VARIOUS METHODS ARE USED IN TEACHING LECTURE METHOD,LECTURE CUM DEMONSTRATION ,HEURISTIC ,PROJECT, ETC. LESSON PLANNING AND UNIT PLANNING ARE ALSO EXPLAINED IN THIS PPT.

1. METHODS OF TEACHING, LESSON
AND UNIT PLanning

2. METHODS OF
TEACHING....

3. LECTURE METHOD
• In this method teacher is active and student is passive.
• Students are spoon fed and their own power of
observation ,reasoning, the exercise of mind in learning
process are not stimulated.
• It is one of the most common method of teaching in
schools and colleges.

4. MERITS OF METHOD
ECONOMICAL SAVES
TIME
SIMPLIFIES
WORK
FACTUAL
INFORMATION

5. DEMERITS OF METHOD
NO SCIENTIFIC
ATTITUDE
DEVELOPMENT
AGAINST
LEARNING BY
DOING
NO
CONNECTIONS OF
THOUGHTS
NO ASSURANCE
OF LEARNING
UNPSYCHOLOGICAL

6. APPLICATIONS
Starting some new and difficult topic.
Explaining certain difficult and theoretical points which
cannot be demonstrated.
Explaining the demonstrations.
In summarizing certain generalization.
In telling some relevant background material of the topic.

7. LECTURE CUM DEMONSTRATION
METHOD
• Lecture-cum- demonstration includes the merits of the
lecture as well as demonstration method. It attempts to
filter out the disadvantages of both.
• Demonstration means ‘to show’ .
• In this method teacher shows and illustrates certain
fundamental phenomena

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
DEMONSTRATION
VISIBILITY
ONE MAJOR IDEA
AT A TIME
CLEAR
CUT,SUFFICIENT
LIGHT
DEMONSTRATION
APPARATUS
ARRANGEMENT
OF APPARATUS
PREPARATION BY
TEACHER
PRECAUTIONS BY
TEACHER
BASED ON
EXPERIMENTS
STUDENTS CO-
OPERATION

9. CONTINUED.....
DEVELOPMENT OF ATTENTION
EFFECT OF
CLIMATE
TEACHING
AIDS
USE OF
BLACKBOARD
CONVINCING
SUFFICIENT
TIME

10. STEPS IN THIS METHOD.....
1.PLANNING AND
PRESENTATION
2.INTRODUCTION
OF LESSON
3.PRESENTATION OF
SUBJECT MATTER
4.EXPERIMENTATION
5.BLACKBOARD
WORK
6.COPYING &
SUPERVISION

11. ADVANTAGES OF METHOD
Economical.
Psychological method.
Student participation.
Save time and effort.
Helpful to promote useful discussion .
More efficient method.
Activity method.
Useful for all types of students and teachers.

12. DISADVANTAGES OF METHOD
Ignore maxim of education.
Visibility.
Speed of experiment.
Ignore individual differences.
Hinder progress.
Not child centered.
Not useful for developing scientific attitudes.

13. HEURISTIC METHOD
The word heuristic is derived from the Greek word
“Heurisco” which means to excite the children to work
and think for themselves is called ‘heuristic method’.
In words of Prof. Armstrong, “heuristic method is a
method of teaching which involves our placing the
students as far as possible in the attitude of a discover”.

14. PRINCIPLES OF HEURISTIC METHOD
Principle
of
individual
work
Principle
of
freedom
Principle of
experience
Principle
of
learning
by doing
Principle of
purposefulness
Principle of
logical
thinking
Principle
of play -
way

15. ROLE OF THE TEACHER
 Encouragement of students
 Development of logical thinking
 Providing new knowledge
 Acting as a guide and a friend
 Habit of self investigation
 putting critical question
 Proving freedom
 Individual attention of the teacher

16. MERITS OF HEURISTIC METHOD
 Psychological method
 Development of scientific attitude
 Habit of diligency
No homework
Training in scientific method
Self – dependent
Individual Attention
Teacher – taught relations
Gain of knowledge

17. LIMITATIONS OF HEURISTIC METHOD
Lengthy method
Stress on heuristic method
Stress on laboratory work
Not useful for Tiny-tots
Non availability of gifted teachers
Non availability of books
Costly method
Grading of problems
Discoveries

18. PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD
In this method children learn by working on problems.
This enables students to learn new knowledge by facing
the problems to be solved.
The students are expected to observe, understand,
analyze, interpret find solutions, perform applications that
leads to deeper & overall knowledge.
This method develops scientific process skills.

19. PRINCIPLES OF THE METHOD
LEARNING BY
DOING
OF
PURPOSE
FREEDOM OF
THOUGHT
LEARNING BY
EXPERIENCING
UTILITY
SCIENTIFIC
ATTITUDE INTEREST
REALITY
CONCRETENESS
OBJECTIVITY

20. STEPS IN THIS METHOD..
SELECTION OF
PROBLEM
PRESENTATION
OF PROBLEM
COLLECTION
OF FACTS
DRAWING AN
OUTLINE
TO REACH A
SATISFACTORY
CONCLUSION
EVALUATION
WRITING
REPORT

21. ROLE OF TEACHER...
As a facilitator
Child directed learning not teacher directed
Must provide situations to for all students to come
forward
Alert and active
Must provide democratic atmosphere
Teacher must me initialize, tactful and well
experienced

22. MERITS OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD
DEVELOPS
DEMOCRATIC
FEELING
FOLLOWS LEARNING BY
DOING
USE OLD FACTS
IN NEW
REFERENCES
CAPABLE TO
GENERALIZE
STUDENTS LEARN
TO FIND SOLUTIONS
OF PROBLEMS

23. DEMERITS OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD
It is not economical from time and money point
of view.
There is always a doubt of drawing wrong
conclusions.
Lack of proper talented teachers.
Not suitable for all level of students.

24. INDUCTIVE METHOD
oIn this method, pupils are led from particular instances to
general conclusions.
oConcrete examples are given and with this help students are
helped to arrive at certain conclusions or principles.
oBest method to teach Science, maths and grammer

25. MERITS OF INDUCTIVE METHOD
• LEARNER
CENTERED
• GIVE
OPPORTUNIT
Y TO
STUDENTS
• MAKES
LESSON
INTERESTING
• DEVELOP
CRITICAL
THINKING &
KEEN
OBSERVATION
DEVELOP
SCIENTIFI
C
ATTITUDE
SELF
ACQUIRED
KNOWLEDGE
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
LEARNING
BY DOING

26. DEMERITS OF INDUCTIVE METHOD
LENGHTY
METHOD
SLOW
METHOD
NOT SUITABLE
FOR ALL TOPICS
TIME
CONSUMING
CONSIDERED
COMPLETE WHEN
CHECKED BY
DEDUCTIVE
METHOD
CONCLUSIONS
MAY BE BASED ON
INSUFFICIENT
DATA

27. DEDUCTIVE METHOD
It is reverse of inductive method.
Rules, generalization and principles are provided to
the students and then they are asked to verify them
with the help of suitable examples.
We proceed from general to particular and from
abstract to concrete.

28. MERITS OF DEDUCTIVE METHOD
SUITABLE
FOR SMALL
CHILDREN
TEACHER’S
WORK
SIMPLIFIED
TIME SAVING
METHOD
SPEEDY
PROCESS
SUPPLEMENTS
INDUCTION & THUS
COMPLETE THE
PROCESS OF
INDUCTION-
DEDUCTION

29. DEMERITS OF DEDUCTIVE METHOD
UNNATURAL AND
UNPSYCHOLOGICAL
NO TRAINING IN
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
ENCOURAGES
CRAMMING
FAILS TO
DEVELOP SELF
CONFIDENCE
NO DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTIFIC
ATTITUDE

30. LESSON AND UNIT
PLANNING

31. LESSON PLANNING....

32. INTRODUCTION
• Lesson planning is actually a plan of action. It is the core,
heart of effective teaching.
• A teacher without lesson plans ends his/her day feeling
discouraged while teacher with lesson plan ends his/her day
with the feeling of satisfaction.
• According to CARTER V. GOOD,”A lesson plan may be defined
as a teaching outline of the important points of a lesson
arranged in an order in which they are to be presented. It
may include objectives, points to be asked, references to
materials, assignments etc.”

33. STEPS INVOLVED IN LESSON
PLANNING
PREPARATION OR
INTRODUCTION
PRESENTATION
ASSOCIATION OR
COMPARISON
GENERALISATION
APPLICATION
RECAPITULATION

34. IMPORTANCE OF LESSON PLANNING
Light house for teacher.
 For systematic planning.
 Division of course.
 Confidence and self reliance.
 Proceed with particular aim.
 Time saving.
Clear goal.
 Prevention of wastage.
Continuity in teaching process.
 Stimulate the teacher.
Homework.
Makes teacher a perfect soldier.

35. UNIT PLANNING
• Views of Morrison: “The unit is an organised body of
information and experience designed to effect
significant outcomes for the learner.”
•According to Preston; “ A unit is as large a
block of related subject- matter as can be over-
viewed by the learner.”

36. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD UNIT
PLAN
AIMS should be clear and well defined.
Intellectual level and extent of previous experiences should
be kept in mind.
It should help to make work more meaningful and
purposeful.
It should help for the activities which are useful to stimulate
pupils to deep thinking.
Helps pupil to develop scientific attitude and get training in
scientific method.
Good unit =co curricular activities + sci. museum + excursion+
science fairs + science clubs etc.

37. PROCEDURE OF UNIT
PLANNING
PREPARATION
PREVIOUS
EXPERIENCE OF
PUPIL
PRESENTATION
SUMMARIZATION
EVALUATION

38. MERITS OF UNIT PLANNING
School work meaningful as the are inter-related.
Learning is direct towards specific aims , objectives and goals
to be achieved.
Process learning become more interesting.
It organise classroom w.r.t aims , objectives, unit activities
and subject matter.
Aims of teaching are very specific ,to the point and
clear.
Interest in learning is developed.

39. CONTINUED...
Student can apply knowledge practically.
Development off certain skills take place.
Student can apply knowledge practically.
Confidence to tackle problem independently would
developed.
Participation of teacher and taught take place in learning and
teaching process.
Correlation of subject matter with life of pupil and with other
subject matter.

40. DEMERITS OF UNIT PLANNING
LESS NUMBER OF EXPERTS
PROPER EVALUATION CAN NOT BE
CARRIED OUT IN LOWER CLASS
WRONG UNIT PLANNING MAY CREATE
PROBLEM IN THE MIND OF CHILD