Courses) are one
way that technology is
transforming education.
These high school
students in Chicago are
taking a MOOC in
obstetrics and gynecology
created by the school of
medicine at Northwestern
University.