slides

1. Learning Objectives (3 of 3)
8.5 Apply the conflict perspective to deviance by
explaining how social class is related to the criminal
justice system and how the criminal justice system is
oppressive.
8.6 Be able to discuss street crime and imprisonment, the
three-strikes laws, the decline in violent crime,
recidivism, bias in the death penalty, the medicalization
of deviance, and the need for a more humane approach.

2. What Is Deviance? (1 of 2)
8.1 Explain what deviance is, why it is relative, and why we need norms; also
summarize the types of sanctions.
• The Violation of Norms
• Deviance Is Relative
• How Norms Make Social Life Possible
• Sanctions

3. What Is Deviance? (2 of 2)
In Kenya, the Pokot people
place high emphasis on sexual
pleasure, and they expect
that both a husband and wife
will reach orgasm. If a
husband does not satisfy his
wife, he is in trouble, and will
be punished by his wife and
her friends.
A Pokot woman in traditional
dress.

4. Competing Explanations of Deviance
8.2 Contrast sociobiological, psychological, and sociological explanations of
deviance.
• Biosocial
• Assume genetic predispositions
• Our inherited propensities modified and stimulated
by our environment
• Psychological
• Examine personality disorders that might cause
deviance
• Sociological
• Look for social influences that “recruit” people to
break norms

5. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (1 of 7)
8.3 Apply the symbolic interactionist perspective to deviance by explaining
differential association, control, and labeling.
• Differential Association Theory
• Families
• Friends, neighborhoods, and subcultures
• Prison or freedom?
• Control Theory
• Labeling Theory

6. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (2 of 7)
Do you understand how the
definitions of deviance that
Mafia members use underlie
their behavior? Although
their definitions are
markedly different from
ours, the process is the
same. Shown here is John
Gotti when he was the head
of New York's Gambino
Mafia. Convicted for murder,
Gotti died in prison.

7. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (3 of 7)
The social control of
deviance takes many
forms. One of the
most prominent is
the actions of the
police.

8. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (4 of 7)
How would social
control theory apply
to you in such a
situation?

9. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (5 of 7)
How do you use
techniques of
neutralization to
protect your
self-concept?

10. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (6 of 7)
While most people
resist labels of
deviance, some
embrace them. In
what different ways
does this photo
illustrate the
embracement of
deviance?

11. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (7 of 7)
Stereotypes, both
positive and
negative, help to
form the perception
and reaction of
authorities. What
stereotypes come to
mind when you look
at this photo?

12. The Functionalist Perspective (1 of 6)
8.4 Apply the functionalist perspective to deviance by explaining how deviance can be functional for society, how
mainstream values can produce deviance (strain theory), and how social class is related to crime (illegitimate
opportunities).
• How Deviance Is Functional for Society
• Clarifies moral boundaries; affirms norms
• Encourages social unity
• Promotes social change

13. The Functionalist Perspective (2 of 6)
• Strain theory: How mainstream values produce Deviance
• Illegitimate opportunity structures: Social class and
crime
• Street crime versus white-collar crime

14. The Functionalist Perspective (3 of 6)
Table 8.1 How People Match Their Goals to Their Means
Do They Feel the Strain
That Leads to Anomie?
Mode of
Adaptation
Cultural Goals Institutionalized
Means
No Conformity Accept Accept
No Deviant Paths
Blank Blank
Yes 1. Innovation Accept Reject
Yes 2. Ritualism Reject Accept
Yes 3. Retreatism Reject Reject
Yes 4. Rebellion Reject/Replace Reject/Replace
Source: Based on Merton 1968.

15. The Functionalist Perspective (4 of 6)
White collar crime can be
deadly and yet the
criminals go unpunished.
Faulty ignition switches on
GM cars, not fixed after the
problem was known, killed
over 124 people. This
father is holding a photo of
his daughter, Brandlee, who
was one of these 124
people.

16. Figure 8.1 How Safe Is Your State? Violent
Crime in the U.S.
Note: Violent crimes are murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. I estimated Minnesota’s rate, based on earlier
data and reduced rates since then. The chance of becoming a victim of a violent crime is five times higher in
Tennessee, the most dangerous state, than in Maine, the safest state. Washington, D.C., not a state, is in a class by
itself. Its rate of 1,244 is twelve times higher than Vermont's rate.
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 334.

17. The Functionalist Perspective (5 of 6)
Table 8.2 Women and Crime: What a Change
Of all those arrested, what percentage are women?
Crime 1992 2014 Change
Burglary 9.2% 17.8% +93%
Car theft 10.8% 20.3% +88%
Drunken driving 13.8% 25.0% +81%
Stolen property 12.5% 21.5% +72%
Robbery 8.5% 14.0% +65%
Aggravated
assault
14.8% 23.0% +55%
Arson 13.4% 18.9% +41%

18. The Functionalist Perspective (6 of 6)
Table 8.2 [continued]
Of all those arrested, what percentage are women?
Crime 1992 2014 Change
Larceny/theft 32.1% 43.2% +35%
Illegal drugs 16.4% 21.9% +34%
Illegal weapons 7.5% 8.8% +17%
Forgery and
counterfeiting
34.7% 36.5% +5%
Fraud 42.1% 39.1%
Negative 7%
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1994 and
2017:Table 357.
7%


19. The Conflict Perspective (1 of 2)
8.5 Apply the conflict perspective to deviance by explaining how social class is related to the
criminal justice system and how the criminal justice system is oppressive.
• Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System
• The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of
Oppression

20. The Conflict Perspective (2 of 2)
In early capitalism,
children worked alongside
adults. At that time, just
as today, most street
criminals came from the
marginal working class, as
did these boys who
worked in a glass works
company in Indiana in
1908.

21. Figure 8.2 How Much Is Enough? The
Explosion in the Number of U.S. Prisoners
Line graph showing the number
of prisoners in the U.S. over
time.
Source: By the author. Based on
Statistical Abstract of the United
States 1995:Table 349; 2014:Tables 2,
6, 363; Carson and Anderson 2016.
The broken line is the author’s
estimate.

22. Reactions to Deviance (1 of 7)
8.6 Be able to discuss street crime and imprisonment, the three-strikes laws, the decline in violent
crime, recidivism, bias in the death penalty, the medicalization of deviance, and the need for a more
humane approach.
• Street Crime and Prisons
• The Decline in Violent Crime
• Recidivism
• The Death Penalty and Bias
• The Trouble with Official Statistics
• The Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness
• The Need for a More Humane Approach

23. Reactions to Deviance (2 of 7)
Table 8.3 Comparing Prison Inmates with the U.S. Population
Characteristics Percentage of Prisoners with
These Characteristics
Percentage of U.S. Population Age 18
and Over with These Characteristics superscript a
Age superscript b
Blank Blank
18-24 11.3% 12.6%
25-34 32.1% 17.8%
35-44 26.7% 16.4%
45-54 18.9% 17.4%
55 & older 10.6% 35.8%
this column refers to Americans age 18 and over, the percentages will not agree
with other totals in this book. For education, the percentages are based on Americans
age 25 and over.
race-ethnicity, and sex of prisoners are from Carson and Anderson while their
marital status and education are from Sourcebook.
a
Characteristics
b
Age
a
Because
b
Age

24. Reactions to Deviance (3 of 7)
Table 8.3 [continued]
Characteristics Percentage of Prisoners with
These Characteristics
Percentage of U.S. Population Age 18
and Over with These Characteristics superscript a
Race ethnicity superscript b
Blank Blank
African American 35.4% 12.7%
White 33.8% 64.6%
Latino 21.6% 15.5%
Other superscript c
9.1% 7.2%
this column refers to Americans age 18 and over, the percentages will not agree
with other totals in this book. For education, the percentages are based on Americans age 25
and over.
race-ethnicity, and sex of prisoners are from Carson and Anderson while their marital
status and education are from Sourcebook.
after Sourcebook lists African American, white, and Hispanic apparently includes
Asian Americans, Native Americans, and people who claim two or more races.
a
Characteristics
b
Race-Ethnicity
c
Other
a
Because
b
Age,
c
Remainder

25. Reactions to Deviance (4 of 7)
Table 8.3 [continued]
Characteristics Percentage of Prisoners with These
Characteristics
Percentage of U.S. Population Age 18 and
Over with These Characteristics superscript a
Sex superscript b
Blank Blank
Male 92.7% 49.2%
Female 7.3% 50.8%
Martial status superscript c
Blank Blank
Never married 54.7% 27.6%
Married 21.9% 56.0%
Divorced/Widowed 23.0% 16.4%
this column refers to Americans age 18 and over, the percentages will not agree with other
totals in this book. For education, the percentages are based on Americans age 25 and over.
race-ethnicity, and sex of prisoners are from Carson and Anderson while their marital
status and education are from Sourcebook.
marital status of prisoners applies only to inmates on death row. Data not available for other inmates.
a
Characteristics
b
Sex
c
Marital Status
a
Because
b
Age,
c
The

26. Reactions to Deviance (5 of 7)
Table 8.3 [continued]
Characteristics Percentage of Prisoners with
These Characteristics
Percentage of U.S. Population Age 18
and Over with These Characteristics superscript a
Education
Blank Blank
Less than HS 30.6% 12.4%
HS graduate 45.8% 30.4%
Some college 18.8% 26.3%
College graduate 4.8% 30.9%
Source: By the author. Based on Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 2013:Tables 6.0001, 6.45,
6.81; Carson and Anderson 2016:Tables 1, 3, 8; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2014:Tables
59, 243, 366; 2017:Tables 6, 10.
this column refers to Americans age 18 and over, the percentages will not agree
with other totals in this book. For education, the percentages are based on Americans age 25 and over.
a
Characteristics
a
Because

27. Reactions to Deviance (6 of 7)
Sequoia, 11, Floyd, 8, and
Deonta, 6, hold photos of their
father, Floyd Earl, who is in prison
for 25 years to life for theft.
California voters had approved
the three-strikes law amid public
furor over the 1993 kidnap, rape,
and murder of 12-year-old Polly
Klaas by Richard Allen Davis, a
repeat offender on parole at the
time.

28. Figure 8.3 How Fast They Return: Recidivism
of U.S. Prisoners
Line graph indicating the percentage of those going back to prison within five years of
release.
Source: Modified by the author from Figure 1 of Durose et al. 2014.

29. Figure 8.4 Recidivism by Type of Crime
Source: By the author. Based on Durose et al. 2014:Table 8.

30. Figure 8.5 Executions in the United States
A map of the number of U. S. executions state by state.
Note: Executions since 1977, when the death penalty was restored. The executions in states
without the death penalty occurred before those states banned the death penalty.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2014:Table 368; Bureau of
Justice Statistics 2014b.

31. Figure 8.6 Who Gets Executed? Gender Bias in
Capital Punishment
Bar graph showing the vastly greater
percentage of people executed are
male.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical
Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 379.

32. Reactions to Deviance (7 of 7)
Mental illness and
drug/alcohol addiction
are common among the
homeless. This photo was
taken in Miami, Florida,
but it could have been
taken in any large city in
the United States.